Ethnoecology of Zanthoxylum acanthopodium by local communities around Lake Toba, North Sumatra, Indonesia
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Abstract. Nurlaeni Y, Iskandar J, Junaedi DI. 2021. Ethnoecology of Zanthoxylum acanthopodium by local communities around Lake Toba, North Sumatra, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 22: 1806-1818. Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC., locally known as andaliman, is a typical spice of traditional cuisine of communities living around Lake Toba, North Sumatra, Indonesia. Despite the extensive uses, the ethnoecological study on this plant is relatively scarce. This study aims to conduct ethnoecological studies of the management and cultivation of andaliman plants based on Traditional Ecological Knowledge of local communities of Salaon Dolok Village, a village nearby Lake Toba which has close relationship and intensively cultivated/utilized andaliman in their daily life. This study applied qualitative methods using the combination of direct observation and interviews with 46 selected respondents using snowball sampling. The results of this study showed that the cultivation of andaliman in Salaon Dolok Village was carried out using traditional ways with simple farming practices. These traditional farming models relied on manual farming practices in all farming aspects. The community has local knowledge related to the management of reliable agricultural systems from generation to generation. Andaliman cultivation in Salaon Dolok Village does not need maintenance costs for fertilizers and pesticides. In general, andaliman planting is mostly done in the forest. In general, the people of this village only recognize two kinds of andaliman cultivars, namely Andaliman 'Simanuk' and Andaliman 'Sihorbo'. The planting is usually carried out during the rainy season to reduce the mortality rate of the planted seedlings. The activity of seedling preparation is carried out in two simple ways. First, most farmers were collected andaliman seeds that grow wild around the existing andaliman plants. The second method is by collecting the seedling that grows from the burning land with some remains of old andaliman plants collected at the edge of the land. Sustainable agriculture should minimize the external input from outside of the agro-ecosystem. Low External Input Sustainable Agriculture (LEISA) emphasizes the efficient use of existing production factors to create sustainable agriculture, including for andaliman agriculture system.
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References
Journal:
Al-Najada, A. R., & Al-Suabeyl, M. S. (2014). Isolation and classification of fungi associated with spoilage of post-harvest mango (Mangifera indica L.) in Saudi Arabia. African Journal of Microbiology Research, 8(7), 685–688.
Batubara, M. S., Ginting, N., & Ariaji, R. (2018). Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat “Bimbingan Iptek dan Pelatihan Proses Perkecambahan Biji Tanaman Andaliman (Zanthoxylum acanthopodium Dc.)” di Desa Sitaratoit. Martabe?: Jurnal Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat. https://doi.org/10.31604/jpm.v1i3.133-141
Boesten, J., Bolognesi, C., Brock, T., Capri, E., Hardy, A., Hart, A., Hirsch-Ernst, K., Bennekou, S. H., Luttik, R., & Moretto, A. (2010). Scientific Opinion on the importance of the soil litter layer in agricultural areas EFSA Panel on Plant Protection Products and their Residues (PPR). EFSA JOURNAL, 8(6).
Elenora Kristanty, R., & Suriawati, J. (2014). Cytotoxic and antioxidant activity of petroleum extract of Andaliman fruits (Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC.). International Journal of PharmTech Research.
Faradillah, F., Santi, M. A., Sipahutar, L. W., Nurmi, A., & Mahmud, A. (2020). Effects of Andaliman (Zantoxylumachantopodium, DC) Supplementation on Broiler Immunity. Journal of Physics: Conference Series. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1477/7/072009
Gnankambary, Z., Bayala, J., Malmer, A., Nyberg, G., & Hien, V. (2008). Decomposition and nutrient release from mixed plant litters of contrasting quality in an agroforestry parkland in the south-Sudanese zone of West Africa. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, 82(1), 1–13.
Harahap, M. S. (2018). Aktivitas Penghambatan Enzim ?-Glukosidase Ekstrak Etanol Buah Andaliman (Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC.) Secara In Vitro.
Himamulum, S. (2017). Uji Sitotoksik Senyawa Alkaloid dari Buah Andaliman (Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC.) Terhadap Sel Kanker WiDr.
