Chemical composition and rumen fermentation profile of mangrove leaves (Avicennia marina) from West Sumatra, Indonesia
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Abstract. Jamarun N, Pazla R, Arief, Jayanegara A, Yanti G. 2020. Chemical composition and rumen fermentation profile of mangrove leaves (Avicennia marina) from West Sumatra, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 21: 5230-5236. This study aimed to determine the potential of mangrove leaves of Avicennia marina for ruminant animal feed. Laboratory tests were carried out on A. marina with three replicates. Parameters measured were proximate and fiber contents, rumen fluid profile (pH, NH3 and VFA), digestibility of nutrients (DM, Ash, CP, CF, NDF, ADF, cellulose, and hemicellulose), macro and micro mineral contents, and phytochemical compounds. The results showed the nutritional content of A. marina were CP 13.37%; Ash 7.17%; lignin 7.34%; TDN 79%, rumen fluid profile is in reasonable condition, digestibility of food substances is more than 50%, rich in macro and micro minerals and contains phytochemical compounds such as phenols, steroids, triterpenoids, and tannins. Macro and micro minerals content of Ca 0.38%, Na 0.20%, Mg 0.20%, K 0.48%, P 0.51%, S 0.01%, Cl 1.03%, Fe 388 ppm, Zn 164 ppm, Mn 211 ppm, and Cu 128 ppm. This research concludes that A. marina is very potential to be used as a ruminant animal feed.
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References
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AOAC. 2000. Official methods of analysis. Arlington, Virginia, USA.: Association of analytical chemists.
Anas, Serli, Andy. 2010. Kandungan NDF dan ADF silase campuran jerami jagung (I) dengan beberapa level daun gamal (Gliricidia maculata) . Balai Pengkajian Teknologi Pertanian (BPTP), Gorontalo. [Indonesian]
Arief, Sowmen S, Rusdimansyah, Pazla R, Rizqan. 2020. Milk production and quality of Etawa crossbreed dairy goat given Tithonia diversifolia, corn waste and concentrate based palm kernel cake. Biodiversitas 21(9):4004-4009. DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d210910
Armitage D. 2002. Socio-institutional dynamics and the political ecology of mangrove observation Indonesia. Global Environmental Change 12: 203–17.
Atteh JO. 2002. Principles and practice of livestock feed manufacturing. Adlek Printers: Ilorin, Niger
Bal MA, Ozturk D. 2006. Effects of sulfur containing supplements on ruminal fermentation and microbial protein synthesis. Res. J. Anim. Vet. Sci., 1: 33-36.
Bunting P, Ake R, Richard M, Lucas, Lisa MR, Lammert H, Nathan T, Andy H, Takuya I, Masanobu Sand C, Max F . 2018. The global mangrove watch - a new 2010 global baseline of mangrove extent.Remote Sensing 10(10).
Darmono, Bahri S. 1989. Defisiensi tembaga dan seng pada sapi di daerah Kalimantan Selatan. Penyakit Hewan, 21 (38): 128-131. [Indonesian]
Darmono. 2007. Penyakit defiseinsi mineral pada ternak ruminansia dan upaya pencegahannya. Jurnal Litbang Pertanian. 26(3): 104 – 108. [Indonesian]
Elihasridas. 2012. Respon suplementasi mineral zink (zn) terhadap kecernaan in-vitro ransum tongkol jagung amoniasi. Jurnal Peternakan 9(2):9–14. [Indonesian]
Erdman RA. 1988. Dietary buffering requirements of lactating dairy cows. A Review. J. Dairy Sci. 71:3246-3246.
FAO. 2007. The World’s mangroves 1980-2005. Rome: Food and agriculture organization of the United Nations.
Fasuyi AO, Dairo FAS, Ibitayo FJ. 2010. Ensiling wild sunflower (Tithonia diversifolia) leaves with sugar cane molases. Livest. Res Rural dev. 22:42.
