Leaf morphological traits of Orophea spp. (Annonaceae): Living collections of Purwodadi Botanic Gardens, East Java, Indonesia
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Abstract. Lestari DA, Fiqa AP, Abywijaya IK. 2021. Leaf morphological traits of Orophea spp. (Annonaceae): Living collections of Purwodadi Botanic Gardens, East Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 22: 3403-3411. Orophea (Annonaceae) have various benefits and play important roles in lowland forest structures. Due to their importance, various Orophea species currently require identification for research and conservation purposes. One of many important variables for such purpose is leaf morphometrical features. This study aimed to investigate leaf morphometrical variations, measure morphometrical similarities, and identify determinant morphometrical traits for species identification in Orophea spp. As many as 23 living plant specimens of Orophea spp. cultivated in Purwodadi Botanic Gardens (belongs to 4 species: Orophea celebica, O. chlorantha, O. enneandra, O. hexandra and an unidentified Orophea sp.) were observed. Twelve measured leaf morphometrical traits in this study were leaf length and width, petiole length, distance from leaf base to the widest part of the leaf, number of secondary veins, apex and base shape, leaf area, length of leaf margin, length to width ratio, leaf roundness and slimness indices. Data were analyzed using multiple one-way ANOVA, Hierarchical Cluster and Principal Component Analyses from within R. The results highlighted that O. hexandra was the most distinguishable species with number of secondary veins, length to width ratio, and leaf slimness as the most distinct characters. The unidentified species of Orophea sp. exhibited morphometrical characters similar to O. chlorantha. No distinct leaf morphometrical traits were able to be identified as determinant characters to each species. Thus, suggesting leaf morphological traits analyses to be used only as a supporting component for plant identification, while still paying attention to the plant’s generative characters.
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References
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Castaneda-Garzon SL, Ligarreto GAM, Miranda-Lasprilla D. 2016. Morphological evaluation of an in situ collection of species from the Annonaceae family in Colombia. Agron. Colomb. 34(2): 131-140.
Chatrou LW, Erkens RHJ, Richardson JE, Saunders RMK, Fay MF. 2012. Editorial: The natural history of Annonaceae. Bot J Linn Soc 169: 1-4.
Chatrou L. 1997. Studies in Annonaceae XXVII. Macromorphological variation of recent invaders in northern Central America: the case of Malmea (Annonaceae). Am. J. Bot. 84: 861-869.
Chuanromance TS, Cohen JI, Ryan GI. 2019. MASS: an integrative software program for morphometric analyses of leaves. Appl. Plant Sci. 7(9): e11288. DOI: 10.1002/aps3.11288.
Couvreur TLP, Maas PJM, Meinke S, Johnson DM, Ke?ler PJA. 2012. Keys to the genus of Annonaceae. Bot J Linn Soc 169: 74-83.
Darmayanti AS, Lestari DA, Firdiana ER. 2020. Seed exploration and conservation in Alas Purwo National Park. Biosci. Res. 17(4): 2825-2835.
Fiqa AP, Fauziah, Lestari DA, Budiharta S. 2019. The importance of in-situ conservation area in mining concession in preserving diversity, threatened and potential floras in East Kalimantan, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 20(1): 198-210.
Fournier G, Leboeuf M, Cave A. 2011. Annonaceae Essential Oils: A Review. J Essent Oil Res 11 (2): 131-142. https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.1999.9701092.
Frausin G, Lima RBS, Hidalgo ADF, Maas P, Pohlit AM. 2014. Plants of the Annonaceae traditionally used as antimalarials: a review. Rev. Bras. Frut. 36: 315-337.
Gonzalez N, Vanhaeren H, Inze D. 2012. Leaf size control: Complex coordination of cell division and expansion.Trends Plant Sci. 17: 332–340.
Handayani T. 2018. Diversity, potential and conservation of Annonaceae in Bogor Botanic Gardens, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 19(2): 591-603.
