Species richness and diversity of aquatic insects inhabiting rice fields in Bogor, West Java, Indonesia
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Abstract. Wakhid, Rauf A, Krisanti M, Sumertajaya IM, Maryana N. 2020. Species richness and diversity of aquatic insects inhabiting rice fields in Bogor, West Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 21: 34-42. Rice fields occupy the largest cultivated area in agricultural landscape in Indonesia and support a variety of living organisms, including aquatic insects. This study was conducted with the objective to determine the species richness and diversity of aquatic insects inhabiting rice fields. Sampling was made in March, May, and July 2017 in rice fields at Situgede, Pandansari, and Kawungluwuk (Bogor region, West Java, Indonesia), and carried out by dragging dip net on the bottom along the edge of the rice plots. A total of 3,306 individuals representing 45 species of aquatic insects belonging to 30 genera, 20 families, and seven orders were recorded. Order Hemiptera was the most abundance comprising 28.89% of the total insects collected, followed by Diptera (24.80%), Coleoptera (24.41%), and Odonata (21.42%). Functional feeding group analysis showed that collectors-gatherers had the highest proportion (40 - 46%), followed by predators (23-44%) and scrapers (10-35%). Rank-abundance curve showed low species evenness with the four most abundant species were Micronecta siva (Kirkaldy) (Hemiptera: Micronectidae), Chironomus sp. (Diptera: Chironomidae), Orthetrum sabina (Drury) (Odonata: Libellulidae), and Helochares sp. (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae). The Shannon-Wiener index showed the lowest value (H’=1.84) at Situgede and the highest (H’=2.05) at Pandansari. Richness estimate and individual-based rarefaction curve revealed that rice fields at Pandansari have more species richness than the other two sites. This study provides some insights into the aquatic insect community of the human-made ecosystem and suggests that the ecological approach to pest management is necessary for maintaining ecosystem health and promoting biodiversity.
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References
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Crisci-Bispo VL, Bispo PC, Froehlich CG. 2007. Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera and Trichoptera assemblages in two Atlantic Rainforest streams, Southeastern Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Zoologia. 24: 312–318.
Dallas HF, Ross-Gillespie V. 2015. Review: Sublethal effects of temperature on freshwater organisms, with special reference to aquatic insects. Water SA. 41 :712.
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Sanchez-Bayo F, Goka K. 2006. Ecological effects of the insecticide imidacloprid and a pollutant from antidandruff shampoo in experimental rice fields. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. 25: 1677.
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Settle WH, Ariawan H, Astuti ET, Cahyana W, Hakim AL, Hindayana D, Lestari AS. 1996. Managing tropical rice pests through conservation of generalist natural enemies and alternative prey. Ecology. 77: 1975-1988.
Thongphak D, Iwai CB. 2016. Diversity of aquatic insects in the organic and conventional rice fields in Khon Kaen Thailand. International Journal of Environmental and Rural Development. 7.
Ueno T. 2012. Insect natural enemies as bioindicators in rice paddies. Korean Journal of Agricultural Science. 39: 545-553.
Way MJ, Heong KL. 1994. The role of biodiversity in the dynamics and management of insect pests of tropical irrigated rice-a review. Bulletin of Entomological Research. 84: 567-587.
Wilson AL, Watts RJ, Stevens MM. 2007. Effects of different management regimes on aquatic macroinvertebrate diversity in Australian rice fields. Ecological Research. 23: 565-572.
Yang CM, Zettel H. 2005. Guide to the aquatic Heteroptera of Singapore and peninsular Malaysia. V. Hydrometridae. The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology. 53: 79-97.
Yano K, Miyamoto S, Gabriel BP. 1981. Faunal and biological studies on the insects of paddy fields in Asia. iv. aquatic and semiaquatic Heteroptera from the Philippine. ESAKIA. 16 :5-32.
Yano K, Yau-I-Chu, Resma P, Sato M. 1983. Faunal and biological studies on the insects of paddy field in Asia. XII. Aquatic coleopteran from Taiwan and the Philippines. Chinese Journal of Entomology. 3: 103-118.
Zhang J, Zheng X, Jian H, Qin X, Yuan F, Zhang R. 2013. Arthropod biodiversity and community structures of organic rice ecosystems in Guangdong Province, China. Florida Entomologist. 96.
Badan Pusat Statistik (BPS) Indonesia. 2019. Monthly Report on Socio Economic Data 2019. Jakarta (ID): BPS RI. 262 pages.
Cheng L, Yang CM, Andersen NM. 2001. Guide to the aquatic heteroptera of Singapore and Peninsular Malaysia. I. Gerridae And Hermatobatidae. The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology. 49: 129-148.
Corbet PS. 1963. A Biology of Dragonflies. Chicago (US): Quadrangle Books. 247 pages.
Crisci-Bispo VL, Bispo PC, Froehlich CG. 2007. Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera and Trichoptera assemblages in two Atlantic Rainforest streams, Southeastern Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Zoologia. 24: 312–318.
Dallas HF, Ross-Gillespie V. 2015. Review: Sublethal effects of temperature on freshwater organisms, with special reference to aquatic insects. Water SA. 41 :712.
Fenglong J, Tang Y-d. 2018. A revision of the Chinese Helochares (s. str.) Mulsant, 1844 (Coleoptera, Hydrophilidae). European Journal of Taxonomy.438.
Heong KL, Aquino GB, Barrion AT. 2009. Arthropod community structures of rice ecosystems in the Philippines. Bulletin of Entomological Research. 81 :407-416.