Febrina D, Jamarun N, Zain M, Khasrad. 2016. The Effects of P, S and Mg supplementation of oil palm fronds fermented by Phanerochayte chrysosporium on rumen fluid characteristics and microbial protein synthesis. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition 15(3): 299-304. https://scialert.net/abstract/?doi=pjn.2016.299.304
France J, Siddons RC. 1993. Volatile fatty acids production in quantitative aspect of ruminant digestion and metabolism. Ed. J.M. Forbes and J. France. CAB Internasional.
Ghosh S, Somraj C, Agniv N. 2015. Proximate composition of some mangrove leaves used As alternative fodders in Indian Sunderban Region. 5(11): 11–14.
Goering HK, Van Soest PJ. 1970. Forage fiber analysis. USDA Agric. Handbook No. 379. USDA-ARS, Washington, DC.
Handayani S. 2013. Kandungan flavonoid kulit batang dan daun pohon api-api (Avicennia marina (forks.)vierh.) sebagai senyawa aktif antioksidan. [Thesis]. Bogor Agricultural Institute, Bogor. [Indonesian]
Harborne JB. 1987. Metode fitokimia: Penuntun cara modern menganalisis tumbuhan. Institut Teknologi Bandung (Diterjemahkan oleh Kosasih Padmawinata dan Iwang Soediro).
Hungate RR. 1998. The rumen and its microbe. Departmen of Bachteriology and Agriculture Experiment Station University of California. Davis California Academy Press. London.
Imsya A, Laconi EB, Wiryawan KG, Widyastuti Y. 2013. In Vitro digestibility of ration containing different level of palm oil frond fermented with Phanerochaete chrysosporium. Media Peternakan. 36(2): 131-136.
Jama B, Palm CA, Buresh RJ.Tithonia diversifolia as a green manure for soil fertility improvement in western Kenya: A review. Agroforestry Systems 49, 201–221 (2000). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1006339025728
Jamarun N, Pazla R, Zain M, Arief. 2019. Comparison of in vitro digestibility and rumen fluid characteristics between the tithonia (Tithonia diversifolia) with elephant grass (Pennisetum Purpureum). IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 287(1): 1–6.
Jamarun N, Zain M. 2013. Dasar nutrisi ruminansia. Padang. Jasa Surya Press. [Indonesian]
Jamarun N, Zain M, Arief, Pazla R. 2017a. Effects of calcium, phosphorus and manganese supplementation during oil palm frond fermentation by phanerochaete chrysosporium on laccase activity and in vitro digestibility. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition 16(3): 119–24.
Jamarun N, Zain M, Arief, Pazla R. 2017b. Effects of calcium (Ca), phosphorus (p) and manganese (mn) supplementation during oil palm frond fermentation by phanerochaete chrysosporium on rumen fluid characteristics and microbial protein synthesis. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition 16(6): 393–99. https://scialert.net/abstract/?doi=pjn.2017.393.399
Jamarun N, Zain M, Arief, Pazla R. 2018. Populations of rumen microbes and the in vitro digestibility of fermented oil palm fronds in combination with tithonia (Tithonia diversifolia) and elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum). Pakistan Journal of Nutrition 17(1): 39–45. https://scialert.net/abstract/?doi=pjn.2018.39.45
Jayanegara A, Aldi Y, Lilis K. 2019. Reduction of Proteolysis of high protein silage from moringa and indigofera leaves by addition of tannin extract. Veterinary World 12(2): 211–17.
Kennish MJ. 2000. Estuary restoration and maintenance: the national estuary programme. Boca Raton, USA: CRC Press.
Kitamura S, Anwar C, Chaniago A, Baba S. 1997. Handbook of mangroves in Indonesia; Bali & Lombok. Denpasar: The development of sustainable mangrove management project, Ministry of forest Indonesia and Japan international cooperation Agency.
Leng RA. 1991. Feeding strategies for improving milk production of dairy animals managed by small farmers in the tropic. FAO [Internet]. [cited 15 April 2017]. Available from: http://www.fao.org/ Waicent/FAOINFO/Agricult/aga/Agap/Frg/Ahpp86/Leng.pdf
Little DA. 1985. The mineral content of ruminant feeds and potential for mineral supplementations in Southeast Asia with particular reference to Indonesia. p. 77-85.