Imperatives, S. (1987). Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development: Our common future. Accessed Feb, 10.
Langhelle, O. (1999). Sustainable development: exploring the ethics of Our Common Future. International Political Science Review, 20(2), 129–149.
Lestari, N. S., & Levina, L. (2018). Uji Kesukaan Saus Arrabbiata Menggunakan Bumbu Tradisional Andaliman. National Conference of Creative Industry. https://doi.org/10.30813/ncci.v0i0.1204.
Nugraha, S., & Sumardi, S. (2019). Destinasi Wisata Kuliner Berbasis Makanan Tradisional di Kabupaten Toba Samosir. Jurnal Akademi Pariwisata Medan, 7(2), 33–46.
Nurlaeni, Y., & Junaedi, D. I. (2018). Studi Ekologi Habitat, Teknik Perbanyakan Dan Pengoleksian Dalam Rangka Konservasi Ex-Situ Andaliman (Zanthoxyllum acanthopodium DC.). Bioma, 14(2), 79–88.
Panggabean, L., Nurhamidah, N., & Dewi, H. (2019). Profil Fitokimia Dan Uji Sitotoksik Ekstrak Etanol Tumbuhan Andaliman (Zanthoxylum Acanthopodium DC) Menggunakan Metode BSLT. Universitas Bengkulu.
Parhusip, A. J., Jenie, B. S. L., Rahayu, W. P., & Yasni, S. (2010). Effect of Andaliman (Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC) Extracts upon Permeability and Hidrophobicity of Bacillus cereus. Jurnal Teknologi Dan Industri Pangan.
Phoulivong, S., McKenzie, E. H. C., & Hyde, K. D. (2012). Cross infection of Colletotrichum species; a case study with tropical fruits. Current Research in Environmental & Applied Mycology, 2(2), 99–111.
Purba, S. T., & Sinaga, D. P. (2017). Evaluasi Potensi Ekstrak Tumbuhan Andaliman (Zanthoxylum acanthopodium) sebagai Potensi Imunostimulan Pada Tikus (Rattus norvegicus L.).
Reijnntjes C, Haverkort B, Waters-Bayer A. 1992. Farming for the Future: An Introduction to Low-External-Input and Sustainbale Agriculture. The MacMillan Press Ltd, London and Basingstoke.
Rosidah, R., Hasibuan, P. A. Z., Haro, G., & Satria, D. (2019). Cytotoxicity Activity of Ethanol Extract of Andaliman Fruits (Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC.) towards 4T1 Breast Cancer Cells. Indonesian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research, 2(2), 31–35.
Sangha, K. K., Jalota, R. K., & Midmore, D. J. (2006). Litter production, decomposition and nutrient release in cleared and uncleared pasture systems of central Queensland, Australia. Journal of Tropical Ecology, 177–189.
Satria, D. (2020). Aktivitas Antikanker dan Antioksidan Fraksi Etilasetat Buah Andaliman (Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC.) dan Herba Poguntano (Picria fel-terrae Lour.).
Sibarani, R. (2018). Batak Toba society’s local wisdom of mutual cooperation in Toba lake area: a linguistic anthropology study. International Journal of Human Rights in Healthcare.
Simbolon, W. I., Kardhinata, E. H., Bangun, M. K., & Simatupang, S. (2018). Identifikasi Karakter Morfologis Andaliman (Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC.) di Beberapa Kabupaten di Sumatera Utara: Identification of Morphological Characteristic of Andaliman (Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC.) in SomeDistricts of North Sumatra. Jurnal Online Agroekoteknologi, 6(4), 745–756.
Simorangkir, A. (2019). Analisis Preferensi Konsumen Terhadap Andaliman (Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC.)(Kasus: Konsumen pada beberapa Pasar Outlet Andaliman di Kota Medan).
Siregar, B. L. (2013). Perkecambahan dan pematahan dormansi benih andaliman (Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC.). Jurnal Agronomi Indonesia (Indonesian Journal of Agronomy), 41(3).
