Coral transplantation on a multilevel substrate of Artificial Patch Reefs: effect of fixing methods on the growth rate of two Acropora species
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Abstract. Munasik, Sabdono A, Assyfa AN, Wijayanti DP, Sugiyanto, Irwani, Pribadi R. 2020. Coral transplantation on a multilevel substrate of Artificial Patch Reefs: effect of fixing methods on the growth rate of two Acropora species. Biodiversitas 21: 1816-1822. Branching Acropora is generally used in coral transplantation to rehabilitate coral reefs. However, these corals are sensitive to environmental changes. Artificial Patch Reef (APR) is an artificial structure that provides a multilevel hard substrate. The purpose of the study was to investigate the effectiveness of the APR structure to facilitate the growth and survival of Acropora branching. Two species Acropora aspera and Acropora copiosa were transplanted vertically and horizontally on a modular concrete block in different levels of APR situated in the shallow reef of Panjang Island, Central Java. The results showed that the coral growth rate varied from 96.7 to 346.9 cm3/month, while survival ranged from 30 to 100% after 8 months. Lower survival rate mostly was found in the upper level of APR. The statistical analyses showed that the growth rate of A. copiosa fragment was significantly higher than that of A. aspera (p<0.05). Moreover, there were also significant differences in the treatments of transplantation method (p<0.05) to enhance coral growth. However, multilevel substrates were not significantly influenced by coral growth. This study suggested that A. copiosa which has high-level complexity in branching pattern will be selected to apply in shallow reef rehabilitation with transplanted vertically.
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References
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Mercado-Molina AE, Ruiz-Diaz CP, Sabat AM. 2016. Branching dynamics of transplanted colonies of the threatened coral Acropora cervicornis: Morphogenesis, complexity, and modeling. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 482: 134-141
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Ng CSL, Lim SC, Ong JY, Teo LMS, Chou LM, Chua KE, Tan KS. 2015. Enhancing the biodiversity of coastal defence structures: transplantation of nursery-reared reef biota onto intertidal seawalls. Ecological Engineering 82:480-486
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Okubo N, Taniguchi H, Motokawa T. 2005. Successful methods for transplanting fragments of Acropora formosa and Acropora hyacinthus. Coral Reefs 24: 333–342
Sabater MG, Yap HT. 2002. Growth and survival of coral transplants with and without electrochemical deposition of CaCO3. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 272 (2):131-146
Schopmeyer SA, Lirman D, Bartels E, Gilliam DS, Goergen EA, Griffin SP, Johnson ME, Lustic C, Maxwell K, Walter CS. 2017. Regional restoration benchmarks for Acropora cervicornis. Coral Reefs 36(4):1047-1057
Soong K, Chen T. 2003. Coral transplantation: regeneration and growth of Acropora fragments in a nursery. Restoration Ecology 11:62–71
Veron, JEN, Stafford-Smith M. 2000. Corals of the world. Townsville MC, Qld, Australia: Australian Institute of Marine Science
Wilkinson, C. R. 2000. Executive summary. In C. R. Wilkinson (Ed.), Status of coral reefs of the world. Australian Institute of Marine Science. Australia
Williams DE, Miller MW. 2010. Stabilization of Fragments to Enhance Asexual Recruitment in Acropora palmata, a Threatened Caribbean Coral. Restoration Ecology 18(S2): 446–451
Yap HT. 2000. The case for restoration of tropical coastal ecosystems. Ocean & Coastal Management 43: 841-851
Yap HT. 2004. Differential survival of coral transplants on various substrates under elevated water temperatures. Marine Pollution Bulletin 49:306–312
Young C, Schopmeyer S, Lirman D. 2012. A review of reef restoration and coral propagation using the threatened genus Acropora in the Caribbean and Western Atlantic. Bulletin of Marine Science 88:1075–1098
Ammar MSA, El-gammal F, Nassar M, Belal A, Farag W, El-Mesiry G, El-Haddad K, Orabi A, Abdelreheem A, Shaaban A. 2013. Review: Current trends in coral transplantation – an approach to preserve biodiversity. Biodiversitas 14(1):43-53
Bongiorni L, Giovanelli D, Rinkevich D, Pusceddu A, Chou LM, Donovaro R. 2011. First Step in the restoration of highly degrade coral reef (Singapore) by in situ coral intensive framing. Aquaculture 322: 191-200
Boch CA, Morse ANC. 2012. Testing the effectiveness of direct propagation techniques for coral restoration of Acropora spp. Ecological Engineering 40: 11–17
Buddemeier RW, Kinzie RA III. 1976. Coral growth. Oceanographic Marine Biology Annual Review 14:183-225
Burke L, Reytar K, Spalding M and Perry A 2011. Reefs at risk revisited. World Resources Institute, Washington D.C., 114 pp
Cummings K, Zuke A, De Stasio B, Krumholz, J. 2015. Coral Growth Assessment on an Established Artificial Reef in Antigua. Ecological Restoration 33 (1): 90-95
dela Cruz DW, Rinkevich B, Gomez ED, Yap HT. 2015. Assessing an abridged nursery phase for slow growing corals used in coral restoration. Ecological Engineering 84: 408-415
Done TJ, De Vantier LM, Turak E, Fisk DA, Wakeford M, van Woesik R. 2010. Coral growth on three reefs: development of recovery benchmarks using a space for time approach. Coral Reefs 29: 815-834
Edwards AJ, Clark S. 1998. Coral transplantation: a useful management tool or misguided meddling? Marine Pollution of Bulletin 37: 474-487.