Mathius IW. 1988. Jenis dan nilai gizi hijauan makanan domba dan kambing di pedesaan Jawa Barat. Dalam prossiding pertemuan ilmiah ruminansia. Jilid 2, ruminansia kecil. Cisarua, Bogor. [Indonesian]
Mc. Donald P, Edwards RA, Greenhalgh JFD Morgan CA. 2010. Animal Nutrition. 7th Edition. Longman. Scientific and Technical John Willey and Sons. Inc. New York.
McDowell LR, Conrad, JH, Ellis GL Loosli JK. 1983. Minerals for grazing ruminants in tropical regions. Universitas of Florida and The Agency for International Development.
Ningrat RWS, Zain M, Erpomen, Suryani H. 2018. Effects of supplementation of different sources of tannins on nutrient digestibility, methane production and daily weight gain of beef cattle fed an ammoniated oil palm frond based diet. Int. J. Zool. Res., 14: 8-13. https://doi.org/10.3923/ ijzr.2018.8.13
NRC. 1989. Nutrient Requirement of Dairy Cattle. 7th Edition. National Academic of Science, Washington D. C.s
NRC. 2001. Nutrient requirements of beef cattle: Seventh Revised Edition: Update 2000. Subcommittee on Beef Cattle Nutrition. Committee on Animal Nutrition. National Research Council.
Nugroho P. 2008. Agribisnis ternak ruminansia Jilid 1 Untuk SMK. Jakarta : Direktorat Pembinaan Sekolah Menengah Kejuruan, Direktorat Jenderal Manajemen Pendidikan Dasar dan Menengah, Departemen Pendidikan Nasional. [Indonesian]
Nugroho RA, Sugeng W, Rudhi P. 2013.Studi kandungan bahan organik dan mineral (N , P , K , Fe dan Mg) sedimen di kawasan mangrove desa Bedono , kecamatan Sayung. Journal of Marine Research 2: 62–70.
Onwuka SK, Avwioro OG, Akpan MO, Ahmed Y. 2001. Distribution of cobalt, manganese, and iron in the skin and hair of West African dwarf sheep and goat in Nigeria. Afr. J. Biomed. Res. 4: 151 – 154
Paengkoum P, Liang JB, Jelan ZA, Basery M. 2006. Utilization of steam-treated oil palm fronds in growing Saanen goats Supplementation with Energy and Urea. Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci. 19(11): 1623-1631.
Palmquist DL, Jenkins TC, 1980. Fat in lactation ration: review. J. Dairy Sci. 63, 1–14
Pazla R. 2015. Produktivitas ternak domba yang diberi ransum komplit berbasis limbah kakao amoniasi yang disuplementasi dengan saccharomyces sp dan mineral (fosfor dan sulfur). [Tesis]. Padang. Universitas Andalas. [Indonesian]
Pazla R, Jamarun N, Agustin F, Zain M, Arief, Cahyani NO. 2020. Effects of supplementation with phosphorus, calcium and manganese during oil palm frond fermentation by phanerochaete chrysosporium on ligninase enzyme activity. Biodiversitas 21(5): 1833–38. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d210509
Pazla R, Jamarun N, Zain M, Arief. 2018. Microbial Protein synthesis and fermentability of fermented oil palm fronds by phanerochaete chrysosporium in combination with tithonia (Tithonia diversifolia) and elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum). Pakistan Journal of Nutrition 17(10): 462–70. https://scialert.net/abstract/?doi=pjn.2018.462.470
Pazla R, Zain M, Ryanto I, Dona A. 2018. Supplementation of minerals (phosphorus and sulfur) and Saccharomyces cerevisiae in a sheep diet based on a cocoa by-product. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition 17(7): 329–35. https://scialert.net/abstract/?doi=pjn.2018.329.33
Prabowo A, Djajanegara A, Diwyanto K. 1997. Nutrisi mineral pada ternak ruminansia. Jurnal Litbang Pertanian. 16(2): 53-64. [Indonesian]
Preston TR., Leng RA. 1987. Matching ruminant production systems with available resources in the tropics and sub-tropics. The Technical Centre for Agricultural and Rural Co-operation (CTA).Wageningen, Netherlands. 245 pp.
