Species diversity, composition, and heterospecific associations of trees in three altitudinal gradients in Bird's Head Peninsula, Papua, Indonesia
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Abstract. Fatem SM, Djitmau DA, Ungirwalu A, Wanma AO, Simbiak VI, Benu NMH, Tambing J, Murdjoko A. 2020. Species diversity, composition, and heterospecific associations of trees in three altitudinal gradients in Bird's Head Peninsula, Papua, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 21: 3596-3605. The region of Bird's Head Peninsula, West Papua, Indonesia has a high level of vegetation diversity distributed from coastal to mountain areas. Yet, the information regarding this diversity is limited. We studied species diversity, composition, and heterospecific association of trees in three altitudinal gradients in Bird's Head Peninsula to reveal the biotic phenomenon in the region. Systematic random sampling was applied during data collection in three locations representing lower, middle, and upper altitudes of natural tropical forest. We applied diversity indices to investigate taxonomic diversity, importance value index (IVI) to reveal floristic composition and canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) for heterospecific associations. In total, we recorded 30 families, 44 genera, and 66 species in the three locations. There were 20 families in lower area and each 15 families in middle and upper areas while the genera per site were 29 in lower, 20 in the middle, and 18 in the upper. The number of species found in lower, middle, and upper areas was 35 species, 24 species, and 27 species respectively. The research revealed that the taxonomic diversity of trees generally decreases as the elevation increases in terms of family, genera, and species level. The dominant species was also different across elevation gradients in which the dominant tree had a different pattern in the three locations between understory and upperstory. Moreover, the gradient of elevation has shaped the type of tree communities, suggesting interactions and associations among tree species. Of all species recorded, 26 species were listed in IUCN Red List with two species were under data deficient, 20 species were least concern, three species were near threatened, and one species was vulnerable.
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References
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Pielou, E. C. 1966. The measurement of diversity in different types of biological collections. Journal of Theoretical Biology 13(C): 131–144.
Putz, F. E., and C. Romero. 2014. Futures of tropical forests (sensu lato). Biotropica 46(4): 495–505.
Robiansyah, I. 2018. Diversity and biomass of tree species in Tambrauw, West Papua, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 19(2): 377–386.
Seidler, T. G., and J. B. Plotkin. 2006. Seed dispersal and spatial pattern in tropical trees. PLoS Biology 4(11): 2132–2137.
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Sinery, A. S. 2013. Cuscus population dynamics in tourist island of Ahe, District of Nabire, Papua. Biodiversitas 14(2): 95–100.
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Zhu, Y., L. S. Comita, S. P. Hubbell, and K. Ma. 2015b. Conspecific and phylogenetic density-dependent survival differs across life stages in a tropical forest. Journal of Ecology 103(4): 957–966.
Zuidema, P. A., P. J. Baker, P. Groenendijk, P. Schippers, P. van der Sleen, M. Vlam, and F. Sterck. 2013. Tropical forests and global change: Filling knowledge gaps. Trends in Plant Science 18(8): 413–419.
Bagchi, R., M. C. Press, and J. D. Scholes. 2010. Evolutionary history and distance dependence control survival of dipterocarp seedlings. Ecology Letters 13(1): 51–59.
Bappeda Tambrauw, 2015. Rencana Tata Ruang Wilayah Revisi Kabupaten Tambrauw (in Indonesian)
Barron, A. R., D. W. Purves, and L. O. Hedin. 2011. Facultative nitrogen fixation by canopy legumes in a lowland tropical forest. Oecologia 165(2): 511–520.
Brown, S., A. E. Lugo, S. Brown, M. Hall, W. Gregory, and A. E. Lugo. 2014. Tropical secondary forests. 6(1): 1–32.
Clark, A. T., M. Detto, H. C. Muller-Landau, S. A. Schnitzer, S. J. Wright, R. Condit, and S. P. Hubbell. 2018. Functional traits of tropical trees and lianas explain spatial structure across multiple scales. Journal of Ecology 106(2): 795–806.
