Distribution of Gyrinops versteegii (Gilg.) Domke in varying vegetation structures, soil properties, and microclimates in Manggarai, Flores, East Nusa Tenggara
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Abstract. Yulistyarini T, Fiqa AP, Budiharta S, Rindyastuti R. 2020. Distribution of Gyrinops versteegii in varying vegetation structures, soil properties, and microclimates in western part of Flores Island, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 21: 1800-1808. Gyrinops versteegii is one of the agarwood-producing tropical plants that is distributed in the Lesser Sunda Islands to Sulawesi, Moluccas (Maluku), and Papua. The natural population of Gyrinops versteegii (Gilg.) Domke is widely exploited, making it being listed in CITES Appendix II. Despite largely exploited, information regarding the distribution of G. versteegii to reveal the habitat characteristics of its natural population is limited. The aims of the research were (i) to investigate the habitat characteristics of the distribution of G. versteegii in term of vegetation community, as well as soil and microclimate variables in its natural habitat in western part of Flores Island, and (ii) to study the relationship between its occurrence and ecological factors. The research was conducted in one community forest and three natural forests in the districts of Manggarai and West Manggarai, Flores Island, East Nusa Tenggara Province. Data on vegetation, soil properties and microclimates were collected by establishing 73 observation plots across the four studied areas. Data were analyzed to reveal vegetation composition and structure where G. versteegii occurred, the dispersion pattern, and relationship between its occurrence and ecological factors. Our study revealed that G. versteegii populations at four studied areas in Flores Island were distributed in a broad range of habitat characteristics with varying vegetation compositions and structures, canopy covers as well as soil and microclimates variables. The local/metapopulations of G. versteegii in these areas can be dispersed in clumped or uniform pattern. Nonetheless, some ecological variables might be important for the abundance of this species including soil texture, soil pH, C organic and Soil Organic Matters (SOM). The results of this study suggest a promising opportunity for the conservation efforts of G. versteegii through the possibility of planting this species in various land management including planted in monoculture system, polyculture system (e.g. home garden and agroforestry) as well as reintroduced into species-rich natural forest.
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References
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MulyaningsihaT, D Marsono, Sumardi, Yamada I. 2017. Keragaman infraspesifik gaharu (Gyrinops versteegii (Gilg.) Domke) di Pulau Lombok bagian barat. Jurnal Penelitian Hutan dan Konservasi 1: 57-66. [Indonesian]
Mulyaningsihb T, Marsono D, Sumardi, Yamada I. 2017. The presense of eaglewood Gyrinops versteegii in the natural forest of West Lombok Island, Indonesia. Ecol Environ Conserv 23 (2) : 723-729.
Pribadi OD. 2009. Studi pola spasial persebaran Gaharu (Aquilaria spp.) dan keterkaitannya dengan kondisi habitat di Taman Nasional Kutai Kalimantan Timur. Buletin Kebun Raya Indonesia 12 (1) : 28-35. [Indonesian]
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Rawana, Hardiwinoto S, Budiadi, Rahayu S. 2018. Vegetation community and environment on Gyrinops versteegii growth. Jurnal Manajemen Hutan Tropika 23 (1): 10–22. [Indonesian]
Ravanbakhsh H, Moshki A. 2016. The influence of environmental variables on distribution patterns of Irano-Turanian forests in Alborz Mountains, Iran. J Mt Sci 13: 1375-1386.
Roemantyo, Partomihardjo T. 2010. Analisis prediksi sebaran alami gaharu marga Aquilaria dan Gyrinops di Indonesia. Berita Biologi 10(2): 189-205. [Indonesian].
Rindyastuti R, Yulistyarini T, Darmayanti AS. 2019. Population and ecological study of agarwood producing tree (Gyrinops versteegii) in Manggarai District, Flores Island, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 20 (4): 1180-1191.
Setiadi D. 2005. Keanekaragaman spesies tingkat pohon di Taman Wisata Alam Ruteng, Nusa Tenggara Timur. Jurnal Biodiversitas 6(2): 118-122.
Smith P, Cotrufo MF, Rumpel C, Paustian K, Kuikman PJ, Elliott JA, McDowell R, Griffiths RI, Asakawa S, Bustamante M, House JI, Sobocká J, Harper R, Pan G, West PC, Gerber JS, Clark JM, Adhya T, Scholes RJ, Scholes MC. 2015. Biogeochemical cycles and biodiversity as key drivers of ecosystem services provided by soils. Soil 1: 665-685.