Rahardian A, Lilik BP, Yudi S, Ketut W. 2019. Tinjauan historis data dan informasi luas mangrove Indonesia. Media Konservasi 24(2): 163–78.
Richards D R, Friess DA. 2016. Rates and drivers of mangrove deforestation in Southeast Asia, 2000-2012. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 113(2): 344–49.
Van Soest PJ, Robertson JB, Lewis BA. 1991. Methods for dietary fiber, neutral detergent fiber, and nonstarch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition. Journal of Dairy Science 74(10): 3583–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(91)78551-2.
Standar Nasional Indonesia (SNI). 2017. Pakan konsentrat – Bagian 2?: Sapi Potong. Badan standarisasi nasional, Jakarta. [Indonesian]
Sudarmono AS, Sugeng YB. 2008. Edisi Revisi Sapi Potong. Penebar Swadaya. Jakarta. [Indonesian]
Suparjo. 2010. Diktat Laboratorium Makanan Ternak. Fakultas Peternakan Universitas Jambi. Jambi. [Indonesian]
Suyitman, Warly L, Rahmat A, Pazla R. 2020. Digestibility and performance of beef cattle fed ammoniated palm leaves and fronds supplemented with minerals, cassava leaf meal and their combinations. Advances in Animal and Veterinary Sciences 8(9): 991–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.17582/journal.aavs/2020/8.9.991.996
Tilley JMA, Terry RA. 1963. A Two-Stage Technique for the in Vitro Digestion of Forage Crops. J. Brit. Grassland Soc. 18:104-11, 1963.” (37): 1980–1980.
Tillman A D, Hartadi H, Reksohadiprojo S, Prawirokusumo S, Lebdosukodjo S. 1998. Ilmu makanan ternak dasar. Gadjah mada University Press. Yogyakarta. [Indonesian]
Tomlinson PB. 1986. The Botany of mangroves. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Van Soest RJ. 1982. Nutritional ecology of the ruminant metabolism chemistry and forage and plant fiber. Cornell University, Oregon, USA.
United Nations Environment Program. 2014. United nations environment programme world conservation monitoring centre. The Importance of Mangroves to People: A Call to Action. http://newsroom.unfccc.int/es/el-papel-de-la-naturaleza/la-onu-alerta-de-la-rapida-destruccion-de-los-manglares/.
AOAC. 2000. Official methods of analysis. Arlington, Virginia, USA.: Association of analytical chemists.
Anas, Serli, Andy. 2010. Kandungan NDF dan ADF silase campuran jerami jagung (I) dengan beberapa level daun gamal (Gliricidia maculata) . Balai Pengkajian Teknologi Pertanian (BPTP), Gorontalo. [Indonesian]
Arief, Sowmen S, Rusdimansyah, Pazla R, Rizqan. 2020. Milk production and quality of Etawa crossbreed dairy goat given Tithonia diversifolia, corn waste and concentrate based palm kernel cake. Biodiversitas 21(9):4004-4009. DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d210910
Armitage D. 2002. Socio-institutional dynamics and the political ecology of mangrove observation Indonesia. Global Environmental Change 12: 203–17.
Atteh JO. 2002. Principles and practice of livestock feed manufacturing. Adlek Printers: Ilorin, Niger
Bal MA, Ozturk D. 2006. Effects of sulfur containing supplements on ruminal fermentation and microbial protein synthesis. Res. J. Anim. Vet. Sci., 1: 33-36.
Bunting P, Ake R, Richard M, Lucas, Lisa MR, Lammert H, Nathan T, Andy H, Takuya I, Masanobu Sand C, Max F . 2018. The global mangrove watch - a new 2010 global baseline of mangrove extent.Remote Sensing 10(10).
