Antibacterial, cytotoxicity and metabolite profiling of crude methanolic extract from andaliman (Zanthoxylum acanthopodium) fruit
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Abstract. Sibero MT, Siswanto AP, Frederick EH, Wijaya AP, Syafitri E, Farabi K, Murwani R, Saito S, Igaras Y. 2020. Antibacterial, cytotoxicity and metabolite profiling of crude methanolic extract from andaliman (Zanthoxylum acanthopodium) fruit. Biodiversitas 21: 4147-4154. The local community in North Sumatra has utilized andaliman fruit (Zanthoxylum acanthopodium) as spices for traditional cuisines because it has a unique flavor. Information on the antimicrobial activity of Z. acanthopodium fruit against aquaculture pathogens and its bioactivity against leukemia cell lines are limited. The purposes of this study were to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of Z. acanthopodium fruit against Tenacibaculum maritimum, Vibrio alginolyticus, V. anguillarum, V. harveyi that are known as pathogens in aquaculture; to determine cytotoxic property against murine P388 leukemia cells; and to characterize its metabolites profile. The sample was extracted using methanol by the maceration method. Antibacterial assay was conducted by Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method; while cytotoxicity assay using the XTT method. Proximate analysis showed that Z. acanthopodium fruit contained 63.41% of moisture, 24.73% of crude fiber, 9.81% of crude protein, 6.90% of ash, and 2.55% of crude fat. Several phytochemical components were detected, such as alkaloid, flavonoid, tannin, triterpenoid, and steroid. The GC/MS analysis indicated the presence of various compounds from terpenoid and terpenes derivatives. This study indicated that Z. acanthopodium fruit was not potential as antibacterial agents against the aquaculture pathogens; however, the methanol extract showed cytotoxic potential with IC50 19.14 µg/mL against murine P388 leukemia cells.
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References
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Asbur Y, Khairunnisyah. 2018. Utilization andaliman (Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC) for producing plant essential oils. Jurnal Kultivasi 17(1): 537–543. DOI: https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.24198/kltv.v17i1
Bhandary S, Kumari SN, Bhat VS, Sharmila K, Bekal MP. 2012. Preliminary phytochemical screening of various extracts of Punica granatum peel, whole fruit and seeds. Nitte University Journal of Health Science 2(4): 34–38.
da Silva SL, Figueiredo PM, Yano T. 2007. Cytotoxic evaluation of essential oil from Zanthoxylum rhoifolium Lam. leaves. Acta Amazonica 37(2): 281–286. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/s0044-59672007000200015
da Silva F, Santos N, Pascon R, Vallim M, Figueiredo C, Martins R, Sartorelli P. 2017. Chemical composition and In Vitro cytotoxic and antimicrobial activities of the essential oil from leaves of Zanthoxylum monogynum St. Hill (Rutaceae). Medicines 4(2): 31. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/medicines4020031
Elmore S. 2007. Apoptosis: A review of programmed cell death. Toxicologic Pathology 35(4): 495–516. https://doi.org/10.1080/01926230701320337
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Furusawa S, Nakano S, Wu J, Sakaguchi S, Takayanagi M, Sasaki KI, Satoh S. 2001. Apoptosis induced by doxorubicin and cinchonine in P388 multidrug-resistant cells. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology 53(7): 1029–1039. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1211/0022357011776289
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Hedberg N, Stenson I, Nitz PM, Warshan D, Nguyen-Kim H, Tedengren M, Kautsky N. 2018. Antibiotic use in Vietnamese fish and lobster sea cage farms; implications for coral reefs and human health. Aquaculture 495: 366–375. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2018.06.005
Julistiono H, Lestari FG, Iryanto R, Lotulung PD. 2018. Antimycobacterial activity of fruit of Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC against Mycobacterium smegmatis. Avicenna Journal of Phytomedicine 8(5): 432–438.
Junaedi DI, Nurlaeni Y. 2019. Ecology of Zanthoxylum acanthopodium: Specific leaf area and habitat characteristics. Biodiversitas 20(3): 732–737. DOI: https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d200317
Khlif I, Jellali K, Michel T, Halabalaki M, Skaltsounis AL, Allouche N. 2015. Characteristics, phytochemical analysis and biological activities of extracts from tunisian chetoui olea europaea variety. Journal of Chemistry. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/418731
Kristanty RE, Suriawati J. 2015. The Indonesian Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC.: Chemical and biological values. International Journal of PharmTech Research 8(6): 313–321.