Epstein N, Bak RPM, Rinkevich B. 2001. Strategies for gardening denuded coral reef areas: the applicability of using different types of coral material for reef restoration. Restoration Ecology 9:432–442
Epstein N, Bak RPM, Rinkevich B. 2003. Applying forest restoration principles to coral reef rehabilitation. Aquatic Conservation 13:387–395
Heeger T, Sotto F. 2000. Coral Farming: A Tool for Reef Rehabilitation and Community Ecotourism. German Ministry of Environment (BMU), German Technical Cooperation and Tropical Ecology program (GTZ-TÖB), Philippines. 94 pp
Levy G, Shaish L, Haimb A, Rinkevich B. 2010. Mid-water rope nursery—Testing design and performance of a novel reef restoration instrument. Ecological Engineering 36: 560–569
Lirman D, Thyberg T, Herlan J, Hill C, Young-Lahiff C, Schopmeyer S, Huntington B, Santos R, Drury C. 2010. Propagation of the threatened staghorn coral Acropora cervicornis: methods to minimize the impacts of fragment collection and maximize production. Coral Reefs 29:729–735
Meesters, Erik H.W.G. Sarah R. Smith, Leontine E. Becking. 2015. A review of coral reef restoration. Report to IMARES Wageningen, UR.
Mercado-Molina AE, Ruiz-Diaz CP, Sabat AM. 2016. Branching dynamics of transplanted colonies of the threatened coral Acropora cervicornis: Morphogenesis, complexity, and modeling. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 482: 134-141
Munasik. 2009. The condition of artificial reefs made from concrete in several waters in Indonesia. Indonesian Coral Reef Symposium II, November, 20th 2008, Jakarta [Indonesian]
Munasik, Ambariyanto, Sabdono A, Diah Permata W, Radjasa OK, Pribadi, R. 2012. Spatial distribution of hard corals (Scleractinia) at Panjang Island, Central Java. Buletin Oseanografi Marina 1: 16 – 24 [Indonesian]
Munasik, Sugiyanto, Sugianto DN, Sabdono A. 2018. Reef Development on Artificial Patch Reefs in Shallow Water of Panjang Island, Central Java. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 116 012095
Muzaki FK, Hanifa R, Akhwady R, Saptarini D, Buharianto. 2019. Short Communication: Growth rate of Acropora muricata coral fragments transplanted on dome-shaped concrete artificial reef with different composition. Biodiversitas 10(6): 1555-1559
Ng CSL, Lim SC, Ong JY, Teo LMS, Chou LM, Chua KE, Tan KS. 2015. Enhancing the biodiversity of coastal defence structures: transplantation of nursery-reared reef biota onto intertidal seawalls. Ecological Engineering 82:480-486
Ng CSL, TC, Chou LM. 2016. Coral restoration in Singapore’s sediment-challenged sea. Regional Studies in Marine Science 8(3): 422-429
Nithyanandan, M, Le Vay L, Raja DK, Kesavan R, Pereira D. 2018. Coral nursery and transplantation of the staghorn coral, Acropora downingi in Sabah Al-Ahmad Sea City, Kuwait, Arabian Gulf. Cogent Environmental Science 4: 1480334
Okubo N, Taniguchi H, Motokawa T. 2005. Successful methods for transplanting fragments of Acropora formosa and Acropora hyacinthus. Coral Reefs 24: 333–342
Sabater MG, Yap HT. 2002. Growth and survival of coral transplants with and without electrochemical deposition of CaCO3. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 272 (2):131-146
Schopmeyer SA, Lirman D, Bartels E, Gilliam DS, Goergen EA, Griffin SP, Johnson ME, Lustic C, Maxwell K, Walter CS. 2017. Regional restoration benchmarks for Acropora cervicornis. Coral Reefs 36(4):1047-1057
Soong K, Chen T. 2003. Coral transplantation: regeneration and growth of Acropora fragments in a nursery. Restoration Ecology 11:62–71
Veron, JEN, Stafford-Smith M. 2000. Corals of the world. Townsville MC, Qld, Australia: Australian Institute of Marine Science
Wilkinson, C. R. 2000. Executive summary. In C. R. Wilkinson (Ed.), Status of coral reefs of the world. Australian Institute of Marine Science. Australia
Williams DE, Miller MW. 2010. Stabilization of Fragments to Enhance Asexual Recruitment in Acropora palmata, a Threatened Caribbean Coral. Restoration Ecology 18(S2): 446–451
Yap HT. 2000. The case for restoration of tropical coastal ecosystems. Ocean & Coastal Management 43: 841-851
Yap HT. 2004. Differential survival of coral transplants on various substrates under elevated water temperatures. Marine Pollution Bulletin 49:306–312
Young C, Schopmeyer S, Lirman D. 2012. A review of reef restoration and coral propagation using the threatened genus Acropora in the Caribbean and Western Atlantic. Bulletin of Marine Science 88:1075–1098
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