Darmono, Bahri S. 1989. Defisiensi tembaga dan seng pada sapi di daerah Kalimantan Selatan. Penyakit Hewan, 21 (38): 128-131. [Indonesian]
Darmono. 2007. Penyakit defiseinsi mineral pada ternak ruminansia dan upaya pencegahannya. Jurnal Litbang Pertanian. 26(3): 104 – 108. [Indonesian]
Elihasridas. 2012. Respon suplementasi mineral zink (zn) terhadap kecernaan in-vitro ransum tongkol jagung amoniasi. Jurnal Peternakan 9(2):9–14. [Indonesian]
Erdman RA. 1988. Dietary buffering requirements of lactating dairy cows. A Review. J. Dairy Sci. 71:3246-3246.
FAO. 2007. The World’s mangroves 1980-2005. Rome: Food and agriculture organization of the United Nations.
Fasuyi AO, Dairo FAS, Ibitayo FJ. 2010. Ensiling wild sunflower (Tithonia diversifolia) leaves with sugar cane molases. Livest. Res Rural dev. 22:42.
Febrina D, Jamarun N, Zain M, Khasrad. 2016. The Effects of P, S and Mg supplementation of oil palm fronds fermented by Phanerochayte chrysosporium on rumen fluid characteristics and microbial protein synthesis. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition 15(3): 299-304. https://scialert.net/abstract/?doi=pjn.2016.299.304
France J, Siddons RC. 1993. Volatile fatty acids production in quantitative aspect of ruminant digestion and metabolism. Ed. J.M. Forbes and J. France. CAB Internasional.
Ghosh S, Somraj C, Agniv N. 2015. Proximate composition of some mangrove leaves used As alternative fodders in Indian Sunderban Region. 5(11): 11–14.
Goering HK, Van Soest PJ. 1970. Forage fiber analysis. USDA Agric. Handbook No. 379. USDA-ARS, Washington, DC.
Handayani S. 2013. Kandungan flavonoid kulit batang dan daun pohon api-api (Avicennia marina (forks.)vierh.) sebagai senyawa aktif antioksidan. [Thesis]. Bogor Agricultural Institute, Bogor. [Indonesian]
Harborne JB. 1987. Metode fitokimia: Penuntun cara modern menganalisis tumbuhan. Institut Teknologi Bandung (Diterjemahkan oleh Kosasih Padmawinata dan Iwang Soediro).
Hungate RR. 1998. The rumen and its microbe. Departmen of Bachteriology and Agriculture Experiment Station University of California. Davis California Academy Press. London.
Imsya A, Laconi EB, Wiryawan KG, Widyastuti Y. 2013. In Vitro digestibility of ration containing different level of palm oil frond fermented with Phanerochaete chrysosporium. Media Peternakan. 36(2): 131-136.
Jama B, Palm CA, Buresh RJ.Tithonia diversifolia as a green manure for soil fertility improvement in western Kenya: A review. Agroforestry Systems 49, 201–221 (2000). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1006339025728
Jamarun N, Pazla R, Zain M, Arief. 2019. Comparison of in vitro digestibility and rumen fluid characteristics between the tithonia (Tithonia diversifolia) with elephant grass (Pennisetum Purpureum). IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 287(1): 1–6.
Jamarun N, Zain M. 2013. Dasar nutrisi ruminansia. Padang. Jasa Surya Press. [Indonesian]
Jamarun N, Zain M, Arief, Pazla R. 2017a. Effects of calcium, phosphorus and manganese supplementation during oil palm frond fermentation by phanerochaete chrysosporium on laccase activity and in vitro digestibility. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition 16(3): 119–24.