Cottam, G., and J. . T. . Curtis. 1956. The Use of Distance Measures in Phytosociological Sampling. Ecology 37(3): 451–460.
Crausbay, S. D., and P. H. Martin. 2016. Natural disturbance, vegetation patterns and ecological dynamics in tropical montane forests. Journal of Tropical Ecology 32(5): 384–403.
Curtis, J., and R. McIntosh. 1950. The Interrelations of Certain Analytic and Synthetic Phytosociological Characters. Ecology 31(3): 434–455.
De Cáceres, M., P. Legendre, and F. He. 2013. Dissimilarity measurements and the size structure of ecological communities. Methods in Ecology and Evolution 4(12): 1167–1177.
Ding, Y., R. Zang, X. Lu, and J. Huang. 2019. Functional features of tropical montane rain forests along a logging intensity gradient. Ecological Indicators 97(October 2018): 311–318.
Dong, T. L., C. L. Beadle, R. Doyle, and D. Worledge. 2014. Site conditions for regeneration of hopea odorata in natural evergreen dipterocarp forest in Southern Vietnam. Journal of Tropical Forest Science 26(4): 532–542.
Duivenvoorden, J. E. 1995. Tree species composition and rain forest-environment relationships in the middle Caquetá area, Colombia, NW Amazonia. Vegetatio 120(2): 91–113.
Fatem, S. M., and G. Asem. 2015. Kabupaten konservasi sebagai political action pemerintah daerah dalam mendukung konservasi sumberdaya alam hayati: Studi kasus Kabupaten Tambrauw, Papua Barat. Pros Sem Nas Masy Biodiv Indon 1(6): 1403–1410.
Fatem, S. M., S. A. Awang, S. Pudyatmoko, M. A. K. Sahide, A. A. Pratama, and A. Maryudi. 2018. Camouflaging economic development agendas with forest conservation narratives: A strategy of lower governments for gaining authority in the re-centralising Indonesia. Land Use Policy 78(August 2017): 699–710.
Finnegan, L., K. E. Pigeon, and D. MacNearney. 2019. Predicting patterns of vegetation recovery on seismic lines: Informing restoration based on understory species composition and growth. Forest Ecology and Management 446(May): 175–192.
Ganivet, E., J. Unggang, V. Bodos, M. Demies, C. Y. Ling, J. Sang, and M. Bloomberg. 2020. Assessing tree species diversity and structure of mixed dipterocarp forest remnants in a fragmented landscape of north-western Borneo, Sarawak, Malaysia. Ecological Indicators 112(August 2018): 106117.
Huang, W., V. Pohjonen, S. Johansson, M. Nashanda, M. I. L. Katigula, and O. Luukkanen. 2003. Species diversity, forest structure and species composition in Tanzanian tropical forests. Forest Ecology and Management 173(1–3): 11–24.
Hunter, M. O., M. Keller, D. Morton, B. Cook, M. Lefsky, M. Ducey, S. Saleska, R. C. De Oliveira, J. Schietti, and R. Zang. 2015. Structural dynamics of tropical moist forest gaps. PLoS ONE 10(7): 1–19.
Jiang, Y., R. Zang, X. Lu, Y. Huang, Y. Ding, W. Liu, W. Long, J. Zhang, and Z. Zhang. 2015. Effects of soil and microclimatic conditions on the community-level plant functional traits across different tropical forest types. Plant and Soil 390(1–2): 351–367.
Li, C., Y. Chen, F. Yang, D. Wang, K. Song, Z. Yu, W. Sun, and J. Yang. 2020. Population structure and regeneration dynamics of Firmiana major, a dominant but endangered tree species. Forest Ecology and Management 462(October 2019): 117993.
