Impact of marine protected areas on economical important coral reef fish communities: An evaluation of the biological monitoring of coral reef fish in Anambas Islands, Indonesia
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Abstract. Putra RD, Siringiringo RM, Suryanti A, Sari NWP, Sinaga M, Hidayati NV, Hukom FD, Abrar M, Makatipu PC, Sianturi R, Ilham Y. 2021. Impact of marine protected areas on economical important coral reef fish communities: An evaluation of the biological monitoring of coral reef fish in Anambas Islands, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 22: 4169-4181. The use of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) is the core strategy to reduce the impact of the anthropogenic stressor on marine fisheries, especially in reducing the overexploitation of fisheries resources and destructive fishing in which this plays a significant role in the conservation of marine biodiversity and populations. We conducted a study over 4 years to evaluate and assess the impact of MPAs on economically important reef fish in the Anambas Islands. We compared density, size, biomass, and diversity indices from the seven families of coral reef fish (Acanthuridae, Haemulidae, Lethrinidae, Lutjanidae, Scaridae, Siganidae, and Serranidae) using Underwater Visual Census (UVC) with a total of 12 MPAs stations (70-m transect). Multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) was used to evaluate and assess reserve protection on the coral reef fish, and several ecological indices were used to compare the potential change of economically coral reef fish diversity. We also measured the rate of change in coral cover to identify the effectiveness of the MPAs. After 4 years of studies, our result showed that there was an increase of economical reefs. Fish diversity, density, and biomass increased by 244%, 257%, and 179% respectively. There was no significant difference in the rate of coral cover change among MPAs stations. Economical coral reef fish in Anambas Islands were restored in marine reserve overtimes after fisheries restriction protection, but this does not change the rate of coral cover through time. In addition, the government managed and increased community awareness that significantly influenced decreasing destructive fishing practices and overexploited reef fish species in Anambas Islands but no change in coral cover. The MPAs environmental condition and natural disturbance, including thermal stress and high sedimentation, play a key role in coral cover recovery besides fisheries restriction in the MPAs area.
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References
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Yahya SAS, Gullström M, Öhman MC, Jiddawi NS, Andersson MH, Mgaya YD, Lindahl U. 2011. Coral bleaching and habitat effects on colonisation of reef fish assemblages: An experimental study. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 94(1), 16–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2011.04.012
Bacheler N M, Geraldi NR, Burton ML, Muñoz RC, Kellison GT. 2017. Comparing relative abundance, lengths, and habitat of temperate reef fishes using simultaneous underwater visual census, video, and trap sampling. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 574, 141–155. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps12172
Beita-Jiménez A., Alvarado JJ, Mena S, Guzmán-Mora AG. 2019. Benefits of protection on reef fish assemblages in a human impacted region in Costa Rica. Ocean and Coastal Management, 169(July 2018), 165–170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2018.12.023
Bellwood DR, Hughes TP, Folke C, Nyström M. 2004. Confronting the coral reef crisis. Nature, 429(6994), 827–833. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature02691
Caldwell ZR, Zgliczynski BJ, Williams GJ, Sandin SA. 2016. Reef fish survey techniques: Assessing the potential for standardizing methodologies. PLoS ONE, 11(4), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0153066
Corrales CM, Delan GG, Rica RLV, Piquero AS, Monte IA. 2015. A Baseline Study on Coral Reef Fishes in the Marine Protected Areas in Southern Cebu, Philippines. Tropical Technology Journal, 19(1), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.7603/s40934-015-0004-2
Cortés-Useche C, Muñiz-Castillo AI, Calle-Triviño J, Yathiraj R, Arias-González JE. 2019. Reef condition and protection of coral diversity and evolutionary history in the marine protected areas of Southeastern Dominican Republic. Regional Studies in Marine Science, 32, 100893. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rsma.2019.100893
Cox C, Valdivia A, McField M, Castillo K., Bruno JF. 2017. Establishment of marine protected areas alone does not restore coral reef communities in Belize. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 563(February 2018), 65–79. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps11984
Du J, Hu W, Makatipu PC, Peristiwady T, Chen B, Dirhamsyah. 2016. Common Reef Fishes of North Sulawesi, Indonesia (First; J. Ma, ed.). Beijing: Science Press.
Edgar GJ, Stuart-Smith RD, Willis TJ, Kininmonth S, Baker SC, Banks S, Thomson RJ. 2014. Global conservation outcomes depend on marine protected areas with five key features. Nature, 506(7487), 216–220. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature13022
Fidler RY, Turingan RG, White AT, Alava MNR. 2017. Reef-wide beneficial shifts in fish population structure following establishment of marine protected areas in Philippine coral reefs. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 570(April), 187–202. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps12067
Floeter SR, Halpern BS, Ferreira CEL. 2006. Effects of fishing and protection on Brazilian reef fishes. Biological Conservation, 128(3), 391–402. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2005.10.005
Giyanto, Manuputty A, Abrar M, Siringoringo R, Suharti S, Wibowo K., Zulfianita D. 2014. Panduan Monitoring Kesehatan Terumbu Karang. Retrieved from http://www.coremap.or.id
Green SJ, White A T, Christie P, Kilarski S, Meneses ABT, Samonte-Tan G, Claussen JD. 2011. Emerging marine protected area networks in the coral triangle: Lessons and way forward. Conservation and Society, 9(3), 173–188. https://doi.org/10.4103/0972-4923.86986
Hadi TA, Sihouka J, Shi X, Budiyanto A, Suharsono. 2018. Change in coral reef benthic communities in the Lembeh Strait and Likupang, North Sulawesi, Indonesia. Acta Oceanologica Sinica, 37(12), 45–54. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13131-018-1287-0
Halpern BS, Warner RR. 2002. Marine reserves have rapid and lasting effects. Ecology Letters, 5(3), 361–366. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1461-0248.2002.00326.x
Hill J, and Wilkinson C. 2004. Methods for ecological monitoring of coral reefs - A Resource for Managers. In Australian Institute of Marine Science. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107415324.004
Kohler KE, Gill SM. 2006. Coral Point Count with Excel extensions (CPCe): A Visual Basic program for the determination of coral and substrate coverage using random point count methodology. Computers and Geosciences, 32(9), 1259–1269. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cageo.2005.11.009
Kuiter RH, Tonozuka T. 2001a. Pictorial Guide to Indonesian Reef Fishes. Part 1. Eels to Snapper (Muraenidae to Lutjanidae. In Zoonetics (First). Australia: Zoonetics.