Soehartono T, Newton AC. 2000. Conservation and sustainable use of tropical trees in the genus Aquilaria I. status and distribution in Indonesia. Biol Conserv 96: 83-94.
Soerianegara I, Indrawan A. 1985. Forest Ecology of Indonesia. Faculty of Forestry. Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor.[Indonesian]
Sujatmoko S, Soenarno, Siswadi, Prasetyo BD. 2011. Pemanfaatan dan Kondisi Populasi Pohon Penghasil Gaharu Di NTT. Prosiding Gelar Teknologi Hasil Penelitian. Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Kehutanan.
Sundarapandian SM, Swamy PS. 2000. Forest ecosystem structure and composition along an altitudinal gradient in the Western Ghats, South India. Journal of Tropical Forest Science ,12(1), 104-123.
Surata IK. 2002. Pengaruh pohon penaung hutan alam terhadap pertumbuhan inang gaharu (Gyrinops versteegii) di Pusuk Pulau Lombok. Buletin Penelitian Kehutanan Balai Litbang Kehutanan Bali dan Nusa Tenggara 6(2).
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Sutomo and Oktaviani GEA. 2019. Eksplorasi Lapangan Jenis Penghasil Gaharu (Gyrinops versteegii) di Pulau Lombok Nusa Tenggara Barat. ULIN. Jurnal Hutan Tropis 3(2): 64-69.
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Tang CQ, Yang Y, Ohsawa M, Momohara A, Yi SR, Robertson K, Song K, Zhang SQ, He LY. 2015. Community structure and survival of tertiary relict Thuja sutchuenensis (Cupressaceae) in the Subtropical Daba Mountains, Southwestern China. Plos One. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0125307.
Tang CQ, Yang Y, Momohara A, Wang HC, Luu HT, Li S, Song K, Qian S, LePage B, Dong YF et al. 2019. Forest characteristic and population structure of Glyptostrobus pensilis, a globally endangered relict species of Southeastern China. Plant Diversity 41: 237-249.
Turjaman M, Hidayat A. 2017. Agarwood-planted tree inventory in Indonesia. IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ. Sci. 54 012062.
Turjaman M, Hidayat A, Santoso E. 2016. Development of agarwood induction technology using endophytic fungi. In: Mohammed R (eds). Agarwood, Science behind the Fragrance. Springer Science Bussiness Media, Singapore. Pp : 57-71.
Walker J. 1993. Rare vascular plant taxa associated with the longleaf pine ecosystems: patterns in taxonomy and ecology. Proceedings Annual Tall Timbers Fire Ecology Conference No. 18, The Longleaf Pine Ecosystem: ecology, restoration and management, p: 105-125.
Yulistyarini T, Rindyastuti R, Darmayanti AS, Budiharta S, Fiqa AP, Siahaan FA. 2019. Studi habitat dan variasi morfologi gaharu (Gyrinops versteegii (Gilg) Domke) di Kabupaten Manggarai, Flores. Prosiding Seminar Konservasi dan Pemanfaatan Tumbuhan dan Satwa Liar, Pusat Penelitian Biologi-LIPI, Bogor. [Indonesian]
Beniwal BS. 1989. Silvica characteristics of Aquilaria agallocha Rob. Indian Forester.
CITES Trade Database. 2018. Gyrinops versteegii trade quotas in Indonesia. https://trade.cites.org/en/cites_trade/. [September 19th, 2018].
Fiqa, AP, Budiharta S, Siahaan FA, Rindyastuti R. 2020. Population structure of Gyrinops versteegii within floristic community in Nggalak Protection Forest, Flores Island, Indonesia. in prep.
Ghaderi S, Chekan AA, Karimzadeh A, Difarakhsh M, Pourrezaie J. 2017. The relationships between vegetation and soil factors using multivariate analysis (Case study: Chamran summer rangelands, Khuzestan province). Iran Journal of Range and Desert Research 24(3): 478-493.
Hou D. 1960. Thymelaeaceae. Van Steenis C.G.G.J. (ed.) Flora Malesiana, Vol. 6. The Netherlands: Sijthoff & Noordhoff International Publishers, pp. 1-15.
Isbell F, Calcagno V, Hector A, Connolly J, Harpole WS, Reich PB, Lorenzen MS, Schmid B, Tilman D, van Ruijn J, Weigelt A, Wilsey BJ, Zavaleta ES, Loreau M. 2011. High plant diversity is needed to maintain ecosystem services. Nature 477: 199-202.