Lu, X., R. Zang, Y. Ding, S. G. Letcher, W. Long, and Y. Huang. 2014. Variations and trade-offs in functional traits of tree seedlings during secondary succession in a tropical lowland rain forest. Biotropica 46(4): 404–414.
Metz, M. R., W. P. Sousa, and R. Valencia. 2010. Widespread density-dependent seedling mortality promotes species coexistence in a highly diverse Amazonian rain forest. Ecology 91(12): 3675–3685.
Murdjoko, A., D. Marsono, R. Sadono, and S. Hadisusanto. 2016. Plant Species Composition and Their Conspecific Association in Natural Tropical Rainforest, South Papua. Biosaintifika: Journal of Biology & Biology Education 8(1): 33.
Murdjoko, A., D. Marsono, R. Sadono, and S. Hadisusanto. 2017. Recovery of residual forest ecosystem as an impact of selective logging in South Papua: An ecological approach. Biotropia 24(3): 230–245.
Naniwadekar, R., U. Shukla, K. Isvaran, and A. Datta. 2015. Reduced hornbill abundance associated with low seed arrival and altered recruitment in a hunted and logged tropical forest. PLoS ONE 10(3): e0120062.
Oksanen, J., R. K. F. Guillaume Blanchet, P. Legendre, P. R. Minchin, R. B. O’Hara, G. L. Simpson, P. Solymos, and H. W. M. Henry H. Stevens. 2019. Package ‘vegan.’ R package version 3.4.0.
Padmakumar, B., N. P. Sreekanth, V. Shanthiprabha, J. Paul, K. Sreedharan, T. Augustine, K. K. Jayasooryan, M. Rameshan, M. Mohan, E. V. Ramasamy, and A. P. Thomas. 2018. Tree biomass and carbon density estimation in the tropical dry forest of southern western Ghats, India. IForest 11(4): 534–541.
Pan, Y., R. A. Birdsey, O. L. Phillips, and R. B. Jackson. 2013. The Structure, Distribution, and Biomass of the World’s Forests. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 44(1): 593–622.
Pavón, N. P., H. Hernández-Trejo, and V. Rico-Gray. 2000. Distribution of plant life forms along an altitudinal gradient in the semi-arid valley of Zapotitlán, Mexico. Journal of Vegetation Science 11(1): 39–42.
Phillips, O. L., and S. L. Lewis. 2014. Recent changes in tropical forest biomass and dynamics. Forests and Global Change (January): 77–108.
Pielou, E. C. 1966. The measurement of diversity in different types of biological collections. Journal of Theoretical Biology 13(C): 131–144.
Putz, F. E., and C. Romero. 2014. Futures of tropical forests (sensu lato). Biotropica 46(4): 495–505.
Robiansyah, I. 2018. Diversity and biomass of tree species in Tambrauw, West Papua, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 19(2): 377–386.
Seidler, T. G., and J. B. Plotkin. 2006. Seed dispersal and spatial pattern in tropical trees. PLoS Biology 4(11): 2132–2137.
Shannon, C. E. 1948. A Mathematical Theory of Communication. The Bell System Technical Journal 27(4): 623–656.
Silver, W. L., S. Brown, and A. E. Lugo. 1996. Effects of changes in biodiversity on ecosystem function in tropical forests. Conservation Biology 10(1): 17–24.
Sinery, A. S. 2013. Cuscus population dynamics in tourist island of Ahe, District of Nabire, Papua. Biodiversitas 14(2): 95–100.
Spellerberg, I. F., and P. J. Fedor. 2003. A tribute to Claude-Shannon (1916-2001) and a plea for more rigorous use of species richness, species diversity and the “Shannon-Wiener” Index. Global Ecology and Biogeography 12(3): 177–179.
Taylor, B. N., R. L. Chazdon, and D. N. L. Menge. 2019. Successional dynamics of nitrogen fixation and forest growth in regenerating Costa Rican rainforests. Ecology 100(4): 1–13.