Hidayat IW, Kurnita NI. 2018. Inventory of Indonesian native montane trees for environmental support and space ornaments in Cibodas Botanical Garden. IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ. Sci. 203, 012017.
Jimenez-Mejias P, Cohen JI, Naczi RF. 2017. The study of online digitizedspecimens revalidates Andersonglossum boreale as a species different from A.virginianum (Boraginaceae). Phytotaxa 295(1): 22–34.
Jin T, Hou X, Li P, Zhou F. 2015. A novel method of automatic plant species identification using sparse representation of leaf tooth features. PloS ONE 10(10): e0139482. Doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0139482.
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Ke?ler PJA. 1990. Studies on the tribe Saccopetaleae (Annonaceae) – II. Additions to the genus Orophea Blume. BLUMEA 34: 505-516.
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Lestari DA. 2011. Variation shape and color of gland from genus Orophea (Annonaceae) in Purwodadi Botanical Garden. In: Azrianingsih, et al. (eds.); Proceeding of The International Conference on Basic Science 2011, Galaxy Science Publisher, Malang, 17-18 February 2011. [Indonesian]
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Lestari DA, Hikmah LF. 2012. Determination of kinship from genus Annona based on stem, branch and leaves morphometry: collections of Purwodadi Botanic Garden. Proceeding of Seminar Green Technology 3. Faculty of Sains and Technology, State Islamic University Maulana Malik Ibrahim, Malang, 3 Mei 2012. [Indonesian]
Lestari DA, Sofiah S. 2015. Flowering and fruiting times on four species of Annona (Annonaceae) in Purwodadi Botanic Garden. J. Trop. Life Sci. 5(1): 45-52.
Lestari DA, Fiqa AP. 2020. Environmental factors influence on flowering and fruiting period of selected essential oil plants from Annonaceae. Biodiversitas 21(3): 910-921.
Lestari DA, Azrianingsih R, Hendrian R. 2017. Taxonomical position of Annonaceae species from East Java, Indonesia: collections of Purwodadi Botanic Garden based on morphological character. Biodiversitas 18(3): 1067-1076.
Lorenzo VP, Scotti L, Almeida JRGS, Scotti MT. 2020. Annonaceae family alkaloids as agents against Leishmaniasis: a review and molecular docking evaluation. Curr. Drug Metab. 21(7): 482-492.
Lu H, Jiang W, Ghiassi M, Lee S, Nitin M. 2012. Classification of Camellia (Theaceae) species using leaf architecture variations and pattern recognition techniques. PloS ONE 7(1): e29704. Doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0029704.
Meade C, Parnell J. 2003. Multivariate analysis of leaf shape patterns in Asian species of the Uvaria group (Annonaceae). Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 143: 231-242.
Patil AA, Bhagat KS. 2016. Plant identification by leaf shape recognition: a review. Int. J. Eng. Trends Technol. 35(8): 1-3.
R Core Team. 2021. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. URL https://www.R-project.org/.
Ren J, Ji X, Wang C, Hu J, Nervo G, Li J. 2020. Variation and genetic parameters of leaf morphological traits of eight families from Populus simonii x P. nigra. Forests 11: 1319. DOI: 10.3390/f11121319.
Rindyastuti R, Abywijaya IK, Rahadiantoro A, Irawanto R, Nurfadilah S, Siahaan FA, Danarto SA, Hapsari L, Lestari DA, Damaiyani J, Ariyanti EE. 2018. Plant Diversity in Sempu Island with Their Ecosystem. LIPI Press, Jakarta. [Indonesian]
Rodriguez HG, Maiti R, Kumari CA. 2016. Biodiversity of leaf traits in woody plant species in Northeastern Mexico: A synthesis. Forest Res 5(2): 169. doi:10.4172/2168-9776.1000169.
