Trophic level and position of Pterygoplichthys pardalis in Ciliwung River (Jakarta, Indonesia) ecosystem based on the gut content analysis
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Abstract. Elfidasari D, Wijayanti F, Sholihah A. 2020. Trophic level and Position of Pterygoplichthys pardalis in Ciliwung River (Jakarta, Indonesia) ecosystem based on the gut content analysis. Biodiversitas 21: 2862-2870. The trophic level of an organism describes its sequence of natural diet visible to the food chain along with its ecosystem. This is also related to the type of diet composition and food fraction obtained by analyzing its gut content. The Pterygoplichthys pardalis from Ciliwung River show the diversity of the natural diet. The aims of this study is to determine the trophic level and position of P. pardalis in the Ciliwung River ecosystem based on gut content analysis using the purposive sampling method. Data were obtained from a total of 30 fishes from the Kalibata and Cawang areas through observations. The fishes were dissected, and gut contents were observed using a light microscope, with observations repeated 5 times of each sample. Data analysis includes relative length of gut, Index of Preponderance, area of the diet niche, niche area, niche overlap, and trophic level of an organism. The results showed that P. pardalis in Ciliwung River is at trophic level II, and included as herbivores (2.00 < troph < 2.90) that consist of Bacillariophyta (82.03%), Chlorophyta (12.7%), Cyanophyta (3.74%), Euglenophyta (1.19%), Amoebozoa (0.28%), and Dinoflagellata (0.68%).
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References
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Sentosa, A. A. & Satria, H., 2015. Feeding Habits on several kind of fish in Rawa Kaiza Sungai Kumbe Kabupaten Merauke, Papua. Limnotek, 22(1), pp. 32-41.
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Sulistiono, Sari, C. & Brodjo, M., 2009. Feeding habits ikan lidah (Cynoglossus lingua) in Ujung Pangkah Waters Gresik Jawa Timur.. Jurnal Ilmu Pertanian Indonesia, 4(1), pp. 184-193.
Tisasari, M., Efizon, D. & Pulungan, C. P., 2016. Stomach content analysis of Pterygoplichthys pardalis from the Air Hitam river, Payung Sekaki District, Riau Province. Jurnal online Mahasiswa Fakultas Ilmu Perikanan dan Kelautan Universitas Riau, 3(1), pp. 1-14.
Tresna, L. K., Dhahiyat, Y. & Herawati, T., 2012. Feeding habits and niche area of fish in Cimanuk River upstream Kabupaten Garut, Jawa Barat. Jurnal Perikanan dan Kelautan, 3(3), pp. 163-174.
Widarmanto, N., Haeruddin, H. & Purnomo, P. W., 2019. Food habits, niche breath and trophic level on fish community in Kaliwingi Estuaty Brebes district. BAWAL, 11(2), pp. 69-78.
Zuliani, M., Zainal, A. M. & Nurfadillah, N., 2016. Food habits and weight-length relationship garfish in the Black River District treasurer flow Aceh Regency. Jurnal Ilmiah Mahasiswa Kelautan dan Perikanan Unsyiah, 1(1), pp. 12-14.
Armbruster, J., 2004. Phylogenetic relationships of the suckermouth armoured catfishes (Loricariidae) with emphasis on the Hypostominae and the Ancistrinae.. Zoological Journal of The Linnean Society, 14(1), pp. 1-80.
Buck, S. & Sazima, I., 1995. An assemblage of mailed catfishes (Loricariidae) in Southeastern Brazil: Distibution, activity and feeding. Ichthyol. Explor. Freshwater, 6(4), pp. 325-332.
Colwell, R. K. & Futuyma, D. J., 1971. On measurement of niche breadth and overlap. Ecological society of America, 52(4), pp. 567-576.
de Oliveira, J. S. & Isaac, V. J., 2013. Diet breadth and niche overlap between Hypostomus plecostomus (Linnaeus, 1758) and Hypostomus emarginatus (Valenciennes, 1840) (Siluriformes) in the Coaracy Nunes hydroelectric reservoir, Ferreira Gomes, Amapa-Brazil. Biota Amazonia, 3(2), pp. 116-125.
Delariva, R. L. & Agostinho, A. A., 2001. Relationship Between Mophology and Diets of Six Neotropical Loricariids.. Journal of Fish Biology, Volume 58, pp. 832-847.
Effendie, M., 1997. Fisheries Biology. Yogyakarta: Yayasan Pustaka Nusantara.
Effendi, H., 2003. Review of water quality for resource management and the aquatic environment. Yogyakarta: Kanisius.
Elinah, Batu, D. F. & Ernawati, Y., 2016. Feeding habits and the niche area of fish in Waduk Penjalin Kabupaten Brebes, Jawa Tengah. Jurnal Imlu Pertanian Indonesia (JIPI), 21(2), pp. 98-103.
Fariedah, F., Buono, N. R. & Ayuda, R. S., 2017. Feeding habits of janjan fish (Pseudapocryptes elongatus) in Kali Mirang Kabupaten Gresik on November-January. Journal of Aquaculture and Fish Health, 6(2), pp. 88-93.
Garcia, D. A., Vidotto-Magnoni, A. P. & Orsi, M. L., 2018. Diet and feeding ecology of non-native fishes in lenthic and lotic freshwater habitats. Aquatic Invasions, 13(4), pp. 565-573.
Genkal, S. I. & Yarushina, M. I., 2014. Bacillariophyta in aquatic ecosystem of Arctic Tundra of Western Yamal (Hkarasaveiyakha River Basin, Rusia. International Journal of Algae, 16(3), pp. 237-249.