Hidaka K. 1990. Natural and Organik farming and Insect Pest (Tokyo-Toujusha) (in Japanese).
Jauharlina J, Hasnah H, Taufik MI. 2019. Diversity and community structure of arthropods on rice ecosystem. AGRIVITA Journal of Agricultural Science. 41: 316-324.
Jinguji H, Thuyet DQ, Ueda T, Watanabe H. 2012. Effect of imidacloprid and fipronil pesticide application on Sympetrum infuscatum (Libellulidae: Odonata) larvae and adults. Paddy and Water Environment. 11: 277-284.
Katayama N, Baba YG, Kusumoto Y, Tanaka K. 2015. A review of post-war changes in rice farming and biodiversity in Japan. Agricultural Systems. 132 :73-84.
Kiritani K. 2000. Integrated biodiversity management in paddy fields: shift of paradigm from IPM toward IBM. Integrated Pest Management Reviews. 5: 175–183.
Leitao S, Pinto P, Pereira T, Brito MF. 2007. Spatial and temporal variability of macroinvertebrate communities in two farmed Mediterranean rice fields. Aquatic Ecology. 41: 373-386.
Luo Y, Fu H, Traore S. 2014. Biodiversity conservation in rice paddies in China: Toward ecological sustainability. Sustainability. 6: 6107-6124.
Lutz MCG, Kehr AI, Fernandez LA. 2015. Abundance, diversity and community characterization of aquatic Coleoptera in a rice field of Northeastern Argentina. Revista the Biologia Tropical. 63: 629-638.
Merritt RW, Cummins KW. 1996. An Introduction to the Aquatic Insects of North America. New York (US): Kendall/ Hunt Publishing Company.
Morse JC, Yang L, Lixin T. 1994. Aquatic Insects of China Useful for Monitoring Water Quality. Hahai Nanjing (PRC): Nanjing University Press Hahai Nanjing.
Nieser N. 2004. Guide to aquatic heteroptera of Singapore and peninsular Malaysia III. Pleidae and Notonectidae. The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology. 52: 79-96.
Nieser N, Chen P-p, Yang CM. 2005. A new subgenus and six new species of Nepomorpha (Insecta: Heteroptera) from Yunnan, China. The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology. 53: 189-209.
Polhemus DA, Polhemus JT. 2013. Guide to the aquatic Heteroptera of Singapore and peninsular Malaysia. x. infraorder nepomorpha—families Belostomatidae and Nepidae. The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology. 61: 25-45.
Salmah MRC, Hassan STS, Hassan AA, Ali AB. 1998. Influence of physical and chemical factors on the larval abundance of Neurothemis tullia (Drury) (Odonata: Libellulidae) in a rain fed rice field. Hydrobiologia. 389: 193-202.
Salmah MRC, Siregar AZ, Hassan AA, Nasution Z. 2017. Dynamics of aquatic organisms in a rice field ecosystem: effects of seasons and cultivation phases on abundance and predator-prey interactions. Tropical Ecology. 58: 177-191.
Sanchez-Bayo F, Goka K. 2006. Ecological effects of the insecticide imidacloprid and a pollutant from antidandruff shampoo in experimental rice fields. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. 25: 1677.
Schoenly KG, Hilario D. Justo J, Barrion AT, Harris MK, Bottrell AG. 1998. Analysis of invertebrate biodiversity in a Philippine farmer's irrigated rice field. Environmental Entomology. 27: 1125-1136.
Settele J, Spangenberg JH, Heong KL, Kühn I, Klotz S, Arida G, Burkhard B, Bustamante JV, Cabbigat J, Canh LX et al.. . 2019. Rice Ecosystem Services in South-East Asia: The LEGATO Project, Its Approaches and Main Results with a Focus on Biocontrol Services. 373-382.
Settle WH, Ariawan H, Astuti ET, Cahyana W, Hakim AL, Hindayana D, Lestari AS. 1996. Managing tropical rice pests through conservation of generalist natural enemies and alternative prey. Ecology. 77: 1975-1988.
Thongphak D, Iwai CB. 2016. Diversity of aquatic insects in the organic and conventional rice fields in Khon Kaen Thailand. International Journal of Environmental and Rural Development. 7.
Ueno T. 2012. Insect natural enemies as bioindicators in rice paddies. Korean Journal of Agricultural Science. 39: 545-553.
Way MJ, Heong KL. 1994. The role of biodiversity in the dynamics and management of insect pests of tropical irrigated rice-a review. Bulletin of Entomological Research. 84: 567-587.
Wilson AL, Watts RJ, Stevens MM. 2007. Effects of different management regimes on aquatic macroinvertebrate diversity in Australian rice fields. Ecological Research. 23: 565-572.
Yang CM, Zettel H. 2005. Guide to the aquatic Heteroptera of Singapore and peninsular Malaysia. V. Hydrometridae. The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology. 53: 79-97.
Yano K, Miyamoto S, Gabriel BP. 1981. Faunal and biological studies on the insects of paddy fields in Asia. iv. aquatic and semiaquatic Heteroptera from the Philippine. ESAKIA. 16 :5-32.
Yano K, Yau-I-Chu, Resma P, Sato M. 1983. Faunal and biological studies on the insects of paddy field in Asia. XII. Aquatic coleopteran from Taiwan and the Philippines. Chinese Journal of Entomology. 3: 103-118.
Zhang J, Zheng X, Jian H, Qin X, Yuan F, Zhang R. 2013. Arthropod biodiversity and community structures of organic rice ecosystems in Guangdong Province, China. Florida Entomologist. 96.
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