Secondary metabolites produced by endophytic bacteria against the Root-Knot Nematode (Meloidogyne sp.)
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Abstract. Maulidia V, Soesanto L, Syamsuddin, Khairan K, Hamaguchi T, Hasegawa K, Sriwati R. 2020. Secondary metabolites produced by endophytic bacteria against the Root-Knot Nematode (Meloidogyne sp.). Biodiversitas 21: 5270-5275. Endophytic bacteria live and colonize in plant tissues without causing disease to their plant host. Among several processes, these bacteria can produce secondary metabolites that can help in the defense of plant host against pathogens. This study aimed to identify endophytic bacteria as biocontrol agents against Meloidogyne sp. in tomato plants. Six endophytic bacteria candidates from the genus Pseudomonas, Arthrobacter, Bacillus, and Serratia were isolated from Solanum Lycopersicum, Psidium guajava, Pinus merkusii, Dendrocalamus asper, Albizia chinensis, and Theobroma cacao L, respectively. The average mortality of Meloidogyne sp. by endophytic bacteria was 70,27% to 95,46%. From these, B. thuringiensis AK08 produced compounds of the secondary metabolites such as flavonoid, phenol, tannins, terpenoids, steroids, saponins, and alkaloids. The best result of the average incubation period, number of galls in the root, number of nematodes at the root, and the number of nematodes in the soil on tomato plant were shown by B. thuringiensis. The major compounds in GC-MS analysis of B. thuringiensis were cholest-5-en-3-ol (3.beta.)-carbonochloridate (25.35%). Bacillus thuringiensis not only has rules as bio-insecticide but also has nematicidal effect.
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References
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Shekhawat S, Shah G. 2013. Isolation, characterization and determinaton of antibacterial activity of bacterial and fungal endophytes from Ocimum sanctum and phytochemical analysis. International journal of Pharma and Bio Sciences 4: 600-607. ISSN : 0975-6299.
Singh HB, Keswani C, Reddy MS, Sansinenea E, García EC. (Eds.), 2019. Secondary metabolites of plant growth promoting rhizomicroorganisms: Discovery and applications. Springer Singapore, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-5862-3
Singh M, Kumar A, Singh R, Pandey KD. 2017. Endophytic bacteria: a new source of bioactive compounds. 3 Biotech 7. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13205-017-0942-z
Singh S, Singh BB, Chandra R, Patel DK, Rai V. 2009. Synergistic biodegradation of pentachlorophenol by Bacillus cereus (DQ002384), Serratia marcescens (AY927692) and Serratia marcescens (DQ002385). World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology 25: 1821–1828. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11274-009-0083-6
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Tran TPH, Wang SL, Nguyen VB, Tran DM, Nguyen DS, Nguyen AD. 2019. Study of novel endophytic bacteria for biocontrol of black pepper root-knot nematodes in the central highlands of Vietnam. Agronomy 9, 714. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9110714
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Wiratno W, Syakir M, Sucipto I, Pradana AP. 2019. Isolation and characterization of endophytic bacteria from roots of Piper nigrum and their activities against Fusarium oxysporum and Meloidogyne incognita. Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity 4: 1308-1315. doi: 10.13057/biodiv/d180404
Abdallah ABR, Jabnoun KH, Daami RM. 2019. Exploring the beneficial endophytic microorganisms for plant growth promotion and crop protection: Educidation of some bioactive secondary metabolites involved in both effects, in: Singh HB, Keswani C, Reddy MS, Sansinenea E, García EC. (Eds.). Secondary Metabolites of plant growth promoting rhizomicroorganisms. Springer Singapore, Singapore, 1: 319–352. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-5862-3_16
Abdallah ABR, Mokni TS, Nefzi A, Jabnoun KH, Daami RM. 2016. Biocontrol of Fusarium wilt and growth promotion of tomato plants using endophytic bacteria isolated from Nicotiana glauca organs. Biological Control 97: 80–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocontrol.2016.03.005
Bruzos M, Grayston SJ. 2019. Biological control of nematodes by plant growth promoting rhizobacteria: Secondary Metabolites involved and potential applications, in: Singh HB, Keswani C, Reddy MS, Sansinenea E, García EC. (Eds.), Secondary metabolites of plant growth promoting rhizomicroorganisms. Springer Singapore, Singapore, 1: 253–264. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-5862-3_13
Bui HX, Hadi BAR, Oliva R, Schroeder NE. 2020. Beneficial bacterial volatile compounds for the control of root-knot nematode and bacterial leaf blight on rice. Crop Protection 135, 104792. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2019.04.016
Dababat AEFA, and Sikora RA. 2007. Influence of the mutualistic endophyte Fusarium oxysporum 162 on Meloidogyne incognita attraction and invasion. Nematology 9: 771-776.