Rosdayanti H, Siregar UJ, Siregar, IZ. 2019. Leaf morphology traits of Shorea spp. in ex-situ KHDTK Haurbentes. Media Konservasi 24(2): 207-215. [Indonesia]
Sun M, Su T, Zhang SB, Li SF, Anberree-Lebreton J, Zhou ZK. 2016. Variations in leaf morphological traits of Quercus guyavifolia (Fagaceae) were mainly influenced by water and ultraviolet irradiation at high elevations on the qinghai-tibet plateau, China. Int. J. Agric. Biol. 18: 266-273. DOI: 10.17957/IJAB/15.0074.
Turner IM. 2018. Annonaceae of the Asia-Pasific region: names, types and distribution. Gardens’ Bulletin Singapore 70(1): 409-744.
Van Setten AK, Koek-Noorman J. 1992. Studies in Annonaceae XVII. Fruits and seeds of Annonaceae. Morphology and its significance for classification and identification. Biblioth. Bot. 142: 1-101.
Van Steenis CGGJ. 2020. The Mountain Flora of Java. LIPI Press, Jakarta.
Varsamis G, Karapatzak E, Tseniklidou K, Merou T, Tsiftsis S. 2020. Plant morphological variability at the distribution edges: the case of Dryas octopetala (Rosaceae) in northern Greece. Willdenowia 50(2): 267-277. https://doi.org/10.3372/wi.50.50212.
Viscosi V, Cardini A. 2011. Leaf morphology, taxonomy and geometry morphometrics: A simplified protocol for beginners. PloS ONE 6(10): e25630. DOI: 10.371/journal.pone.0025630.
Wardah, Labiro E, Massiri SD, Sustri, Mursidin. 2012. Key vegetation of anoa habitat in Pangi Binangga Nature Reserve, Central Sulawesi. Wallacea J. Forestry Res. 1(1): 1-12. [Indonesian]
Wu SG, Bao FS, Xu EY, Wang Y, Chang Y, Xiang Q. 2007. A leaf recognition algorithm for plant classification using probabilistics neural network. IEEE International Symposium on Signal Processing and Information Technology. DOI: 10.1109/ISSPIT.2007.4458016.
Ye M, Zhu X, Gao P, Jiang L, Wu R. 2020. Identification of Quantitative Trait Loci for Altitude Adaptationof Tree Leaf Shape with Populus szechuanica in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Front. Plant Sci. 11: 632.
Alcantara-Ayala O, Oyama K, Rios-Munoz CA, Rivas G, Ramirez-Barahona S, Luna-Vega I. 2020. Morphological variation of leaf traits in the Ternstroemia lineata species complex (Ericales: Penthaphylacaceae) in response to geographic and climatic variation. Peer.J. 8: e8307. http://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.8307.
Bahrami M, Mobasheri MR. 2020. Plant species determination by coding leaf reflectance spectrum and its derivates. Eur. J. Remote Sens. 53(1): 258-273.
Bijarpasi MM, Shahraji TR, Lahiji HS. 2019. Genetic variability and heritability of some morphological and physiological traits in Fagus orientalis Lipsky along an elevation gradient in Hyrcanian forests. Folia Oecologica 46: 45-53.
Caglayan A, Guclu O, Can AB. 2013. A plant recognition approach using shape and color features in leaf images. Proceeding of International Conference on Image Analysis and Processing, Melbourne, Australia, 15-18 September 2013.
Castaneda-Garzon SL, Ligarreto GAM, Miranda-Lasprilla D. 2016. Morphological evaluation of an in situ collection of species from the Annonaceae family in Colombia. Agron. Colomb. 34(2): 131-140.
Chatrou LW, Erkens RHJ, Richardson JE, Saunders RMK, Fay MF. 2012. Editorial: The natural history of Annonaceae. Bot J Linn Soc 169: 1-4.
Chatrou L. 1997. Studies in Annonaceae XXVII. Macromorphological variation of recent invaders in northern Central America: the case of Malmea (Annonaceae). Am. J. Bot. 84: 861-869.
Chuanromance TS, Cohen JI, Ryan GI. 2019. MASS: an integrative software program for morphometric analyses of leaves. Appl. Plant Sci. 7(9): e11288. DOI: 10.1002/aps3.11288.
