First report on daily activity and feeding behavior of Javan hawk-eagle (Nisaetus bartelsi) in the protected forest of Kondang Merak Beach, Malang, Indonesia
##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.sidebar##
Issue
Section
Articles
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.main##
Abstract
Abstract. Ilmi AR, Luthfi M, Elfidasari D, Hidayat YS, Prawiradilaga DM. 2023. First report on daily activity and feeding behavior of Javan hawk-eagle (Nisaetus bartelsi) in the protected forest of Kondang Merak Beach, Malang, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 24: 6770-6779. The Javan Hawk-Eagle (JHE) (Nisaetus bartelsi) is an endemic bird of prey (raptor) on Java Island that is increasingly threatened due to land conversion, habitat destruction, and illegal hunting. These factors have led to its classification as a critically endangered species. There is a need to monitor one of the natural conservation areas in the southern region of East Java, namely the protected forest of Kondang Merak Beach, which serves as a habitat for Javan hawk-eagle to preserve the existence of this species. Therefore, this research aimed to understand and identify the daily activity and feeding behavior of Javan hawk-eagle in the protected forest of Kondang Merak Beach, Malang, East Java. The implication of this research is to provide ecological data for further research and disseminate information to the community to support conservation efforts of Javan hawk-eagle species in the protected forest of Kondang Merak Beach area. The methods used included field surveys, observation of daily activity and feeding behavior, collection of daily temperature data, habitat assessment, disturbance assessment, and interviews. Based on the observation of daily activity, the percentage of perching behavior was 71%, while flying behavior was 29%. The peak flying activity occurred between 9:00 and 12:00. Environmental factors such as temperature, rainfall, and human activities influenced daily activity in the conversation area. The observation of feeding behavior showed that the highest frequency belonged to the category of 23 occurrences, where the peak occurred between 14:00 and 17:00. Furthermore, the activity was affected by nesting seasons and the presence of other raptor species besides Javan hawk-eagle.
##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.details##
References
Altmann J. 1974. Observational study of behavior: Sampling methods. Behaviour 49 (3): 227-267. DOI: 10.1163/156853974X00534.
Ardiansyah M, Pramudita HE, Cahyono H, Hermadhiyanti W, Arifiantari R, Sa’Adah A, Ramadhani C, Retnaningtyas RW, Diwanata B. 2015. The sighting report of Javan hawk-eagle (Nisaetus bartelsi) in the area of Kondang Merak, Malang regency, Indonesia. KnE Life Sci 2: 530-532. DOI: 10.18502/kls.v2i1.210.
BMKG. 2021. Badan Klimatologi dan Geofisika. Laporan Iklim Harian. http://dataonline.bmkg.go.id/akses_data. [Indonesian]
Cunningham SC, Mac Nally R, Baker PJ, Cavagnaro TR, Beringer J, Thomson JR, Thomson RM. 2015. Balancing the environmental benefits of reforestation in agricultural regions. Perspect Plant Ecol Evol Syst 17 (4): 301-317. DOI: 10.1016/j.ppees.2015.06.001.
Delfita R. 2019. Comparative Animal Physiology. Prenadamedia Group, Jakarta. [Indonesian]
Dharmawan A, Suhadi, Ashoffi AM, Retnaningtyas RW. 2020. Feed preference based on faeces composition analysis green peafowl (Pavo muticus Linnaeus, 1766) in Bekol Savanna Baluran National Park. AIP Conf Proc 2231: 040058. DOI: 10.1063/5.0002665.
Gjershaug JO, Røv N, Nygård T, Prawiradilaga DM, Afianto MY, Hapsoro, Supriatna A. 2004. Home-range size of the Javan hawk-eagle (Spizaetus bartelsi) estimated from direct observations and radiotelemetry. J Raptor Res 38 (4): 343-349.
Gunawan, Nani, Fauziah R, Zulham, Djamaludin, Pramono H, Yuniar A. 2016. New homes on misty mountains: Javan hawk-eagle Nisaetus bartelsi and changeable hawk eagle Nisaetus cirrhatus nesting in Gunung Halimun Salak National Park, West Java, Indonesia. Podoces 11 (1): 1-6.
Gunawan, Paridi A, Noske RA. 2017. The illegal trade of Indonesian raptors through social media. Kukila 20: 1-10.
Hombre SE, Gonzalez JB, Baguinbin DM, Balisco RAT, Dolorosa RG. 2016. Preliminary checklist of marine gastropods and bivalves in the Kalayaan Island Group Palawan, Western Philippines. Philippine J Syst Biol 10: 25-34. DOI: 10.26757/pjsb.201610007.
Iskandar RRD, Elfidasari D, Prawiradilaga DM. 2022. Identification of spatial data and ecology of Javan hawk-eagle's nest (Nisaetus bartelsi) in the Kondang Merak Coastal, South Malang, East Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 23 (7): 3419-3428. DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d230714.