Kumar V, Reddy SGE, Chauhan U, Kumar N, Singh B. 2016. Chemical composition and larvicidal activity of Zanthoxylum armatum against diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella. Natural Product Research 30(6): 689–692. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14786419.2015.1036270
Li X, Dierckens K, Bossier P, Defoirdt T. 2018. The impact of quorum sensing on the virulence of Vibrio anguillarum towards genotobiotic sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) larvae. Aquaculture Research 49(11): 3686–3689. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/are.13821
Li Z, Han S, Jiang J, Zhang X, Li Y, Chen H, Yuan Y. 2013. Antitumor compound identification from Zanthoxylum bungeanum essential oil based on composition-activity relationship. Chemical Research in Chinese Universities 29(6): 1068–1071. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40242-013-3223-3
Liu L, Ge M, Zheng X, Tao Z, Zhou S, Wang G. 2016. Investigation of Vibrio alginolyticus, V. harveyi, and V. parahaemolyticus in large yellow croaker, Pseudosciaena crocea (Richardson) reared in Xiangshan Bay, China. Aquaculture Reports 3: 220–224. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aqrep.2016.04.004
Liu X, Steele JC, Meng XZ. 2017. Usage, residue, and human health risk of antibiotics in Chinese aquaculture: A review. Environmental Pollution 223: 161–169. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2017.01.003
María R, Shirley M, Xavier C, Jaime S, David V, Rosa S, Jodie D. 2018. Preliminary phytochemical screening, total phenolic content and antibacterial activity of thirteen native species from Guayas province Ecuador. Journal of King Saud University 30(4): 500–505. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksus.2017.03.009
Mo, W. Y., Chen, Z., Leung, H. M., & Leung, A. O. W. (2015). Application of veterinary antibiotics in China’s aquaculture industry and their potential human health risks. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 24(10), 8978–8989. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-015-5607-z
Muzafri A, Julianti E, Rusmarilin H. 2018. The extraction of antimicrobials component of andaliman (Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC.) and its application on catfish (Pangasius sutchi) fillet. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 122. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/122/1/012089
Pringgenies D, Yudiati E, Nuraini RAT, Susilo ES, Rahayuningsih E. 2018. Optimal concentration of mangrove (Rhizophora mucronata) leaf and propagule based natural dye. Malaysian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, 14(1–2): 168–173. DOI: https://doi.org/10.11113/mjfas.v14n1-2.1011
Purba EC, Silalahi M, Nisyawati. 2018. Gastronomic ethnobiology of “terites”—a traditional Batak Karo medicinal food: A ruminant’s stomach content as a human food resource. Journal of Ethnic Foods 5(2): 114–120. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jef.2018.06.002
Rosidah R, Hasibuan PAZ, Haro G, Satria D. 2019. Cytotoxicity activity of ethanol extract of Andaliman fruits (Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC .) towards 4T1 Breast Cancer Cells. Indonesian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 02(2): 31–35.
Santos L, Ramos F. 2018. Antimicrobial resistance in aquaculture: Current knowledge and alternatives to tackle the problem. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents 52(2): 135–143. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2018.03.010
Saragih DE, Arsita EV. 2019. The phytochemical content of Zanthoxylum acanthopodium and its potential as a medicinal plant in the regions of Toba Samosir and North Tapanuli, North Sumatra. Prosiding Seminar Nasional Masyarakat Biodiversitas Indonesia, 5(1), 71–76. https://doi.org/10.13057/psnmbi/m050114. Bogor, 28 September 2018.