Sitanggang, F. M. C., Duniaji, A. S., & Pratiwi, I. D. P. K. (2019). Daya Hambat Ekstrak Buah Andaliman (Zanthoxylum Acanthopodium Dc) Dalam Etil Asetat Terhadap Pertumbuhan Escherichia coli. Jurnal Ilmu Dan Teknologi Pangan (ITEPA). https://doi.org/10.24843/itepa.2019.v08.i03.p04.
Sudalmi, E. S. (2012). Pembangunan pertanian berkelanjutan. INNOFARM: Jurnal Inovasi Pertanian, 9(2).
Suriani, C., Prasetya, E., Harsono, T., & Handayani, D. (2019). Habitat characteristics of Andaliman (Zanthoxylumacanthopodium DC) in North Sumatra using a GIS (Geographical Information System) approach. Journal of Physics: Conference Series. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1317/1/012097
Susanti, N., Situmorang, E., & Fitri, W. (2020). Effectiveness of the Antibacterial Activity of n-Hexane Andaliman (Zanthoxylum Acanthopodium DC) Extract Against Bacillus subtilis, Salmonella typhi, and Staphylococcus aureus. Journal of Physics: Conference Series. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1462/1/012072
Tjahjandarie, T., Irza Gunawan, A. N., Saputri, R. D., & Tanjung, M. (2019). Senyawa Senyawa Alkaloid Furokuinolin dari Kulit Batang Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC. Jurnal Sains Dan Kesehatan. https://doi.org/10.25026/jsk.v2i2.121.
Tjitrosemito, S., Guhardja, E., Qayim, I., & Leuschner, C. (2011). Litterfall production and leaf-litter decomposition at natural forest and cacao agroforestry in Central Sulawesi, Indonesia. Asian Journal of Biological Sciences, 4(3), 221–234.
Tripathi, O. P., & Tripathi, R. S. (2009). Litter production, decomposition and physico-chemical properties of soil in 3 developed agroforestry systems of Meghalaya, Northeast India. African Journal of Plant Science, 3(8), 160–167.
Wijaya, C Hanny. (1999). Andaliman, rempah tradisional Sumatera Utara dengan aktivitas antioksidan dan antimikroba.
Wijaya, Christofora Hanny, Hadiprodjo, I. T., & Apriyantono, A. (2002). Identi?cation of Volatile Compounds and Key Aroma Compounds of Andaliman Fruit (Zanthoxylum Acanthopodium DC.). Food Sci. Biotechnol, 2(6), 680–683.
Wijaya, Christofora Hanny, Napitupulu, F. I., Karnady, V., & Indariani, S. (2019). A review of the bioactivity and flavor properties of the exotic spice “andaliman” (Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC.). In Food Reviews International. https://doi.org/10.1080/87559129.2018.1438470
Worotikan, R. V, Tuju, E. A., & Kawuwung, F. (2018). Analisis Efektivitas Antidiabetes Ekstrak Etanol Buah Andaliman (Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC) Pada Histopatologi Ginjal Tikus Putih (Rattus novergicus) YANG DIINDUKSI ALLOKSAN. JSME (Jurnal Sains, Matematika & Edukasi), 5(1), 29–37.
Wowor, A. E., Thomas, A., & Rombang, J. A. (2020). Kandungan Unsur Hara Pada Serasah Daun Segar Pohon (Mahoni, Nantu Dan Matoa). Eugenia, 25(1).
Book:
Hess, D. (1975). Alkaloids. In Plant Physiology (pp. 144–159). Springer.
Reijintyes, C., Haverkort, B., & Waters-Bayer, A. (1992). Farming for the future: an introduction to low-external imput and sustainible agriculture. Leusden, NL: Ileia, 1992.
Proceeding:
Harsono, T., Kurniawan, A. S., Prakasa, H., Syahfitri, D., Husna, F., & Prasetya, E. (2016). Analisis spasial geografi dan maximum entropy untuk menentukan zona konservasi in situ pada Andaliman (Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC.) di Sumatera Utara.
