Integrated multimetric assessment of mangrove-seagrass-plankton systems across spatial gradients in Banyuwedang Bay, Bali, Indonesia
Article Sidebar
Abstract Views: 129
File Views: 63
Main Article Content
Abstract
Abstract. Sugiana IP, Janaguna IMA, Alfatiha S, Wijaya IMS, Yasa IGA, Sutasoma IWG. 2026. Integrated multimetric assessment of mangrove-seagrass-plankton systems across spatial gradients in Banyuwedang Bay, Bali, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 27 (4): d270416. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d270416. North Bali coastal waters host interconnected mangrove-seagrass-plankton systems that respond to spatial gradients in physicochemical conditions. This study provides a multimetric baseline assessment integrating environmental parameters with mangrove, seagrass, and plankton indicators across three stations (S1-S3) in Banyuwedang Bay (November 2025), emphasizing spatial ecological patterns rather than inferential relationships. The analysis integrates environmental parameters with ecological indicators of mangroves (Mangrove Health Index, MHI), seagrass (Seagrass Ecological Quality Index, SEQI), and plankton communities (diversity H’, evenness J, and dominance C). Environmental conditions varied spatially, with higher suspended solids at the inner bay and increasing temperature, salinity, and conductivity toward the outer bay. Mangrove ecosystems were consistently classified as excellent (MHI: 67.45-75.98), indicating structurally stable stands despite differences in species composition. In contrast, seagrass meadows exhibited moderate ecological condition (SEQI: 0.63-0.67), reflecting variation between species richness at the inner station and higher coverage at the mid-bay station. Plankton communities showed moderate diversity (phytoplankton H’: 1.31-1.75; zooplankton H’: 0.83-1.80) with localized dominance at the mid-bay station, indicating spatial heterogeneity in community structure. Diatoms dominated across stations, while cyanobacteria increased at one location, suggesting spatial variability associated with environmental gradients. Zooplankton communities displayed relatively high evenness across stations. Overall, the integrated multimetric approach reveals that coastal ecosystems in Banyuwedang Bay remain functionally intact but exhibit clear spatial heterogeneity along the inner-outer gradient. This study provides an integrated baseline framework linking benthic and pelagic indicators for future monitoring and adaptive coastal management in relatively low-disturbance tropical bays.
Article Details
Issue
Section
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
References
Adams MP, Hovey RK, Hipsey MR, Bruce LC, Ghisalberti M, Lowe RJ, Gruber RK, Ruiz-Montoya L, Maxwell PS, Callaghan DP, Kendrick GA, O’Brien KR. 2016. Feedback between sediment and light for seagrass: Where is it important? Limnol Oceanogr 61: 1937-1955. https://doi.org/10.1002/lno.10319.
Ambo-Rappe R. 2022. The success of seagrass restoration using Enhalus acoroides seeds is correlated with substrate and hydrodynamic conditions. J Environ Manag 310: 114692. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.114692.
As-Syakur AR, Wijaya IMS, Andiani AAE, Sugiana IP, Faiqoh E, Wiyanto DB, Rachman HA. 2023. Pedoman Identifikasi Mangrove di Bali. Penerbit AVI, Badung. [Indonesian]
Ayyam V, Palanivel S, Chandrakasan S. 2019. Coastal Ecosystems and Services. In: Coastal ecosystems of the tropics - Adaptive management. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-8926-9.
Boersma M, Meunier CL. 2020. Zooplankton-Phytoplankton Interactions in A Changing World. In: Teodósio M, Barbosa A (eds). Zooplankton Ecology. CRC Press, Boca Raton. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781351021821-3.
Décima M. 2022. Zooplankton trophic structure and ecosystem productivity. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 692: 23-42. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps14077.
Dewi IGAIP, Faiqoh E, As-Syakur AR, Dharmawan IWE. 2021. Natural regeneration of mangrove seedlings in Benoa Bay, Bali. Jurnal Ilmu dan Teknologi Kelautan Tropis 13 (3): 395-410. https://doi.org/10.29244/jitkt.v13i3.36364. [Indonesian]
Dharmawan IWE, Suyarso, Ulumuddin YI, Prayudha B, Pramudji. 2020a. Panduan Monitoring Struktur Komunitas Mangrove di Indonesia. PT Media Sains Nasional. [Indonesian]
Dharmawan IWE, Ulumuddin YI. 2021. Mangrove Community Structure Data Analysis: A Guidebook for Mangrove Health Index (MHI) Training. Nas Media Pustaka, Makassar.