IUCN. 2017. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2017-1 https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22696165/110050373.
Lepage D. 2023. Checklist of the birds of Indonesia. Avibase, the world bird database. https://avibase.bsc-eoc.org/checklist.jsp?lang=EN®ion=id&list=clements&ref=l_asi_id.
Li T, Xiong Q, Luo P, Zhang Y, Gu X, Lin B. 2019. Direct and indirect effects of environmental factors, spatial constraints, and functional traits on shaping the plant diversity of montane forests. Ecol Evol 10 (1): 557-568. DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5931.
Luthfi M, Elfidasari D, Pairah P. 2020. Daily activities of Javan hawk eagle (Nisaetus bartelsi) in Bumi Perkemahan Sukamantri Mount Halimun Salak National Park. Jurnal Bios Logos 10 (2): 99-105. DOI: 10.35799/jbl.10.2.2020.29082. [Indonesian]
Luthfi OM, Setianingsih M. 2018. Application of ethnography method in conservation area efforts by salam, the conservation and social community empowerment organization, at Kondang Merak Beach, district of Malang. J Econ Soc Fish Mar 6 (1): 14-22. DOI: 10.21776/ub.ecsofim.2018.006.01.02. [Indonesian]
Mariyappan M, Rajendran M, Velu S, Johnson AD, Dinesh GK, Solaimuthu K, Kaliyappan M, Sankar M. 2023. Ecological role and ecosystem services of birds: A review. Intl J Environ Clim Chang 13 (6): 76-87. DOI: 10.9734/IJECC/2023/v13i61800.
McCabe JD, Yin H, Cruz J, Radeloff V, Pidgeon A, Bonter DN, Zuckerberg B. 2018. Prey abundance and urbanization influence the establishment of avian predators in a metropolitan landscape. Proc Royal Soc B-Biol Sci 285: 20182120. DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2018.2120.
Mench JA, Blatchford RA. 2014. Birds as laboratory animals. In: Bayne K, Turner PV (eds). Laboratory Animal Welfare. Academic Press, Cambridge. DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-385103-1.00016-6.
Nijman V, Ardiansyah A, Langgeng A, Hendrik R, Hedger K, Foreman G, Morcatty TQ, Siriwat P, van Balen SB, Eaton JA, Shepherd CR, Gomez L, Imron MA, Nekaris KAI. 2022. Illegal wildlife trade in traditional markets, on instagram and facebook: Raptors as a case study. Birds 3 (1): 99-116. DOI: 10.3390/birds3010008.
Nijman V, Sözer R. 1998. Field identification of the Javan Hawk Eagle Spizaetus bartelsi. Forktail 14: 13-16.
Nijman V, van Balen SB, Sözer R. 2000. Breeding biology of Javan hawk-eagle Spizaetus bartelsi in West Java, Indonesia. Emu 100: 125-132. DOI: 10.1071/MU9826.
Petrovich GD. 2019. Orexins and control of feeding by learned cues. In: Burk JA, Fadel JR (eds). The Orexin/Hypocretin System. Academic Press, Cambridge. DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-813751-2.00004-8.
Poirazidis K, Goutner V, Tsachalidis E, Kati V. 2007. Comparison of nest-site selection patterns of different sympatric raptor species as a tool for their conservation. Anim Biodivers Conserv 30 (2): 131-145. DOI: 10.32800/abc.2007.30.0131.
Prawiradilaga DM, Rov N, Gjershaug JO, Hapsoro, Supriatna A. 2001. Feeding ecology of the Javan hawk-eagle (Spizaetus bartelsi) during the nestling period. Zoo Indonesia 28: 19-25. DOI: 10.52508/zi.v0i28.2368.
Prawiradilaga DM. 2006. Ecology and conservation of endangered Javan hawk-eagle Spizaetus bartelsi. Ornithol Sci 5: 177-186. DOI: 10.2326/1347-0558(2006)5[177:EACOEJ]2.0.CO;2.
Quan R-C, Li H, Wang B, Goodale E. 2015. The relationship between defecation and feeding in nestling birds: observational and experimental evidence. Front Zool 12: 21. DOI: 10.1186/s12983-015-0116-y.
Ruaux G, Lumineau S, de Margerie E. 2020. The development of flight behaviours in birds. Proc Biol Sci 287 (1929): 20200668. DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2020.0668.