Deen NEAH, Andras F, Amal FEB. 2014. Nematicidal activity of entomopathogenic bacteria against root-knot nematodes, Meloidogyne incognita in-vitro. International Journal of Advanced Research 6: 708-713. ISSN 2320-5407.
Dunne C, Moenne LY, Carthy MJ, Higgins P, Powell J, Dowing DN, and Gara FO. 1998. Combining proteolytic and phloroglucinol-producing bacteria for improved biocontrol of Pythium mediated damping off of sugarbeet. Plant Pathology 47: 299-307.
Faria JMS, Barbosa P, Bennett RN, Mota M, Figueiredo AC. 2013. Bioactivity against Bursaphelenchus xylophilus: Nematotoxics from essential oils, essential oils fractions and decoction waters. Phytochemistry 94: 220–228. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2013.06.005
Glick BR. 2020. Beneficial plant-bacterial interactions. Springer International Publishing, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-44368-9
Gouda S, Das G, Sen SK, Shin HS, Patra JK. 2016. Endophytes: A treasure house of bioactive compounds of medicinal importance. Frontiers in Microbiology 7: 1-8. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2016.01538
Hallmann J, Quadt-Hallmann A, Mahaffee WF, and Kloepper JW. 1997. Bacterial endophytes in agricultural crops. Canadian Journal of Microbiology 43: 895–914.
Harborne JB. 1987. Secondary metabolism in plant cell cultures. Book. Plant, Cell and Environment, 10: 438–438
Hashem M, and Abo-Elyousr KA. 2011. Management of the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita on tomato with combinations of different biocontrol organisms. Crop Prot. 30: 285-292
Hoang H, Tran LH, Nguyen TH, Nguyen DAT, Nguyen HHT, Pham NB, Trinh PQ, de Boer T, Brouwer A, Chu HH. 2020. Occurrence of endophytic bacteria in Vietnamese robusta coffee roots and their effects on plant parasitic nematodes. Symbiosis 80: 75–84. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13199-019-00649-9
Hu HJ, Chen YL, Wang YF, Tang YY, Chen SL, Yan SZ. 2017. Endophytic Bacillus cereus effectively controls Meloidogyne incognita on tomato plants through rapid rhizosphere occupation and repellent action. Plant Disease 101: 448–455. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-06-16-0871-RE
Huang T, Lin Q, Qian X, Zheng Y, Yao J, Wu H, Li M, Jin X, Pan X, Zhang L, Guan X. 2018. Nematicidal activity of Cry1Ea11 from Bacillus thuringiensis BRC-XQ12 against the pine wood nematode (Bursaphelenchus xylophilus). Phytopathology 108: 44–51. https://doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO-05-17-0179-R
Liu W, Park SW. 2018. Underground mystery: Interactions between plant roots and parasitic nematodes. Current Plant Biology 15: 25–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpb.2018.11.004
Malfanova N, Kamilova F, Validov S, Shcherbakov A, Chebotar V, Tikhonovich I, Lugtenberg B. 2011. Characterization of Bacillus subtilis HC8, a novel plant-beneficial endophytic strain from giant hogweed: Endophytic Bacillus subtilis from giant hogweed. Microbial Biotechnology 4: 523–532. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-7915.2011.00253.x
Munaganti RK, Muvva V, Oskay M, Indupalli MD. 2016. Evaluation of antimicrobial metabolites produced by Arthrobacter kerguelensis VL-RK_09 by GC-MS analysis. Celal Bayar Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi 12: 355–355. https://doi.org/10.18466/cbayarfbe.280596
Munif A, Hallmann J, Sikora RA. 2013. The influence of endophytic bacteria on Meloidogyne incognita. J. ISSAAS 2: 68-74.