Dharmawan IWE. 2020b. Hemispherical Photography: Analisis Tutupan Kanopi Komunitas Mangrove. Nas Media Pustaka, Makassar. [Indonesian]
Hernández A, Tapia FJ. 2021. Connecting spatial structure in subtidal benthic communities with temporal variability in bottom temperature and dissolved oxygen along an upwelling coast. Estuar Coast Shelf Sci 250: 107166. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2021.107166.
Hernawan UE, Rahmawati S, Ambo-Rappe R, Sjafrie NDM, Hadiyanto H, Yusup DS, Nugraha AH, La Nafie YA, Adi W, Prayudha B, Irawan A, Rahayu YP, Ningsih E, Riniatsih I, Supriyadi IH, McMahon K. 2021. The first nationwide assessment identifies that valuable blue-carbon seagrass habitats in Indonesia are in moderate condition. Sci Total Environ 782: 146818. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146818.
Hyman AC, Frazer TK, Jacoby CA, Frost JR, Kowalewski M. 2019. Long-term persistence of structured habitats: Seagrass meadows as enduring hotspots of biodiversity and faunal stability. Proc Biol Sci 286 (1912): 20191861. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2019.1861.
Jaffar A, Thamrin NM, Megat Ali MSA, Misnan MF, Mohd Yassin AI. 2020. The influence of physico-chemical parameters to determine water quality: A review. J Electrical Electronic Syst Res 17: 116-121. https://doi.org/10.24191/jeesr.v17i1.016.
Klais R, Norros V, Lehtinen S, Tamminen T, Olli K. 2017. Community assembly and drivers of phytoplankton functional structure. Funct Ecol 31 (3): 760-67. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2435.12784.
Ma’ruf MS, Arthana IW, Ernawati NM. 2022. Komposisi Jenis dan Kondisi Mangrove di Teluk Gilimanuk, Taman Nasional Bali Barat. ECOTROPHIC J Environ Sci 16: 153-173. https://doi.org/10.24843/EJES.2022.v16.i02.p04. [Indonesian]
Magurran AE. 2013. Measuring Biological Diversity. John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken.
Maxwell PS, Eklöf JS, van Katwijk MM, O’Brien KR, de la Torre-Castro M, Boström C, Bouma TJ, Krause-Jensen D, Unsworth RKF, van Tussenbroek BI, van der Heide T. 2017. The fundamental role of ecological feedback mechanisms for the adaptive management of seagrass ecosystems - a review. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 92 (3): 1521-1538. https://doi.org/10.1111/brv.12294.
Mulloy R, Aiken CM, Dwane G, Ellis M, Jackson EL. 2025. Scalable mangrove rehabilitation: Roots of success for Rhizophora stylosa establishment. Ecol Eng 212: 107521. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2025.107521.
Nagelkerken I. 2009. Ecological Connectivity Among Tropical Coastal Ecosystems. Springer, Dordrecht.
Naik S, Mishra RK, Sahu KC, Lotliker AA, Panda US, Mishra P. 2020. Monsoonal influence and variability of water quality, phytoplankton biomass in tropical coastal waters - a multivariate statistical approach. Front Mar Sci 7: 648. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2020.00648.
Newell GE, Newell RC. 1963. Marine Plankton: A Practical Guide. Hutchinson Educational Ltd, London.
Odum EP. 1993. Fundamentals of Ecology. 5th ed. W.B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia.
Orth RJ, Lefcheck JS, McGlathery KS, Aoki L, Luckenbach MW, Moore KA, Oreska MP, Snyder R, Wilcox DJ, Lusk B. 2020. Restoration of seagrass habitat leads to rapid recovery of coastal ecosystem services. Sci Adv 6 (41): eabc6434. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abc6434.
