Environmental factors and seasonal effect on the potential harmful algae presence at Ambon Bay, Indonesia
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Abstract. Mahmudi M, Lusiana ED, Herawati EY, Serihollo LG. 2020. Environmental factors and seasonal effects on the potential harmful algae presence at Ambon Bay, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 21: 3101-3107. Marine and coastal areas are susceptive to harmful algae presence which can lead to Harmful Algae Blooms (HABs). Major drivers for this event are climate change, domestic and industrial activities. These alter the environmental condition in marine ecosystems which caused the shift of phytoplankton community. This study aims to analyze the environmental factors affecting the harmful algae occurrence in Ambon Bay as well as the seasonal change during west monsoon and first transition in regards to this issue. There were six environmental variables accounted in this research which measured in situ and ex-situ. The results showed that there were three algae divisions that formed the phytoplankton structure in Ambon Bay, namely Bacillariophyceae, Dinophyceae, and Cyanophyceae. These divisions have been reported as the cause of previous HABs in the area. Furthermore, algae density during first transition season was higher than during west monsoon season, but the composition of phytoplankton community was stable in which dominated by harmful algae such as Chaetoceros, Skeletonema, Nitzschia, Ceratium, Pyrodinium, Dinophysis, Alexandrium, and Trichodesmium. Meanwhile, based on Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA), temperature and nutrients were the main factors that highly associated with the presence and abundance of harmful.
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References
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Yuan Z, Shi J, Wu H, Zhang L, Bi J. 2011. Understanding the anthropogenic phosphorus pathway with substance flow analysis at the city level. Journal of Environmental Management 92: 2021–2028.
APHA. 1989. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. 17th edition. American Public Health Association , Washington DC
Berdalet E, Fleming LE, Gowen R, Davidson K, Hess P, Backer LC, Moore SK, Hoagland P, Enevoldsen H. 2015. Marine harmful algal blooms, human health and wellbeing: challenges and opportunities in the 21st century. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom. Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 2015: 10.1017/S0025315415001733.
Bergstrom C, McKeel C, Patel S. 2007. Effects of pH on algal abundance: A model of Bay Harbor, Michigan. Deep Blue: 1–10.
Boyd PW, Rynearson TA, Armstrong EA, Fu F, Hayashi K, Hu Z, Hutchins DA, Kudela RM, Litchman E, Mulholland MR, Passow U, Strzepek RF, Whittaker KA, Yu E, Thomas MK. 2013. Marine Phytoplankton Temperature versus Growth Responses from Polar to Tropical Waters - Outcome of a Scientific Community-Wide Study. PLoS ONE 8.
Breitbarth E, Oschlies A, Laroche J. 2007. Physiological constraints on the global distribution of Trichodesmium?? effect of temperature on diazotrophy. Biogeosciences 4: 53–61.
Chakraborty P, Acharyya T, Raghunadh Babu P V., Bandyopadhyay D. 2011. Impact of salinity and pH on phytoplankton communities in a tropical freshwater system: An investigation with pigment analysis by HPLC. Journal of Environmental Monitoring 13: 614–620.
Davidson K, Gowen RJ, Harrison PJ, Fleming LE, Hoagland P, Moschonas G. 2014. Anthropogenic nutrients and harmful algae in coastal waters. Journal of Environmental Management 146: 206–216.
Davis JM, Rosemond AD, Eggert SL, Cross WF, Wallace JB. 2010. Long-term nutrient enrichment decouples predator and prey production. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 107: 121–126.
Eichner MJ, Klawonn I, Wilson ST, Littmann S, Whitehouse MJ, Church MJ, Kuypers MMM, Karl DM, Ploug H. 2017. Chemical microenvironments and single-cell carbon and nitrogen uptake in field-collected colonies of Trichodesmium under different pCO2. ISME Journal 11: 1305–1317.
Gobler CJ. 2020. Climate Change and Harmful Algal Blooms: Insights and perspective. Harmful Algae 91: 101731.
González I, Déjean S, Martin PGP, Baccini A. 2008. CCA: An R package to extend canonical correlation analysis. Journal of Statistical Software 23: 1–14.
Greenacre M. 2010. Canonical correspondence analysis in social science research. Studies in Classification, Data Analysis, and Knowledge Organization: 279–286.
Haas AF, Smith JE, Thompson M, Deheyn DD. 2014. Effects of reduced dissolved oxygen concentrations on physiology and fluorescence of hermatypic corals and benthic algae. PeerJ 2014: 1–19.
Halpern BS, Walbridge S, Selkoe KA, Kappel C V, Micheli F, D'Agrosa C, Bruno JF, Casey KS, Ebert C, Fox HE, Fujita R, Heinemann D, Lenihan HS, Madin EMP, Perry MT, Selig ER, Spalding M, Steneck R, Watson R. 2008. A Global Map of Human Impact on Marine Ecosystems. Science 319: 948 LP – 952.
Hansen PJ. 2002. Effect of high pH on the growth and survival of marine phytoplankton?: implications for species succession. Aquatic Microbial Ecology 28: 279–288.