Sinaga, R. E., & Prasetyo, H. A. (2020). Analisis Kadar Minyak Atsiri Andaliman Desa Bandar Huta Usang Kabupaten Dairi (Zanthoxylum acantophodium D.). Seminar Nasional Teknologi Komputer & Sains (SAINTEKS), 1(1), 655–657.
Winarti, W., Simanjuntak, P., & Syahidin, M. F. (2018). Identifikasi Senyawa Kimia Aktif Antioksidan Dari Ekstrak Etil Asetat Buah Andaliman (Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC). Talenta Conference Series: Tropical Medicine (TM). https://doi.org/10.32734/tm.v1i3.283
Thesis, Disertation:
Karnady, V. (2015). Comparison on in vitro digestion effect of antioxidant and antihyperglycemic activity from Andaliman (Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC.) and Japanese pepper (Zanthoxylum piperitum DC.) crude extract. Graduate Thesis, Bogor Agricultural University, Indonesia. Graduate School of Bogor Agricultural University.
Siahaan, L. (2018). Pola Penyebaran Spasial dan Kelimpahan Andaliman (Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC.) di Pulau Samosir, Sumatera Utara.
Al-Najada, A. R., & Al-Suabeyl, M. S. (2014). Isolation and classification of fungi associated with spoilage of post-harvest mango (Mangifera indica L.) in Saudi Arabia. African Journal of Microbiology Research, 8(7), 685–688.
Batubara, M. S., Ginting, N., & Ariaji, R. (2018). Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat “Bimbingan Iptek dan Pelatihan Proses Perkecambahan Biji Tanaman Andaliman (Zanthoxylum acanthopodium Dc.)” di Desa Sitaratoit. Martabe?: Jurnal Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat. https://doi.org/10.31604/jpm.v1i3.133-141
Boesten, J., Bolognesi, C., Brock, T., Capri, E., Hardy, A., Hart, A., Hirsch-Ernst, K., Bennekou, S. H., Luttik, R., & Moretto, A. (2010). Scientific Opinion on the importance of the soil litter layer in agricultural areas EFSA Panel on Plant Protection Products and their Residues (PPR). EFSA JOURNAL, 8(6).
Elenora Kristanty, R., & Suriawati, J. (2014). Cytotoxic and antioxidant activity of petroleum extract of Andaliman fruits (Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC.). International Journal of PharmTech Research.
Faradillah, F., Santi, M. A., Sipahutar, L. W., Nurmi, A., & Mahmud, A. (2020). Effects of Andaliman (Zantoxylumachantopodium, DC) Supplementation on Broiler Immunity. Journal of Physics: Conference Series. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1477/7/072009
Gnankambary, Z., Bayala, J., Malmer, A., Nyberg, G., & Hien, V. (2008). Decomposition and nutrient release from mixed plant litters of contrasting quality in an agroforestry parkland in the south-Sudanese zone of West Africa. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, 82(1), 1–13.
Harahap, M. S. (2018). Aktivitas Penghambatan Enzim ?-Glukosidase Ekstrak Etanol Buah Andaliman (Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC.) Secara In Vitro.
Himamulum, S. (2017). Uji Sitotoksik Senyawa Alkaloid dari Buah Andaliman (Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC.) Terhadap Sel Kanker WiDr.
Imperatives, S. (1987). Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development: Our common future. Accessed Feb, 10.
Langhelle, O. (1999). Sustainable development: exploring the ethics of Our Common Future. International Political Science Review, 20(2), 129–149.
Lestari, N. S., & Levina, L. (2018). Uji Kesukaan Saus Arrabbiata Menggunakan Bumbu Tradisional Andaliman. National Conference of Creative Industry. https://doi.org/10.30813/ncci.v0i0.1204.
Nugraha, S., & Sumardi, S. (2019). Destinasi Wisata Kuliner Berbasis Makanan Tradisional di Kabupaten Toba Samosir. Jurnal Akademi Pariwisata Medan, 7(2), 33–46.
Nurlaeni, Y., & Junaedi, D. I. (2018). Studi Ekologi Habitat, Teknik Perbanyakan Dan Pengoleksian Dalam Rangka Konservasi Ex-Situ Andaliman (Zanthoxyllum acanthopodium DC.). Bioma, 14(2), 79–88.