Munif A, Wibowo AR, Herliyana EN. 2015. Endophytic bacteria from forestry plants as plant growth promoting and control agent of Meloidogyne sp. on tomato. Fitopatologi Indonesia Joournal 11: 179–186. https://doi.org/10.14692/jfi.11.6.179
Muthukumar A, Udhayakumar R, Naveenkumar R. 2017. Role of bacterial endophytes in plant disease control, in: Maheshwari DK, Annapurna K. (Eds.), Endophytes: Crop productivity and protection. Springer International Publishing, Cham, 1: 133–161. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-66544-3_7
Pradana AP, Adiwena M, Santoso D, Wijaya R, Murtilaksono A. 2017. Use of endophytic bacteria from roots of Cyperus rotundus for biocontrol of Meloidogyne incognita. Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity 4: 1308-1315. doi: 10.13057/biodiv/d180404
Quan YZ, Wang QL, Liu B, Zou X, Yu ZN and Sun M. 2008. Bacillus thuringiensis crystal protein toxicity against plant-parasitic nematodes. Chinese Journal of Agricultural Biotechnology 5: 13-17. doi:10.1017/S1479236208002003
Shekhawat S, Shah G. 2013. Isolation, characterization and determinaton of antibacterial activity of bacterial and fungal endophytes from Ocimum sanctum and phytochemical analysis. International journal of Pharma and Bio Sciences 4: 600-607. ISSN : 0975-6299.
Singh HB, Keswani C, Reddy MS, Sansinenea E, García EC. (Eds.), 2019. Secondary metabolites of plant growth promoting rhizomicroorganisms: Discovery and applications. Springer Singapore, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-5862-3
Singh M, Kumar A, Singh R, Pandey KD. 2017. Endophytic bacteria: a new source of bioactive compounds. 3 Biotech 7. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13205-017-0942-z
Singh S, Singh BB, Chandra R, Patel DK, Rai V. 2009. Synergistic biodegradation of pentachlorophenol by Bacillus cereus (DQ002384), Serratia marcescens (AY927692) and Serratia marcescens (DQ002385). World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology 25: 1821–1828. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11274-009-0083-6
Sparkman OD, Zelda P, Fulton GK. 2011. Gas chromatography and mass spectrometry: A practical guide. Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-08-092015-3.
Su L, Shen Z, Ruan Y, Tao C, Chao Y, Li R, Shen Q. 2017. Isolation of antagonistic endophytes from banana roots against Meloidogyne javanica and their effects on soil nematode community. Frontiers in Microbiology 8. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2017.02070
Tran TPH, Wang SL, Nguyen VB, Tran DM, Nguyen DS, Nguyen AD. 2019. Study of novel endophytic bacteria for biocontrol of black pepper root-knot nematodes in the central highlands of Vietnam. Agronomy 9, 714. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9110714
Verma, Satish K., Kharwar, R.N., Gond, S.K., Kingsley, K.L., White, J.F., 2019. Exploring Endophytic Communities of Plants: Methods for Assessing Diversity, Effects on Host Development and Potential Biotechnological Applications, in: Verma, Satish Kumar, White, Jr, J.F. (Eds.), Seed Endophytes. Springer International Publishing, Cham, pp. 55–82. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-10504-4_4
Vetrivelkalai, P. 2019. Evaluation of endophytic bacterial isolates against root knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita in tomato under glasshouse condition. International Journal Current Microbiology Applied Science. 8: 2584-2589. doi: https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2019.801.271
Wiratno W, Syakir M, Sucipto I, Pradana AP. 2019. Isolation and characterization of endophytic bacteria from roots of Piper nigrum and their activities against Fusarium oxysporum and Meloidogyne incognita. Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity 4: 1308-1315. doi: 10.13057/biodiv/d180404
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