Ter Braak, C. J. F. 1986. Canonical correspondence analysis: a new eigenvector technique for multivariate direct gradient analysis. Ecology 67(5): 1167–1179.
Trogisch, S., A. Schuldt, J. Bauhus, J. A. Blum, S. Both, F. Buscot, N. Castro-Izaguirre, D. Chesters, W. Durka, D. Eichenberg, A. Erfmeier, M. Fischer, C. Geißler, M. S. Germany, P. Goebes, J. Gutknecht, C. Z. Hahn, S. Haider, W. Härdtle, J. S. He, A. Hector, L. Hönig, Y. Huang, A. M. Klein, P. Kühn, M. Kunz, K. N. Leppert, Y. Li, X. Liu, P. A. Niklaus, Z. Pei, K. A. Pietsch, R. Prinz, T. Proß, M. Scherer-Lorenzen, K. Schmidt, T. Scholten, S. Seitz, Z. Song, M. Staab, G. von Oheimb, C. Weißbecker, E. Welk, C. Wirth, T. Wubet, B. Yang, X. Yang, C. D. Zhu, B. Schmid, K. Ma, and H. Bruelheide. 2017. Toward a methodical framework for comprehensively assessing forest multifunctionality. Ecology and Evolution 7(24): 10652–10674.
Ungirwalu, A., S. A. Awang, and A. Murdjoko. 2014. Model Aplikasi Agroforestri Tumbuhan Buah Hitam (Haplolobus monticola Husson) Berbasis Pengetahuan Lokal Etnis Wandamen-Papua: Prospek Pengembangan Perhutanan Sosial di Papua. Prosiding Seminar Nasional Silvikultur II?: Pembaharuan Silvikultur untuk mendukung Pemulihan Fungsi Hutan menuju Ekonomi Hijau 268–273.
Ungirwalu, A., S. A. Awang, P. Suryanto, and A. Maryudi. 2017. The ethno-techno-conservation approach in the utilization of Black Fruit (Haplolobus sp.) by the Wandamen ethnic of Papua, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 18(4): 1336–1343.
Vázquez G, J. A., and T. J. Givnish. 1998. Altitudinal gradients in tropical forest composition, structure, and diversity in the Sierra de Manantlan. Journal of Ecology 86(6): 999–1020.
Vlam, M., P. van der Sleen, P. Groenendijk, and P. A. Zuidema. 2017. Tree age distributions reveal large-scale disturbance-recovery cycles in three tropical forests. Frontiers in Plant Science 7(January).
Yguel, B., C. Piponiot, A. Mirabel, A. Dourdain, B. Hérault, S. Gourlet-Fleury, P. M. Forget, and C. Fontaine. 2019. Beyond species richness and biomass: Impact of selective logging and silvicultural treatments on the functional composition of a neotropical forest. Forest Ecology and Management 433(August 2018): 528–534.
Zangaro, W., L. E. A. M. Lescano, E. M. Matsuura, A. B. L. Rondina, and M. A. Nogueira. 2016. Differences between root traits of early- and late-successional trees influence below-ground competition and seedling establishment. Journal of Tropical Ecology 32(4): 300–313.
Zhu, H., C. Yong, S. Zhou, H. Wang, and L. Yan. 2015a. Vegetation, floristic composition and species diversity in a tropical mountain nature reserve in southern Yunnan, SW China, with implications for conservation. Tropical Conservation Science 8(2): 528–546.
Zhu, Y., L. S. Comita, S. P. Hubbell, and K. Ma. 2015b. Conspecific and phylogenetic density-dependent survival differs across life stages in a tropical forest. Journal of Ecology 103(4): 957–966.
Zuidema, P. A., P. J. Baker, P. Groenendijk, P. Schippers, P. van der Sleen, M. Vlam, and F. Sterck. 2013. Tropical forests and global change: Filling knowledge gaps. Trends in Plant Science 18(8): 413–419.
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