Panggabean, L., Nurhamidah, N., & Dewi, H. (2019). Profil Fitokimia Dan Uji Sitotoksik Ekstrak Etanol Tumbuhan Andaliman (Zanthoxylum Acanthopodium DC) Menggunakan Metode BSLT. Universitas Bengkulu.
Parhusip, A. J., Jenie, B. S. L., Rahayu, W. P., & Yasni, S. (2010). Effect of Andaliman (Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC) Extracts upon Permeability and Hidrophobicity of Bacillus cereus. Jurnal Teknologi Dan Industri Pangan.
Phoulivong, S., McKenzie, E. H. C., & Hyde, K. D. (2012). Cross infection of Colletotrichum species; a case study with tropical fruits. Current Research in Environmental & Applied Mycology, 2(2), 99–111.
Purba, S. T., & Sinaga, D. P. (2017). Evaluasi Potensi Ekstrak Tumbuhan Andaliman (Zanthoxylum acanthopodium) sebagai Potensi Imunostimulan Pada Tikus (Rattus norvegicus L.).
Reijnntjes C, Haverkort B, Waters-Bayer A. 1992. Farming for the Future: An Introduction to Low-External-Input and Sustainbale Agriculture. The MacMillan Press Ltd, London and Basingstoke.
Rosidah, R., Hasibuan, P. A. Z., Haro, G., & Satria, D. (2019). Cytotoxicity Activity of Ethanol Extract of Andaliman Fruits (Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC.) towards 4T1 Breast Cancer Cells. Indonesian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research, 2(2), 31–35.
Sangha, K. K., Jalota, R. K., & Midmore, D. J. (2006). Litter production, decomposition and nutrient release in cleared and uncleared pasture systems of central Queensland, Australia. Journal of Tropical Ecology, 177–189.
Satria, D. (2020). Aktivitas Antikanker dan Antioksidan Fraksi Etilasetat Buah Andaliman (Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC.) dan Herba Poguntano (Picria fel-terrae Lour.).
Sibarani, R. (2018). Batak Toba society’s local wisdom of mutual cooperation in Toba lake area: a linguistic anthropology study. International Journal of Human Rights in Healthcare.
Simbolon, W. I., Kardhinata, E. H., Bangun, M. K., & Simatupang, S. (2018). Identifikasi Karakter Morfologis Andaliman (Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC.) di Beberapa Kabupaten di Sumatera Utara: Identification of Morphological Characteristic of Andaliman (Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC.) in SomeDistricts of North Sumatra. Jurnal Online Agroekoteknologi, 6(4), 745–756.
Simorangkir, A. (2019). Analisis Preferensi Konsumen Terhadap Andaliman (Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC.)(Kasus: Konsumen pada beberapa Pasar Outlet Andaliman di Kota Medan).
Siregar, B. L. (2013). Perkecambahan dan pematahan dormansi benih andaliman (Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC.). Jurnal Agronomi Indonesia (Indonesian Journal of Agronomy), 41(3).
Sitanggang, F. M. C., Duniaji, A. S., & Pratiwi, I. D. P. K. (2019). Daya Hambat Ekstrak Buah Andaliman (Zanthoxylum Acanthopodium Dc) Dalam Etil Asetat Terhadap Pertumbuhan Escherichia coli. Jurnal Ilmu Dan Teknologi Pangan (ITEPA). https://doi.org/10.24843/itepa.2019.v08.i03.p04.
Sudalmi, E. S. (2012). Pembangunan pertanian berkelanjutan. INNOFARM: Jurnal Inovasi Pertanian, 9(2).
Suriani, C., Prasetya, E., Harsono, T., & Handayani, D. (2019). Habitat characteristics of Andaliman (Zanthoxylumacanthopodium DC) in North Sumatra using a GIS (Geographical Information System) approach. Journal of Physics: Conference Series. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1317/1/012097
Susanti, N., Situmorang, E., & Fitri, W. (2020). Effectiveness of the Antibacterial Activity of n-Hexane Andaliman (Zanthoxylum Acanthopodium DC) Extract Against Bacillus subtilis, Salmonella typhi, and Staphylococcus aureus. Journal of Physics: Conference Series. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1462/1/012072
Tjahjandarie, T., Irza Gunawan, A. N., Saputri, R. D., & Tanjung, M. (2019). Senyawa Senyawa Alkaloid Furokuinolin dari Kulit Batang Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC. Jurnal Sains Dan Kesehatan. https://doi.org/10.25026/jsk.v2i2.121.