Genkal, S. I. & Yarushina, M. I., 2016. A study of flora of Bacillariophyta in water bodies and water courses of the Naduiyakha River Basin (Yamal Peninsula, Russia). International Journal of Algae, 18(1), pp. 39-56.
Giller, P., 1984. Community structure and the niche. New York: hapman and Hall.
Hadiaty, R., 2011. Diversity and loss of fizh species in the Ciliwung River and Cisadane River. Berita Biologi, 10(4), pp. 491-504.
Harmoko, Y., 2018. Microalgae of Bacillariophyta Division in Aur Lake Kabupaten Musi Rawas. Jurnal Biologi Universitas Andalas, 6(1), pp. 30-35.
Hedianto, D. A., Affandi, R. & Aida, S. N., 2010. Composition and feeding niche area keperas fish (Cyclocheilichthys apogon, Valenciennes, 1842) in Musi River. Jurnal Ikhtiologi Indonesia, 10(1), pp. 73-81.
Hyslop, 1980. Stomach Content Analysis a Review of Methods and their Aplication.. Journal Fish Biology, Volume 17, pp. 411-429.
Izzani, N., 2012. Feeding habits tembang fish (Sardinella fimbiata Cuvier and Valenciennes 1847) from Sunda Strait that landed in PPP Labuan, Kabupaten Pandeglang, Banten, Bogor: Institut Pertanian Bogor.
Krismono, A. N., Lathifa, A. R. & Sukimin, S., 2008. Feeding habits of motan fish (Thynnichthys polylepis) in Waduk Koto Panjang, RIau. Jurnal Ikhtiologi Indonesia, 8(1), pp. 25-34.
Manna, L. R., Miranda, J. C., Rezende, C. F. & Mazzoni, R., 2020. Feeding strategy and morphology as indicators of habitat use and coexistence of two loricariid fishes from a Brazilian coastal stream. Biota Neotropica, 20(1), pp. 1-12.
Mazzoni, R., Rezende, C. F. & Manna, L. R., 2010. Feeding ecology of Hypostomus punctatus Valenciennes, 1840 (Osteichthyes, Loricariidae) in a costal stream from Southeast Brazil. Brazilian J. of Biology, 70(3), pp. 569-574.
Mearns, A., 1981. Trophic structure the Cesium-Pottasium ration in pelagic ecosystem. Coastal Water Research Project 22, pp. 99-115.
Moroni, F. A. C. R. B. B. M., 2015. Limitation in Decision Cntext for Selection of Amazonian Armoured Catfish acari-bodo (Pterygoplichthys pardalis) as Candidate Spesies for Aquaculture. International Journal of Fisheries and Aquaculture, pp. 7 (8) : 142-150.
Pambudi, A., Priambodo, T. W., Noriko, N. & Basma, 2016. Ciliwung River phytoplankton diversity after the "Ciliwung Bersih" programme. J. Al Azhar Indonesia Seri Sains dan Teknologi, 3(4), pp. 204-211.
Rao, R. V., 2017. A Report on Pterygoplychthys pardalis Amazon Sailfin Suckermouth Catfishes in Freswater tanks at Telangana State, India.. International Journal of Fisheries an Aquatic Studies, pp. 5 (2) : 249-254.
Samat, A. et al., 2016. Dietary Analysisi of an Introduced Fish, Pterygoplichthys paedalis From Sungai Langat, Selangor, Penin Sular Malaysia. The Malayan Nature Journal, 68(1), pp. 241-246.
Sentosa, A. A. & Satria, H., 2015. Feeding Habits on several kind of fish in Rawa Kaiza Sungai Kumbe Kabupaten Merauke, Papua. Limnotek, 22(1), pp. 32-41.
Sharpe, S., 2016. Fish mouth type. [Online]
Available at: http://freshaquarium.about.com/od/termsandtables/tp/Fish-Mouth-Types.htm
Sofarini, D. et al., 2019. Analysis of stomach content of piscivorous fishes caught in Dana Panggang Peatland, South Kalimantan, Indonesia. Biodiversitas, 20(12), pp. 3788-3793.
Sulistiono, Sari, C. & Brodjo, M., 2009. Feeding habits ikan lidah (Cynoglossus lingua) in Ujung Pangkah Waters Gresik Jawa Timur.. Jurnal Ilmu Pertanian Indonesia, 4(1), pp. 184-193.
Tisasari, M., Efizon, D. & Pulungan, C. P., 2016. Stomach content analysis of Pterygoplichthys pardalis from the Air Hitam river, Payung Sekaki District, Riau Province. Jurnal online Mahasiswa Fakultas Ilmu Perikanan dan Kelautan Universitas Riau, 3(1), pp. 1-14.
Tresna, L. K., Dhahiyat, Y. & Herawati, T., 2012. Feeding habits and niche area of fish in Cimanuk River upstream Kabupaten Garut, Jawa Barat. Jurnal Perikanan dan Kelautan, 3(3), pp. 163-174.
Widarmanto, N., Haeruddin, H. & Purnomo, P. W., 2019. Food habits, niche breath and trophic level on fish community in Kaliwingi Estuaty Brebes district. BAWAL, 11(2), pp. 69-78.
Zuliani, M., Zainal, A. M. & Nurfadillah, N., 2016. Food habits and weight-length relationship garfish in the Black River District treasurer flow Aceh Regency. Jurnal Ilmiah Mahasiswa Kelautan dan Perikanan Unsyiah, 1(1), pp. 12-14.
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