Couvreur TLP, Maas PJM, Meinke S, Johnson DM, Ke?ler PJA. 2012. Keys to the genus of Annonaceae. Bot J Linn Soc 169: 74-83.
Darmayanti AS, Lestari DA, Firdiana ER. 2020. Seed exploration and conservation in Alas Purwo National Park. Biosci. Res. 17(4): 2825-2835.
Fiqa AP, Fauziah, Lestari DA, Budiharta S. 2019. The importance of in-situ conservation area in mining concession in preserving diversity, threatened and potential floras in East Kalimantan, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 20(1): 198-210.
Fournier G, Leboeuf M, Cave A. 2011. Annonaceae Essential Oils: A Review. J Essent Oil Res 11 (2): 131-142. https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.1999.9701092.
Frausin G, Lima RBS, Hidalgo ADF, Maas P, Pohlit AM. 2014. Plants of the Annonaceae traditionally used as antimalarials: a review. Rev. Bras. Frut. 36: 315-337.
Gonzalez N, Vanhaeren H, Inze D. 2012. Leaf size control: Complex coordination of cell division and expansion.Trends Plant Sci. 17: 332–340.
Handayani T. 2018. Diversity, potential and conservation of Annonaceae in Bogor Botanic Gardens, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 19(2): 591-603.
Hidayat IW, Kurnita NI. 2018. Inventory of Indonesian native montane trees for environmental support and space ornaments in Cibodas Botanical Garden. IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ. Sci. 203, 012017.
Jimenez-Mejias P, Cohen JI, Naczi RF. 2017. The study of online digitizedspecimens revalidates Andersonglossum boreale as a species different from A.virginianum (Boraginaceae). Phytotaxa 295(1): 22–34.
Jin T, Hou X, Li P, Zhou F. 2015. A novel method of automatic plant species identification using sparse representation of leaf tooth features. PloS ONE 10(10): e0139482. Doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0139482.
Ke?ler PJA. 1988. Revision Der Gattung Orophea Blume (Annonaceae). BLUMEA 33: 1-80.
Ke?ler PJA. 1990. Studies on the tribe Saccopetaleae (Annonaceae) – II. Additions to the genus Orophea Blume. BLUMEA 34: 505-516.
Krieger JD. 2010. Controlling for Curvature in The Quantification of Leaf Form. In: Elewa AMT (Ed.), Morphometric for Non-morphometricians. Springer, New York.
Lestari DA. 2011. Variation shape and color of gland from genus Orophea (Annonaceae) in Purwodadi Botanical Garden. In: Azrianingsih, et al. (eds.); Proceeding of The International Conference on Basic Science 2011, Galaxy Science Publisher, Malang, 17-18 February 2011. [Indonesian]
Lestari DA. 2019. Evaluation of flowering and fruiting periods of selected Annonaceae species in Purwodadi Botanic Garden. AIP Conference Proceedings. 2120: 030023. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5115627.
Lestari DA, Hikmah LF. 2012. Determination of kinship from genus Annona based on stem, branch and leaves morphometry: collections of Purwodadi Botanic Garden. Proceeding of Seminar Green Technology 3. Faculty of Sains and Technology, State Islamic University Maulana Malik Ibrahim, Malang, 3 Mei 2012. [Indonesian]
Lestari DA, Sofiah S. 2015. Flowering and fruiting times on four species of Annona (Annonaceae) in Purwodadi Botanic Garden. J. Trop. Life Sci. 5(1): 45-52.
Lestari DA, Fiqa AP. 2020. Environmental factors influence on flowering and fruiting period of selected essential oil plants from Annonaceae. Biodiversitas 21(3): 910-921.
Lestari DA, Azrianingsih R, Hendrian R. 2017. Taxonomical position of Annonaceae species from East Java, Indonesia: collections of Purwodadi Botanic Garden based on morphological character. Biodiversitas 18(3): 1067-1076.