Satria D, Silalahi J, Haro G, Ilyas S, Hasibuan PAZ. 2019. Chemical analysis and cytotoxic activity of N-hexane fraction of Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC. fruits. Rasayan Journal of Chemistry 12(2): 803–808. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31788/RJC.2019.1225180
Seow LJ, Beh HK, Sadikun A, Asmawi MZ. 2013. Preliminary phytochemical and physicochemical characterization of Gynura segetum (Lour) Merr (compositae) leaf. Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research 12(5): 777–782. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4314/tjpr.v12i5.18
Sharma AR, Zhou T, Harunari E, Oku N, Trianto A, Igarashi Y. 2019. Labrenzbactin from a coral-associated bacterium Labrenzia sp. Journal of Antibiotics 72(8): 634–639. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41429-019-0192-x
Sibero MT, Radjasa OK, Bondar KG, Simbolon LMI, Meilana L, Ayuningrum D. 2019. Antibacterial activity and phytochemical content of Holothuria atra from Panjang Island, Jepara, Indonesia. AIP Conference Proceedings 080005. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5115743. Malang, 13-14 March 2019.
Sinaga AOY, Putri LAP, Siregar LAM. 2015. Genetic diversity analysis of andaliman (Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC.) germplasm in North Sematera using RAPD Marker. Jurnal Online Agroteknologi 3(2): 54–67. DOI: http://repositorio.unan.edu.ni/2986/1/5624.pdf
Singh TP, Singh OM. 2011. Phytochemical and pharmacological profile of Zanthoxylum armatum DC. - An overview. Indian Journal of Natural Products and Resources 2(3), 275–285.
Siregar BL. 2003. Andaliman (Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC.) in North Sumatra: Description and germination. Hayati 10(1), 38–41.
Småge SB, Frisch K, Brevik ØJ, Watanabe K, Nylund A. 2016. First isolation, identification and characterisation of Tenacibaculum maritimum in Norway, isolated from diseased farmed sea lice cleaner fish Cyclopterus lumpus L. Aquaculture 464: 178–184. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2016.06.030.
Syari DM, Rosidah R, Hasibuan PAZ, Haro G, Satria D. 2019. Evaluation of cytotoxic activity alkaloid fractions of Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC. Fruits. Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences 7(22): 3745–3747. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2019.495.
Tantapakul C, Phakhodee W, Ritthiwigrom T, Yossathera K, Deachathai S, Laphookhieo S. 2012. Antibacterial compounds from Zanthoxylum rhetsa. Archives of Pharmacal Research 35(7): 1139–1142. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12272-012-0703-9.
WHO. 2019. Indonesia Source GLOBOCAN 2018. International Agency for Research on Cancer, 256, 1–2.
Wijaya CH, Hadiprodjo IT, Apriyantono A. 2002. Identification of volatile compounds and key aroma Ccompounds of Andaliman fruit (Zanthoxylum acanthopodium). Food Science and Biotechnology 11(6): 680–683.
Wijaya CH, Napitupulu FI, Karnady V, Indariani S. 2019. A review of the bioactivity and flavor properties of the exotic spice “Andaliman” (Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC.). Food Reviews International 35(1): 1–19. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/87559129.2018.1438470.
Appelhans MS, Reichelt N, Groppo M, Paetzold C, Wen J. 2018. Phylogeny and biogeography of the pantropical genus Zanthoxylum and its closest relatives in the proto-Rutaceae group (Rutaceae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 126: 31–44. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2018.04.013
Asbur Y, Khairunnisyah. 2018. Utilization andaliman (Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC) for producing plant essential oils. Jurnal Kultivasi 17(1): 537–543. DOI: https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.24198/kltv.v17i1
Bhandary S, Kumari SN, Bhat VS, Sharmila K, Bekal MP. 2012. Preliminary phytochemical screening of various extracts of Punica granatum peel, whole fruit and seeds. Nitte University Journal of Health Science 2(4): 34–38.