Hemalatha A, Karthikeyan P, Manimaran K, Anantharaman P, Sampathkumar P. 2012. Effect of Temperature on the Growth of Marine Diatom, Chaetoceros simplex (Ostenfeld, 1901) with Different Nitrate: Silicate Concentrations. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine 2: S1817–S1821.
Holl CM, Montoya JP. 2005. INTERACTIONS BETWEEN NITRATE UPTAKE AND NITROGEN FIXATION IN CONTINUOUS CULTURES OF THE MARINE DIAZOTROPH TRICHODESMIUM (CYANOBACTERIA)1. Journal of Phycology 41: 1178–1183.
Jedlicki A, Fernández G, Astorga M, Oyarzún P, Toro JE, Navarro JM, Martínez V. 2012. Molecular detection and species identification of Alexandrium (Dinophyceae) causing harmful algal blooms along the Chilean coastline. AoB PLANTS 2012: 1–12.
Jiang Z, Chen J, Zhou F, Zhai H, Zhang D, Yan X. 2017. Summer distribution patterns of Trichodesmium spp. in the Changjiang (Yangtze River) Estuary and adjacent East China Sea shelf. Oceanologia.
Kirby RR, Beaugrand G. 2009. Trophic amplification of climate warming. Proceedings. Biological sciences 276: 4095–4103.
Koralay N, Kara O, Kezik U. 2018. Effects of run-of-the-river hydropower plants on the surface water quality in the Solakli stream watershed, Northeastern Turkey. Water and Environment Journal 32: 412–421.
Li X, Roevros N, Dehairs F, Chou L. 2017. Biological responses of the marine diatom Chaetoceros socialis to changing environmental conditions: A laboratory experiment. PLoS ONE 12: 1–23.
Lusiana ED, Arsad S, Kusriani, Buwono NR, Putri IR. 2019. Performance of Bayesian quantile regression and its application to eutrophication modelling in Sutami Reservoir, East Java, Indonesia. Ecological Questions 30.
Lusiana ED, Musa M, Ramadhan S. 2019. The estimation of nutrient limit for predicting eutrophication using quantile regression model (case study: Aquaculture pond at IBAT Punten, Batu), In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science.
Ministry of Environment. 2001. Peraturan Pemerintah Republik Indonesia Tentang Pengelolaan Kualitas Air Dan Pengendalian Pencemaran Air. Indonesia
Nixon SW. 1995. Coastal marine eutrophication: A definition, social causes, and future concerns. Ophelia 41: 199–219.
Pereira K, Luciana C, Cardoso DS, Sussella R, Becker V. 2016. Towards a comprehension of Ceratium ( Dinophyceae ) invasion in Brazilian freshwaters?: autecology of C . furcoides in subtropical reservoirs. Hydrobiologia 771: 265–280.
Prescott GW. 1978. The Freshwater Algae. WM. C. Brown Company Publishers., Iowa.
Redden AM, Rukminasari N. 2008. Effects of increases in salinity on phytoplankton in the Broadwater of the Myall Lakes, NSW, Australia. Hydrobiologia 608: 87.
Sellano DAJ. 2011. Beban Pencemaran Pada Ekosistem Teluk: Perspektif Pengelolaan Kualitas Lingkungan Perairan. 1st ed. IPB Press, Bogor.
Shumway SE, Burkholder JM, Morton SL. 2018. Harmful Algal Blooms. A Compendium Desk Reference. Wiley Blackwell, New Jersey.
Spilling K, Ylöstalo P, Simis S, Seppälä J. 2015. Interaction effects of light, temperature and nutrient limitations (N, P and Si) on growth, stoichiometry and photosynthetic parameters of the cold-water diatom Chaetoceros wighamii. PLoS ONE 10: 1–18.
Srokosz M, Banks C. 2019. Salinity from space. Weather 74: 3–8.
Syakti AD, Idris F, Koenawan CJ, Asyhar R, Apriadi T. 2019. Biological pollution potential in the water of Bintan-Riau Islands Province, Indonesia: First appearance of harmful algal bloom species. The Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Research 45: 117–122.
Thoha H. 2016. Recent Harmful Algal blooms ( HABs ) Events in Indonesia. Nha Trang, Vietnam
Wang D-Z. 2008. Neurotoxins from marine dinoflagellates: a brief review. Marine drugs 6: 349–371.
Watson SB, Whitton BA, Higgins SN, Paerl HW, Brooks BW, Wehr JD. 2015. Chapter 20 - Harmful Algal Blooms, pp. 873–920 In Wehr JD, Sheath RG, Kociolek JPBT-FA of NA (Second E [eds.], Aquatic Ecology. Academic Press, Boston.
Wisha UJ, Ondara K, Ilham. 2018. The Influence of Nutrient (N and P) Enrichment and Ratios on Phytoplankton Abundance in Keunekai Waters, Weh Island, Indonesia. Makara Journal of Science 22: 187–197.
Yuan Z, Shi J, Wu H, Zhang L, Bi J. 2011. Understanding the anthropogenic phosphorus pathway with substance flow analysis at the city level. Journal of Environmental Management 92: 2021–2028.
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