Johnson BG, Verburg PSJ, Arnone JA. 2014. Effects of climate and vegetation on soil nutrients and chemistry in the Great Basin studied along a latitudinal-elevational climate gradient. Plant Soil 382: 151-163.
Kali FB, Kusuma Z, Leksono AS. 2015. Diversity of vegetation around the springs to support water resource conservation in belu, East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia. Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences, 6(4), 100-114.
Kershaw, KA.1973. Quantitative and dynamic Plant Ecology, 2nd edition. American Elsevier P. Company. New York
Keymer DP, Lankau RA. 2017. Disruption of plant-soil-microbial relationships influences plant growth. J Ecol 105: 816-827.
Komar TE, Wardani M, Hardjanti FI, Ramdhania N. 2014. In-situ and ex-situ conservation of Aquilaria and Gyrinops: A Review. IPB Press. Bogor, Indonesia. 86 p.
Krebs, JC. 1978. Ecology. The Experimental Analysis of Distribution and Abundance. Harper & Row Publisher . New York, Hagerstone, San Fransisco, London.
Ludwig JA, Reynolds JF. 1988. Statistical ecology: a primer on methods and computing. New York, USA: John Wiley and Sons.
Magurran AE. 1988. Ecological Diversity and its Measurement. New Jersey: Pricenton University Press.
MacArthur RH. 1969. Patterns of communities in the tropics. Biol J Linn Soc 1:19–30.
Monk KA, de Fretes Y, Reksodihardjo-Lilley G. 1997. The Ecology of Nusa Tenggara and Maluku. Periplus Editions (HK) Ltd. Pp. 187-200, 301-309.
Montoya JM, Raffaelli D. 2010. Climate change, biotic interactions and ecosystem services. Philos T R Soc B 365: 2013-2018.
Mulyaningsih T, Yamada I. 2008. Notes on some of Agarwood in Nusa Tenggara, Celebes, and West Papua. In: “Natural Resource Management and Socio-Economy Transformation under the Decentralization in Indonesis: Toward Sulawesi Area Studies”. CSEAS. Kyoto
Mulyaningsih T, Marsono D, Sumardi, Yamada I. 2014. Selection of superior breeding infraspecies Gyrinops versteegii (Gilg.) Domke. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology B 4(6):485-492.
Mulyaningsih T, Marsono D, Sumardi, Yamada I. 2015 Community of eaglewood Gyrinops versteegii (Gilg.) Domke and the diversity of plant associated in western Lombok forest. Presented in International Seminar on The Tropical Resources. University of Mataram.
MulyaningsihaT, D Marsono, Sumardi, Yamada I. 2017. Keragaman infraspesifik gaharu (Gyrinops versteegii (Gilg.) Domke) di Pulau Lombok bagian barat. Jurnal Penelitian Hutan dan Konservasi 1: 57-66. [Indonesian]
Mulyaningsihb T, Marsono D, Sumardi, Yamada I. 2017. The presense of eaglewood Gyrinops versteegii in the natural forest of West Lombok Island, Indonesia. Ecol Environ Conserv 23 (2) : 723-729.
Pribadi OD. 2009. Studi pola spasial persebaran Gaharu (Aquilaria spp.) dan keterkaitannya dengan kondisi habitat di Taman Nasional Kutai Kalimantan Timur. Buletin Kebun Raya Indonesia 12 (1) : 28-35. [Indonesian]
Qian, SH, Yang YC, Tang CQ, Momohara A, Yi SR and Ohsawa M. 2016. Effective conservation measures are needed for wild Cathaya argyrophylla populations in China: Insights from the population structure and Regeneration characteristics. For. Ecol. Manag. 361: 358-367.
Rawana, Hardiwinoto S, Budiadi, Rahayu S. 2018. Vegetation community and environment on Gyrinops versteegii growth. Jurnal Manajemen Hutan Tropika 23 (1): 10–22. [Indonesian]
Ravanbakhsh H, Moshki A. 2016. The influence of environmental variables on distribution patterns of Irano-Turanian forests in Alborz Mountains, Iran. J Mt Sci 13: 1375-1386.
Roemantyo, Partomihardjo T. 2010. Analisis prediksi sebaran alami gaharu marga Aquilaria dan Gyrinops di Indonesia. Berita Biologi 10(2): 189-205. [Indonesian].
Rindyastuti R, Yulistyarini T, Darmayanti AS. 2019. Population and ecological study of agarwood producing tree (Gyrinops versteegii) in Manggarai District, Flores Island, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 20 (4): 1180-1191.