da Silva SL, Figueiredo PM, Yano T. 2007. Cytotoxic evaluation of essential oil from Zanthoxylum rhoifolium Lam. leaves. Acta Amazonica 37(2): 281–286. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/s0044-59672007000200015
da Silva F, Santos N, Pascon R, Vallim M, Figueiredo C, Martins R, Sartorelli P. 2017. Chemical composition and In Vitro cytotoxic and antimicrobial activities of the essential oil from leaves of Zanthoxylum monogynum St. Hill (Rutaceae). Medicines 4(2): 31. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/medicines4020031
Elmore S. 2007. Apoptosis: A review of programmed cell death. Toxicologic Pathology 35(4): 495–516. https://doi.org/10.1080/01926230701320337
Fink SL, Cookson BT. 2005. Apoptosis, pyroptosis, and necrosis: Mechanistic description of dead and dying eukaryotic cells. Infection and Immunity 73(4): 1907–1916. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1128/IAI.73.4.1907
Furusawa S, Nakano S, Wu J, Sakaguchi S, Takayanagi M, Sasaki KI, Satoh S. 2001. Apoptosis induced by doxorubicin and cinchonine in P388 multidrug-resistant cells. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology 53(7): 1029–1039. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1211/0022357011776289
Harborne JB. 1973. Phytochemical Methods. Springer, UK. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-5921-7
Hedberg N, Stenson I, Nitz PM, Warshan D, Nguyen-Kim H, Tedengren M, Kautsky N. 2018. Antibiotic use in Vietnamese fish and lobster sea cage farms; implications for coral reefs and human health. Aquaculture 495: 366–375. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2018.06.005
Julistiono H, Lestari FG, Iryanto R, Lotulung PD. 2018. Antimycobacterial activity of fruit of Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC against Mycobacterium smegmatis. Avicenna Journal of Phytomedicine 8(5): 432–438.
Junaedi DI, Nurlaeni Y. 2019. Ecology of Zanthoxylum acanthopodium: Specific leaf area and habitat characteristics. Biodiversitas 20(3): 732–737. DOI: https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d200317
Khlif I, Jellali K, Michel T, Halabalaki M, Skaltsounis AL, Allouche N. 2015. Characteristics, phytochemical analysis and biological activities of extracts from tunisian chetoui olea europaea variety. Journal of Chemistry. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/418731
Kristanty RE, Suriawati J. 2015. The Indonesian Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC.: Chemical and biological values. International Journal of PharmTech Research 8(6): 313–321.
Kumar V, Reddy SGE, Chauhan U, Kumar N, Singh B. 2016. Chemical composition and larvicidal activity of Zanthoxylum armatum against diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella. Natural Product Research 30(6): 689–692. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14786419.2015.1036270
Li X, Dierckens K, Bossier P, Defoirdt T. 2018. The impact of quorum sensing on the virulence of Vibrio anguillarum towards genotobiotic sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) larvae. Aquaculture Research 49(11): 3686–3689. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/are.13821
Li Z, Han S, Jiang J, Zhang X, Li Y, Chen H, Yuan Y. 2013. Antitumor compound identification from Zanthoxylum bungeanum essential oil based on composition-activity relationship. Chemical Research in Chinese Universities 29(6): 1068–1071. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40242-013-3223-3
Liu L, Ge M, Zheng X, Tao Z, Zhou S, Wang G. 2016. Investigation of Vibrio alginolyticus, V. harveyi, and V. parahaemolyticus in large yellow croaker, Pseudosciaena crocea (Richardson) reared in Xiangshan Bay, China. Aquaculture Reports 3: 220–224. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aqrep.2016.04.004
Liu X, Steele JC, Meng XZ. 2017. Usage, residue, and human health risk of antibiotics in Chinese aquaculture: A review. Environmental Pollution 223: 161–169. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2017.01.003
María R, Shirley M, Xavier C, Jaime S, David V, Rosa S, Jodie D. 2018. Preliminary phytochemical screening, total phenolic content and antibacterial activity of thirteen native species from Guayas province Ecuador. Journal of King Saud University 30(4): 500–505. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksus.2017.03.009
Mo, W. Y., Chen, Z., Leung, H. M., & Leung, A. O. W. (2015). Application of veterinary antibiotics in China’s aquaculture industry and their potential human health risks. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 24(10), 8978–8989. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-015-5607-z
Muzafri A, Julianti E, Rusmarilin H. 2018. The extraction of antimicrobials component of andaliman (Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC.) and its application on catfish (Pangasius sutchi) fillet. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 122. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/122/1/012089
Pringgenies D, Yudiati E, Nuraini RAT, Susilo ES, Rahayuningsih E. 2018. Optimal concentration of mangrove (Rhizophora mucronata) leaf and propagule based natural dye. Malaysian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, 14(1–2): 168–173. DOI: https://doi.org/10.11113/mjfas.v14n1-2.1011
Purba EC, Silalahi M, Nisyawati. 2018. Gastronomic ethnobiology of “terites”—a traditional Batak Karo medicinal food: A ruminant’s stomach content as a human food resource. Journal of Ethnic Foods 5(2): 114–120. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jef.2018.06.002
Rosidah R, Hasibuan PAZ, Haro G, Satria D. 2019. Cytotoxicity activity of ethanol extract of Andaliman fruits (Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC .) towards 4T1 Breast Cancer Cells. Indonesian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 02(2): 31–35.