Prado P. 2018. Seagrass epiphytic assemblages are strong indicators of agricultural discharge but weak indicators of host features. Estuar Coast Shelf Sci 204: 140-148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2018.02.026.
Prowe AEF, Su B, Nejstgaard JC, Schartau M. 2022. Food web structure and intraguild predation affect ecosystem functioning in an established plankton model. Limnol Oceanogr 67 (4): 843-855. https://doi.org/10.1002/lno.12039.
Purnomo HK, Yusniawati Y, Putrika A, Handayani W, Yasman. 2017. Seagrass species diversity at various seagrass bed ecosystems in the West Bali National Park Area. Pros Sem Nas Masy Biodiv Indon 3 (2): 236-240. https://doi.org/10.13057/psnmbi/m030213. [Indonesian]
Qur’ani CG, Rizal M, Sugiana IP, Lee B. 2026. Baseline ecological insights of vegetation and carbon stocks assessment in Probolinggo natural mangrove forests. Sustainability 18 (4): 1906. https://doi.org/10.3390/su18041906.
Rahmawati S, Irawan A, Indarto SH, Azkab MA. 2017. Manual of Seagrass Bed Condition Monitoring. P2O LIPI, Jakarta.
Rigby PR, Iken K, Shirayama Y (eds). 2007. Sampling biodiversity in coastal communities: NaGISA protocols for seagrass and macroalgal habitats. NUS Press.
Righetti D, Vogt M, Gruber N, Psomas A, Zimmermann NE. 2019. Global pattern of phytoplankton diversity driven by temperature and environmental variability. Sci Adv 5 (5): eaau6253. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aau6253.
Röthig T, Trevathan-Tackett SM, Voolstra CR, Ross C, Chaffron S, Durack PJ, Warmuth LM, Sweet M. 2023. Human-induced salinity changes impact marine organisms and ecosystems. Glob Chang Biol 29 (17): 4731-4749. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.16859.
Sánchez-Núñez DA, Bernal G, Mancera Pineda JE. 2019. The relative role of mangroves on wave erosion mitigation and sediment properties. Estuaries Coasts 42 (8): 2124-2138. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12237-019-00628-9.
Sugiana IP, Eka Andiani AA, Dewi IGAIP, Karang IWGA, As-Syakur AR, Eka Dharmawan IWE. 2022. Spatial distribution of mangrove health index on three genera-dominated zones in Benoa Bay, Bali, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 23 (7): 3500-3508. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d230717.
Sugiana IP, Prartono T, Rastina R, Koropitan AF. 2024. Warming effect from soil greenhouse gas emission of each mangrove zone during the dry season in Ngurah Rai Forest Park, Bali, Indonesia. Environ Nat Resour J 22 (5): 449-463. https://doi.org/10.32526/ennrj/22/20240029.
Suryani SAMP, Sudiarta IG, Darmadi NM, Edi DGS, Sudiarta IK, Pratama GAS, Janaguna IMA, Sugiana IP. 2025. Ecological diagnosis of Lake Batur (Bali, Indonesia) post-disturbance using multimetric phytoplankton indices. Biodiversitas 26 (10): 4982-4990. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d261014.
Tarafdar L, Kim JY, Srichandan S, Mohapatra M, Muduli PR, Kumar A, Mishra DR, Rastogi G. 2021. Responses of phytoplankton community structure and association to variability in environmental drivers in a tropical coastal lagoon. Sci Total Environ 783: 146873. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146873.
Unsworth RKF, Collier CJ, Waycott M, McKenzie LJ, Cullen-Unsworth LC. 2015. A framework for the resilience of seagrass ecosystems. Mar Pollut Bull 100 (1): 34-46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.08.016.
Whitfield AK. 2017. The role of seagrass meadows, mangrove forests, salt marshes, and reed beds as nursery areas and food sources for fish in estuaries. Rev Fish Biol Fish 27 (1): 75-110. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11160-016-9454-x.
Wijaya IMS, Sugiana IP, Astarini IA, Ginantra IK, Rahim KAA. 2024. Floristic composition of mangrove community in Ngurah Rai Forest Park and Nusa Lembongan, Bali, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 25 (1): 300-309. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d250134.