Jamarun N, Zain M, Arief, Pazla R. 2017b. Effects of calcium (Ca), phosphorus (p) and manganese (mn) supplementation during oil palm frond fermentation by phanerochaete chrysosporium on rumen fluid characteristics and microbial protein synthesis. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition 16(6): 393–99. https://scialert.net/abstract/?doi=pjn.2017.393.399
Jamarun N, Zain M, Arief, Pazla R. 2018. Populations of rumen microbes and the in vitro digestibility of fermented oil palm fronds in combination with tithonia (Tithonia diversifolia) and elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum). Pakistan Journal of Nutrition 17(1): 39–45. https://scialert.net/abstract/?doi=pjn.2018.39.45
Jayanegara A, Aldi Y, Lilis K. 2019. Reduction of Proteolysis of high protein silage from moringa and indigofera leaves by addition of tannin extract. Veterinary World 12(2): 211–17.
Kennish MJ. 2000. Estuary restoration and maintenance: the national estuary programme. Boca Raton, USA: CRC Press.
Kitamura S, Anwar C, Chaniago A, Baba S. 1997. Handbook of mangroves in Indonesia; Bali & Lombok. Denpasar: The development of sustainable mangrove management project, Ministry of forest Indonesia and Japan international cooperation Agency.
Leng RA. 1991. Feeding strategies for improving milk production of dairy animals managed by small farmers in the tropic. FAO [Internet]. [cited 15 April 2017]. Available from: http://www.fao.org/ Waicent/FAOINFO/Agricult/aga/Agap/Frg/Ahpp86/Leng.pdf
Little DA. 1985. The mineral content of ruminant feeds and potential for mineral supplementations in Southeast Asia with particular reference to Indonesia. p. 77-85.
Mathius IW. 1988. Jenis dan nilai gizi hijauan makanan domba dan kambing di pedesaan Jawa Barat. Dalam prossiding pertemuan ilmiah ruminansia. Jilid 2, ruminansia kecil. Cisarua, Bogor. [Indonesian]
Mc. Donald P, Edwards RA, Greenhalgh JFD Morgan CA. 2010. Animal Nutrition. 7th Edition. Longman. Scientific and Technical John Willey and Sons. Inc. New York.
McDowell LR, Conrad, JH, Ellis GL Loosli JK. 1983. Minerals for grazing ruminants in tropical regions. Universitas of Florida and The Agency for International Development.
Ningrat RWS, Zain M, Erpomen, Suryani H. 2018. Effects of supplementation of different sources of tannins on nutrient digestibility, methane production and daily weight gain of beef cattle fed an ammoniated oil palm frond based diet. Int. J. Zool. Res., 14: 8-13. https://doi.org/10.3923/ ijzr.2018.8.13
NRC. 1989. Nutrient Requirement of Dairy Cattle. 7th Edition. National Academic of Science, Washington D. C.s
NRC. 2001. Nutrient requirements of beef cattle: Seventh Revised Edition: Update 2000. Subcommittee on Beef Cattle Nutrition. Committee on Animal Nutrition. National Research Council.
Nugroho P. 2008. Agribisnis ternak ruminansia Jilid 1 Untuk SMK. Jakarta : Direktorat Pembinaan Sekolah Menengah Kejuruan, Direktorat Jenderal Manajemen Pendidikan Dasar dan Menengah, Departemen Pendidikan Nasional. [Indonesian]
Nugroho RA, Sugeng W, Rudhi P. 2013.Studi kandungan bahan organik dan mineral (N , P , K , Fe dan Mg) sedimen di kawasan mangrove desa Bedono , kecamatan Sayung. Journal of Marine Research 2: 62–70.
Onwuka SK, Avwioro OG, Akpan MO, Ahmed Y. 2001. Distribution of cobalt, manganese, and iron in the skin and hair of West African dwarf sheep and goat in Nigeria. Afr. J. Biomed. Res. 4: 151 – 154
Paengkoum P, Liang JB, Jelan ZA, Basery M. 2006. Utilization of steam-treated oil palm fronds in growing Saanen goats Supplementation with Energy and Urea. Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci. 19(11): 1623-1631.