Tjitrosemito, S., Guhardja, E., Qayim, I., & Leuschner, C. (2011). Litterfall production and leaf-litter decomposition at natural forest and cacao agroforestry in Central Sulawesi, Indonesia. Asian Journal of Biological Sciences, 4(3), 221–234.
Tripathi, O. P., & Tripathi, R. S. (2009). Litter production, decomposition and physico-chemical properties of soil in 3 developed agroforestry systems of Meghalaya, Northeast India. African Journal of Plant Science, 3(8), 160–167.
Wijaya, C Hanny. (1999). Andaliman, rempah tradisional Sumatera Utara dengan aktivitas antioksidan dan antimikroba.
Wijaya, Christofora Hanny, Hadiprodjo, I. T., & Apriyantono, A. (2002). Identi?cation of Volatile Compounds and Key Aroma Compounds of Andaliman Fruit (Zanthoxylum Acanthopodium DC.). Food Sci. Biotechnol, 2(6), 680–683.
Wijaya, Christofora Hanny, Napitupulu, F. I., Karnady, V., & Indariani, S. (2019). A review of the bioactivity and flavor properties of the exotic spice “andaliman” (Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC.). In Food Reviews International. https://doi.org/10.1080/87559129.2018.1438470
Worotikan, R. V, Tuju, E. A., & Kawuwung, F. (2018). Analisis Efektivitas Antidiabetes Ekstrak Etanol Buah Andaliman (Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC) Pada Histopatologi Ginjal Tikus Putih (Rattus novergicus) YANG DIINDUKSI ALLOKSAN. JSME (Jurnal Sains, Matematika & Edukasi), 5(1), 29–37.
Wowor, A. E., Thomas, A., & Rombang, J. A. (2020). Kandungan Unsur Hara Pada Serasah Daun Segar Pohon (Mahoni, Nantu Dan Matoa). Eugenia, 25(1).
Book:
Hess, D. (1975). Alkaloids. In Plant Physiology (pp. 144–159). Springer.
Reijintyes, C., Haverkort, B., & Waters-Bayer, A. (1992). Farming for the future: an introduction to low-external imput and sustainible agriculture. Leusden, NL: Ileia, 1992.
Proceeding:
Harsono, T., Kurniawan, A. S., Prakasa, H., Syahfitri, D., Husna, F., & Prasetya, E. (2016). Analisis spasial geografi dan maximum entropy untuk menentukan zona konservasi in situ pada Andaliman (Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC.) di Sumatera Utara.
Sinaga, R. E., & Prasetyo, H. A. (2020). Analisis Kadar Minyak Atsiri Andaliman Desa Bandar Huta Usang Kabupaten Dairi (Zanthoxylum acantophodium D.). Seminar Nasional Teknologi Komputer & Sains (SAINTEKS), 1(1), 655–657.
Winarti, W., Simanjuntak, P., & Syahidin, M. F. (2018). Identifikasi Senyawa Kimia Aktif Antioksidan Dari Ekstrak Etil Asetat Buah Andaliman (Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC). Talenta Conference Series: Tropical Medicine (TM). https://doi.org/10.32734/tm.v1i3.283
Thesis, Disertation:
Karnady, V. (2015). Comparison on in vitro digestion effect of antioxidant and antihyperglycemic activity from Andaliman (Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC.) and Japanese pepper (Zanthoxylum piperitum DC.) crude extract. Graduate Thesis, Bogor Agricultural University, Indonesia. Graduate School of Bogor Agricultural University.
Siahaan, L. (2018). Pola Penyebaran Spasial dan Kelimpahan Andaliman (Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC.) di Pulau Samosir, Sumatera Utara.
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