Setiadi D. 2005. Keanekaragaman spesies tingkat pohon di Taman Wisata Alam Ruteng, Nusa Tenggara Timur. Jurnal Biodiversitas 6(2): 118-122.
Smith P, Cotrufo MF, Rumpel C, Paustian K, Kuikman PJ, Elliott JA, McDowell R, Griffiths RI, Asakawa S, Bustamante M, House JI, Sobocká J, Harper R, Pan G, West PC, Gerber JS, Clark JM, Adhya T, Scholes RJ, Scholes MC. 2015. Biogeochemical cycles and biodiversity as key drivers of ecosystem services provided by soils. Soil 1: 665-685.
Soehartono T, Newton AC. 2000. Conservation and sustainable use of tropical trees in the genus Aquilaria I. status and distribution in Indonesia. Biol Conserv 96: 83-94.
Soerianegara I, Indrawan A. 1985. Forest Ecology of Indonesia. Faculty of Forestry. Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor.[Indonesian]
Sujatmoko S, Soenarno, Siswadi, Prasetyo BD. 2011. Pemanfaatan dan Kondisi Populasi Pohon Penghasil Gaharu Di NTT. Prosiding Gelar Teknologi Hasil Penelitian. Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Kehutanan.
Sundarapandian SM, Swamy PS. 2000. Forest ecosystem structure and composition along an altitudinal gradient in the Western Ghats, South India. Journal of Tropical Forest Science ,12(1), 104-123.
Surata IK. 2002. Pengaruh pohon penaung hutan alam terhadap pertumbuhan inang gaharu (Gyrinops versteegii) di Pusuk Pulau Lombok. Buletin Penelitian Kehutanan Balai Litbang Kehutanan Bali dan Nusa Tenggara 6(2).
Surata IK, Widnyana IM. 2001. Teknik budidaya gaharu (Gyrinops verstigii). Badan Litbang Kehutanan. Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Konservasi dan Rehabilitasi. Balai Penelitian Kehutanan Kupang. Aisuli No.14. [Indonesian].
Surata IK, Soenarno. 2011. Penanaman gaharu (Gyrinops versteegii (Gilg) Domke) dengan system tumpangsari di Rarung, Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Barat. Jurnal Penelitian Hutan dan Konservasi Alam 8(4): 349-361. [Indonesian].
Sutomo and Oktaviani GEA. 2019. Eksplorasi Lapangan Jenis Penghasil Gaharu (Gyrinops versteegii) di Pulau Lombok Nusa Tenggara Barat. ULIN. Jurnal Hutan Tropis 3(2): 64-69.
Susilo A, Kalima T, Santoso E. 2014. Panduan Lapangan Pengenalan Jenis Pohon Penghasil Gaharu Gyrinops spp. di Indonesia. IPB Press, Bogor. [Indonesian].
Tang CQ, Yang Y, Ohsawa M, Momohara A, Yi SR, Robertson K, Song K, Zhang SQ, He LY. 2015. Community structure and survival of tertiary relict Thuja sutchuenensis (Cupressaceae) in the Subtropical Daba Mountains, Southwestern China. Plos One. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0125307.
Tang CQ, Yang Y, Momohara A, Wang HC, Luu HT, Li S, Song K, Qian S, LePage B, Dong YF et al. 2019. Forest characteristic and population structure of Glyptostrobus pensilis, a globally endangered relict species of Southeastern China. Plant Diversity 41: 237-249.
Turjaman M, Hidayat A. 2017. Agarwood-planted tree inventory in Indonesia. IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ. Sci. 54 012062.
Turjaman M, Hidayat A, Santoso E. 2016. Development of agarwood induction technology using endophytic fungi. In: Mohammed R (eds). Agarwood, Science behind the Fragrance. Springer Science Bussiness Media, Singapore. Pp : 57-71.
Walker J. 1993. Rare vascular plant taxa associated with the longleaf pine ecosystems: patterns in taxonomy and ecology. Proceedings Annual Tall Timbers Fire Ecology Conference No. 18, The Longleaf Pine Ecosystem: ecology, restoration and management, p: 105-125.
Yulistyarini T, Rindyastuti R, Darmayanti AS, Budiharta S, Fiqa AP, Siahaan FA. 2019. Studi habitat dan variasi morfologi gaharu (Gyrinops versteegii (Gilg) Domke) di Kabupaten Manggarai, Flores. Prosiding Seminar Konservasi dan Pemanfaatan Tumbuhan dan Satwa Liar, Pusat Penelitian Biologi-LIPI, Bogor. [Indonesian]
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