Palmquist DL, Jenkins TC, 1980. Fat in lactation ration: review. J. Dairy Sci. 63, 1–14
Pazla R. 2015. Produktivitas ternak domba yang diberi ransum komplit berbasis limbah kakao amoniasi yang disuplementasi dengan saccharomyces sp dan mineral (fosfor dan sulfur). [Tesis]. Padang. Universitas Andalas. [Indonesian]
Pazla R, Jamarun N, Agustin F, Zain M, Arief, Cahyani NO. 2020. Effects of supplementation with phosphorus, calcium and manganese during oil palm frond fermentation by phanerochaete chrysosporium on ligninase enzyme activity. Biodiversitas 21(5): 1833–38. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d210509
Pazla R, Jamarun N, Zain M, Arief. 2018. Microbial Protein synthesis and fermentability of fermented oil palm fronds by phanerochaete chrysosporium in combination with tithonia (Tithonia diversifolia) and elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum). Pakistan Journal of Nutrition 17(10): 462–70. https://scialert.net/abstract/?doi=pjn.2018.462.470
Pazla R, Zain M, Ryanto I, Dona A. 2018. Supplementation of minerals (phosphorus and sulfur) and Saccharomyces cerevisiae in a sheep diet based on a cocoa by-product. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition 17(7): 329–35. https://scialert.net/abstract/?doi=pjn.2018.329.33
Prabowo A, Djajanegara A, Diwyanto K. 1997. Nutrisi mineral pada ternak ruminansia. Jurnal Litbang Pertanian. 16(2): 53-64. [Indonesian]
Preston TR., Leng RA. 1987. Matching ruminant production systems with available resources in the tropics and sub-tropics. The Technical Centre for Agricultural and Rural Co-operation (CTA).Wageningen, Netherlands. 245 pp.
Rahardian A, Lilik BP, Yudi S, Ketut W. 2019. Tinjauan historis data dan informasi luas mangrove Indonesia. Media Konservasi 24(2): 163–78.
Richards D R, Friess DA. 2016. Rates and drivers of mangrove deforestation in Southeast Asia, 2000-2012. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 113(2): 344–49.
Van Soest PJ, Robertson JB, Lewis BA. 1991. Methods for dietary fiber, neutral detergent fiber, and nonstarch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition. Journal of Dairy Science 74(10): 3583–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(91)78551-2.
Standar Nasional Indonesia (SNI). 2017. Pakan konsentrat – Bagian 2?: Sapi Potong. Badan standarisasi nasional, Jakarta. [Indonesian]
Sudarmono AS, Sugeng YB. 2008. Edisi Revisi Sapi Potong. Penebar Swadaya. Jakarta. [Indonesian]
Suparjo. 2010. Diktat Laboratorium Makanan Ternak. Fakultas Peternakan Universitas Jambi. Jambi. [Indonesian]
Suyitman, Warly L, Rahmat A, Pazla R. 2020. Digestibility and performance of beef cattle fed ammoniated palm leaves and fronds supplemented with minerals, cassava leaf meal and their combinations. Advances in Animal and Veterinary Sciences 8(9): 991–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.17582/journal.aavs/2020/8.9.991.996
Tilley JMA, Terry RA. 1963. A Two-Stage Technique for the in Vitro Digestion of Forage Crops. J. Brit. Grassland Soc. 18:104-11, 1963.” (37): 1980–1980.
Tillman A D, Hartadi H, Reksohadiprojo S, Prawirokusumo S, Lebdosukodjo S. 1998. Ilmu makanan ternak dasar. Gadjah mada University Press. Yogyakarta. [Indonesian]
Tomlinson PB. 1986. The Botany of mangroves. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Van Soest RJ. 1982. Nutritional ecology of the ruminant metabolism chemistry and forage and plant fiber. Cornell University, Oregon, USA.
United Nations Environment Program. 2014. United nations environment programme world conservation monitoring centre. The Importance of Mangroves to People: A Call to Action. http://newsroom.unfccc.int/es/el-papel-de-la-naturaleza/la-onu-alerta-de-la-rapida-destruccion-de-los-manglares/.
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