Fermentation of duck bone meal using Bacillus sp., Saccharomyces sp., and Rhizopus sp. for sustainable shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) feed
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Abstract. Surianti, Zainuddin, Aslamyah S, Azis HY. 2025. Fermentation of duck bone meal using Bacillus sp., Saccharomyces sp., and Rhizopus sp. for sustainable shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) feed. Biodiversitas 26: 4333-4345. Sustainable aquaculture necessitates alternatives to fishmeal because of its elevated cost and environmental impact. Duck bone waste, an underutilized by-product of poultry processing, can be valorized into feed ingredients, reducing organic waste and supporting a circular bioeconomy. This is the first study to assess Fermented Duck Bone Meal (FDBM) using mixed microbes (Bacillus sp., Saccharomyces sp., and Rhizopus sp.) as a fishmeal substitute in vannamei shrimp diets. Duck bone meal was fermented at inoculum doses of 0.5, 1, and 1.5 mL/100 g and fermentation durations of 12, 24, and 36 h. A control diet contained 100% fishmeal, while four experimental diets substituted fishmeal with optimally fermented duck bone meal (1.5 mL inoculum, 36 hours) at inclusion rates of 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%, were fed to juvenile shrimp (0.19±0.01 g) for 60 days. Growth, survival, proximate composition, and amino acid profiles were analyzed. Proximate analysis of optimally fermented FDBM (1.5 mL, 36 h) revealed increased crude protein (42.72%), reduced crude fiber (1.49%), and elevated crude lipid (23.46%). Essential amino acids, such as lysine (2.77%) and glutamate (3.54%), were enhanced in the feed, aligning with higher amino acid retention in shrimp muscle (lysine: 4.85%, leucine: 4.57%). Shrimp fed the 75% FDBM diet (Feed D) had the highest final weight (23.04±0.09 g) and biomass weight gain (20.63±0.47 g), compared to the control diet (19.74±1.03 g) and the 25% FDBM diet (19.61±0.53 g), which exhibited the lowest values. Survival rates showed no significant differences among treatments (p>0.05). The 75% substitution of fishmeal with fermented duck bone meal improves prawn growth and feed quality, while reducing reliance on fishmeal, offering a cost-effective and environmentally responsible strategy for sustainable shrimp aquaculture.
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