Lorenzo VP, Scotti L, Almeida JRGS, Scotti MT. 2020. Annonaceae family alkaloids as agents against Leishmaniasis: a review and molecular docking evaluation. Curr. Drug Metab. 21(7): 482-492.
Lu H, Jiang W, Ghiassi M, Lee S, Nitin M. 2012. Classification of Camellia (Theaceae) species using leaf architecture variations and pattern recognition techniques. PloS ONE 7(1): e29704. Doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0029704.
Meade C, Parnell J. 2003. Multivariate analysis of leaf shape patterns in Asian species of the Uvaria group (Annonaceae). Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 143: 231-242.
Patil AA, Bhagat KS. 2016. Plant identification by leaf shape recognition: a review. Int. J. Eng. Trends Technol. 35(8): 1-3.
R Core Team. 2021. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. URL https://www.R-project.org/.
Ren J, Ji X, Wang C, Hu J, Nervo G, Li J. 2020. Variation and genetic parameters of leaf morphological traits of eight families from Populus simonii x P. nigra. Forests 11: 1319. DOI: 10.3390/f11121319.
Rindyastuti R, Abywijaya IK, Rahadiantoro A, Irawanto R, Nurfadilah S, Siahaan FA, Danarto SA, Hapsari L, Lestari DA, Damaiyani J, Ariyanti EE. 2018. Plant Diversity in Sempu Island with Their Ecosystem. LIPI Press, Jakarta. [Indonesian]
Rodriguez HG, Maiti R, Kumari CA. 2016. Biodiversity of leaf traits in woody plant species in Northeastern Mexico: A synthesis. Forest Res 5(2): 169. doi:10.4172/2168-9776.1000169.
Rosdayanti H, Siregar UJ, Siregar, IZ. 2019. Leaf morphology traits of Shorea spp. in ex-situ KHDTK Haurbentes. Media Konservasi 24(2): 207-215. [Indonesia]
Sun M, Su T, Zhang SB, Li SF, Anberree-Lebreton J, Zhou ZK. 2016. Variations in leaf morphological traits of Quercus guyavifolia (Fagaceae) were mainly influenced by water and ultraviolet irradiation at high elevations on the qinghai-tibet plateau, China. Int. J. Agric. Biol. 18: 266-273. DOI: 10.17957/IJAB/15.0074.
Turner IM. 2018. Annonaceae of the Asia-Pasific region: names, types and distribution. Gardens’ Bulletin Singapore 70(1): 409-744.
Van Setten AK, Koek-Noorman J. 1992. Studies in Annonaceae XVII. Fruits and seeds of Annonaceae. Morphology and its significance for classification and identification. Biblioth. Bot. 142: 1-101.
Van Steenis CGGJ. 2020. The Mountain Flora of Java. LIPI Press, Jakarta.
Varsamis G, Karapatzak E, Tseniklidou K, Merou T, Tsiftsis S. 2020. Plant morphological variability at the distribution edges: the case of Dryas octopetala (Rosaceae) in northern Greece. Willdenowia 50(2): 267-277. https://doi.org/10.3372/wi.50.50212.
Viscosi V, Cardini A. 2011. Leaf morphology, taxonomy and geometry morphometrics: A simplified protocol for beginners. PloS ONE 6(10): e25630. DOI: 10.371/journal.pone.0025630.
Wardah, Labiro E, Massiri SD, Sustri, Mursidin. 2012. Key vegetation of anoa habitat in Pangi Binangga Nature Reserve, Central Sulawesi. Wallacea J. Forestry Res. 1(1): 1-12. [Indonesian]
Wu SG, Bao FS, Xu EY, Wang Y, Chang Y, Xiang Q. 2007. A leaf recognition algorithm for plant classification using probabilistics neural network. IEEE International Symposium on Signal Processing and Information Technology. DOI: 10.1109/ISSPIT.2007.4458016.
Ye M, Zhu X, Gao P, Jiang L, Wu R. 2020. Identification of Quantitative Trait Loci for Altitude Adaptationof Tree Leaf Shape with Populus szechuanica in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Front. Plant Sci. 11: 632.
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