Kuiter RH, Tonozuka T. 2001b. Pictorial Guide to Indonesian Reef Fishes. Part 2. Fusiliers to Dragonets (Caesionidae to Callionymidae) (First). Australia: Zoonetics.
Kuiter RH, Tonozuka T. 2001c. Pictorial Guide to Indonesian Reef Fishes. Part 3. Jawfish to Sunfish (Opistognathidae to Molidae. In Zoonetics (First). Australia: Zoonetics.
Maliao RJ, White AT, Maypa AP, Turingan R G. 2009. Trajectories and magnitude of change in coral reef fish populations in Philippine marine reserves: A meta-analysis. Coral Reefs, 28(4), 809–822. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00338-009-0532-6
Mallet D, Wantiez L, Lemouellic S, Vigliola L, Pelletier D. 2014. Complementarity of rotating video and underwater visual census for assessing species richness, frequency and density of reef fish on coral reef slopes. PLoS ONE, 9(1). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0084344
McClanahan TR, Jadot C. 2017. Managing coral reef fish community biomass is a priority for biodiversity conservation in Madagascar. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 580(October), 169–190. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps12267
Mosquera I, Côté IM, Jennings S, Reynolds JD. 2000. Conservation benefits of marine reserves for fish populations. Animal Conservation, 3(4), 321–332. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1367943000001049
Muallil RN, Deocadez MR, Martinez RJS, Mamauag SS, Nañola CL., Aliño PM. 2015. Community assemblages of commercially important coral reef fishes inside and outside marine protected areas in the Philippines. Regional Studies in Marine Science, 1(437), 47–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rsma.2015.03.004
Paddack MJ, Reynolds JD, Aguilar C, Appeldoorn RS, Beets J, Burkett EW, Côté IM. 2009. Recent Region-wide Declines in Caribbean Reef Fish Abundance. Current Biology, 19(7), 590–595. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2009.02.041
Pet-Soede C, Van Densen WL. T, Pet JS, Machiels MAM. 2001. Impact of Indonesian coral reef fisheries on fish community structure and the resultant catch composition. Fisheries Research, 51(1), 35–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0165-7836(00)00236-8
Planes S, Lecchini D, Mellin C, Charton JG, Harmelin-Vivien M, Kulbicki M, Galzin R. 2012. Environmental determinants of coral reef fish diversity across several French Polynesian atolls. Comptes Rendus - Biologies, 335(6), 417–423. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crvi.2012.04.002
Pregiwati LA, Wiryawan B, Satria A. 2015. fisheries management and management of Island , Indonesia. International Journal of the Bioflux Society, 8(6), 1048–1063.
Putra RD, Suryanti A, Kurniawan D, Pratomo A. 2018. Responses of Herbivorous Fishes on Coral Reef Cover in Outer Island Indonesia ( Study Case?: Natuna Island ). SCiFiMaS, 47(04009), 1–18.
Samoilys MA, Carlos G. 2000. Determining methods of underwater visual census for estimating the abundance of coral reef fishes. Environmental Biology of Fishes, 57(3), 289–304. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1007679109359
Siringoringo RM, Tanda L, Abrar M, Adji AS, Arbi UY, Hadi TA, Irawan NA. 2015. Monitoring Kesehatan Terumbu Karang dan Ekosistem Terkait di Kawasan Konservasi Perairan Nasional, Taman Wisata Perairan, Kepulauan Anambas dan Laut Sekitarnya. In Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling (Vol. 1). https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107415324.004
Vo ST, Pernetta JC, Paterson CJ. 2013. Status and trends in coastal habitats of the South China Sea. Ocean and Coastal Management, 85, 153–163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2013.02.018
Watson JEM, Dudley N, Segan DB, Hockings M. 2014 The performance and potential of protected areas. Nature, 515(7525), 67–73. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature13947
Wickham H. 2017. Tidyverse: Easily Insta.ll and Load the “Tidyverse”. R package version 1.2.1. 1–5. Retrieved from https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/tidyverse/tidyverse.pdf
Wilson SK, Graham NAJ, Holmes TH, Macneil MA, Ryan NM. 2018. Visual versus video methods for estimating reef fi sh biomass. Ecological Indicators, 85(October 2017), 146–152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2017.10.038
Yahya SAS, Gullström M, Öhman MC, Jiddawi NS, Andersson MH, Mgaya YD, Lindahl U. 2011. Coral bleaching and habitat effects on colonisation of reef fish assemblages: An experimental study. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 94(1), 16–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2011.04.012
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