Safanah NG, Partasasmita R, Rakhman Z. 2018. Daily activity of Changeable hawk-eagle (Nisaetus cirrhatus) in Kamojang Eagle Conservation Center. Metamorfosa: J Biol Sci 5 (1): 57-63. DOI: 10.24843/metamorfosa.2018.v05.i01.p09. [Indonesian]
Setiadi AP, Rakhman Z, Nurwatha PF, Muchtar M, Raharjaningtrah W. 2000. Status, distribution, population, ecology and conservation Javan hawk-eagle Spizaetus bartelsi Stresemann, 1924 on southern part of West Java. Yayasan Pribumi Alam Lestari, Bandung. [Indonesian]
Sitorus DN, Hernowo JB. 2016. Habitat and behavior of Javan hawk-eagle (Nisaetus bartelsi) in SPTN 1 Tegaldlimo Alas Purwo National Park, East Java. Media Konservasi 21 (3): 278-285. DOI: 10.29243/medkon.21.3.278-285. [Indonesian]
Sözer R, Nijman V. 1995. Behavioural ecology, distribution and conservation of the Javan hawk-eagle Spizaetus bartelsi Stresseman, 1924. Verslagen en Technische Gegevens 62 (1): 1-122.
Syartinilia, Mulyani YA, Suyitno RA, Condro AA, Tsuyuki S, van Balen SB. 2023. Population estimates of the endangered Javan hawk-eagle based on habitat distribution modeling and patch occupancy surveys. J Raptor Res 57 (4): 581-594. DOI: 10.3356/JRR-22-16.
Syartinilia, Tsuyuki S, Lee JS. 2009. GIS-based habitat model of Javan hawk-eagle (Spizaetus bartelsi) using an inductive approach in Java Island, Indonesia. In: Harris JD, Brown PL (eds). Wildlife: Destruction, Conservation, and Biodiversity. Nova Science Publishers, New York.
Syartinilia, Tsuyuki S. 2008. GIS-based modeling of Javan hawk-eagle distribution using logistic and autologistic regression models. Biol Conserv 141 (3): 756-769. DOI: 10.1016/j.biocon.2007.12.030.
van Balen SB, Nijman V, Sözer R. 1999. Distribution and conservation of the Javan hawk-eagle Spizaetus bartelsi. Bird Conserv Intl 9 (4): 333-349. DOI: 10.1017/S0959270900003695.
Whittaker DJ, Gerlach NM, Slowinski SP, Corcoran KP, Winters AD, Soini HA, Novotny MV, Ketterson ED, Theis KR 2016. Social environment has a primary influence on the microbial and odor profiles of a chemically signaling songbird. Front Ecol Evol 4: 90. DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2016.00090.
Whittaker DJ, Reichard DG, Drouilly M, Battle K, Ziegenfus C. 2014. Avian olfactory displays: A hypothesis for the function of bill-wiping in a social context. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 69: 159-167. DOI: 10.1007/s00265-014-1829-1.
Most read articles by the same author(s)
- DEWI ELFIDASARI, Type of intraspecific and interspecific interaction among three heron species, while foraging around Pulau Dua Nature Reserve, Serang, Banten's province , Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity: Vol. 8 No. 4 (2007)
- DEWI ELFIDASARI, JUNARDI JUNARDI, Waterbirds diversity in Peniti mangrove forest, Pontianak Regency , Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity: Vol. 7 No. 1 (2006)
- DEWI ELFIDASARI, Prey diversity for Three Species Herons in Pulau Dua Nature Reserve Serang Distrik, Banten Province , Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity: Vol. 7 No. 4 (2006)
- DEWI ELFIDASARI, FAHMA WIJAYANTI, HURUNIN FATHONAH MUTHMAINAH, Short Communication: The effect of water quality on the population density of Pterygoplichthys pardalis in the Ciliwung River, Jakarta, Indonesia , Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity: Vol. 21 No. 9 (2020)
- DEWI ELFIDASARI, FAHMA WIJAYANTI, AFIFATUS SHOLIHAH, Trophic level and position of Pterygoplichthys pardalis in Ciliwung River (Jakarta, Indonesia) ecosystem based on the gut content analysis , Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity: Vol. 21 No. 6 (2020)
- RATIH RD. ISKANDAR, DEWI ELFIDASARI, DEWI MALIA PRAWIRADILAGA, Identification of spatial data and ecology of Javan hawk-eagle's nest (Nisaetus bartelsi) in the Kondang Merak Coastal, South Malang, East Java, Indonesia , Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity: Vol. 23 No. 7 (2022)
- DEWI ELFIDASARI, The feeding location of three species herons Casmerodius albus, Egretta garzetta, and Bubulcus ibis in Pulau Dua Nature Reserve, Serang, Banten Province , Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity: Vol. 7 No. 2 (2006)
- TOUFAN GIFARI, DEWI ELFIDASARI, IRAWAN SUGORO, The effects of contaminant microorganism towards Chelonia mydas eggs hatchery results in Pangumbahan Green Sea Turtles Conservation, Sukabumi, Indonesia , Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity: Vol. 19 No. 4 (2018)