Santos L, Ramos F. 2018. Antimicrobial resistance in aquaculture: Current knowledge and alternatives to tackle the problem. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents 52(2): 135–143. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2018.03.010
Saragih DE, Arsita EV. 2019. The phytochemical content of Zanthoxylum acanthopodium and its potential as a medicinal plant in the regions of Toba Samosir and North Tapanuli, North Sumatra. Prosiding Seminar Nasional Masyarakat Biodiversitas Indonesia, 5(1), 71–76. https://doi.org/10.13057/psnmbi/m050114. Bogor, 28 September 2018.
Satria D, Silalahi J, Haro G, Ilyas S, Hasibuan PAZ. 2019. Chemical analysis and cytotoxic activity of N-hexane fraction of Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC. fruits. Rasayan Journal of Chemistry 12(2): 803–808. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31788/RJC.2019.1225180
Seow LJ, Beh HK, Sadikun A, Asmawi MZ. 2013. Preliminary phytochemical and physicochemical characterization of Gynura segetum (Lour) Merr (compositae) leaf. Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research 12(5): 777–782. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4314/tjpr.v12i5.18
Sharma AR, Zhou T, Harunari E, Oku N, Trianto A, Igarashi Y. 2019. Labrenzbactin from a coral-associated bacterium Labrenzia sp. Journal of Antibiotics 72(8): 634–639. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41429-019-0192-x
Sibero MT, Radjasa OK, Bondar KG, Simbolon LMI, Meilana L, Ayuningrum D. 2019. Antibacterial activity and phytochemical content of Holothuria atra from Panjang Island, Jepara, Indonesia. AIP Conference Proceedings 080005. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5115743. Malang, 13-14 March 2019.
Sinaga AOY, Putri LAP, Siregar LAM. 2015. Genetic diversity analysis of andaliman (Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC.) germplasm in North Sematera using RAPD Marker. Jurnal Online Agroteknologi 3(2): 54–67. DOI: http://repositorio.unan.edu.ni/2986/1/5624.pdf
Singh TP, Singh OM. 2011. Phytochemical and pharmacological profile of Zanthoxylum armatum DC. - An overview. Indian Journal of Natural Products and Resources 2(3), 275–285.
Siregar BL. 2003. Andaliman (Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC.) in North Sumatra: Description and germination. Hayati 10(1), 38–41.
Småge SB, Frisch K, Brevik ØJ, Watanabe K, Nylund A. 2016. First isolation, identification and characterisation of Tenacibaculum maritimum in Norway, isolated from diseased farmed sea lice cleaner fish Cyclopterus lumpus L. Aquaculture 464: 178–184. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2016.06.030.
Syari DM, Rosidah R, Hasibuan PAZ, Haro G, Satria D. 2019. Evaluation of cytotoxic activity alkaloid fractions of Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC. Fruits. Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences 7(22): 3745–3747. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2019.495.
Tantapakul C, Phakhodee W, Ritthiwigrom T, Yossathera K, Deachathai S, Laphookhieo S. 2012. Antibacterial compounds from Zanthoxylum rhetsa. Archives of Pharmacal Research 35(7): 1139–1142. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12272-012-0703-9.
WHO. 2019. Indonesia Source GLOBOCAN 2018. International Agency for Research on Cancer, 256, 1–2.
Wijaya CH, Hadiprodjo IT, Apriyantono A. 2002. Identification of volatile compounds and key aroma Ccompounds of Andaliman fruit (Zanthoxylum acanthopodium). Food Science and Biotechnology 11(6): 680–683.
Wijaya CH, Napitupulu FI, Karnady V, Indariani S. 2019. A review of the bioactivity and flavor properties of the exotic spice “Andaliman” (Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC.). Food Reviews International 35(1): 1–19. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/87559129.2018.1438470.
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