Diversity and distribution of figs (Ficus: Moraceae) in Gianyar District, Bali, Indonesia
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Abstract. Wijaya IDS, Defiani MR. 2021. Diversity and distribution of figs (Ficus: Moraceae) in Gianyar District, Bali, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 22: 233-246. Fig (Ficus) is an important species in tropical regions, but there is a lack of updated data on fig diversity in Bali. This study of fig diversity and distribution in Gianyar District, Bali, Indonesia was conducted to record the alpha-diversity of figs. The intensive exploration method was applied at seven locations representing the seven sub-districts of Gianyar. Habitats and coordinates were recorded, and the appropriate samples were preserved as dried or spirit specimens. The results showed that there were 23 identified species of figs from six subgenera: Ficus (1), Pharmacosycea (2), Sycidium (5), Sycomorus (5), Synoecia (2), and Urostigma (9). Based on location, three species had restricted distribution: F. fulva, F. tinctoria ssp. globosa, F. virens, and F. subcordata, whereas six species were adapted in every location: F. montana, F. hispida, F. septica, F. pumila, F. benjamina, and F. superba. The figs were primarily distributed near bodies of water, especially riverbanks.
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References
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Harrison RD. 2005. Figs and the diversity of tropical rainforests. BioScience 55(12): 1053–1064
Harrison RD, Hamid AA, Kenta T, Lafrankie J, Lee H Sen, Nagamasu H, Nakashizuka T, Palmiotto P. 2003. The diversity of hemi-epiphytic figs (Ficus; Moraceae) in a Bornean lowland rain forest. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 78(4): 439–455. DOI: 10.1046/j.0024-4066.2002.00205.x
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Lok AFSL, Ang WF, Ng BYQ, Leong TM, Yeo CK, Tan HTW. 2013. Native fig species as a keystone resource for the Singapore urban environment. Raffles Museum of Biodiversity Research National University of Singapore: Singapore. DOI: 10.13140/2.1.1217.5687
Medeiros LP, Garcia G, Thompson JN, Guimarães PR. 2018. The geographic mosaic of coevolution in mutualistic networks. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 115(47): 12017–12022. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1809088115
Myers N, Mittermeier RA, Mittermeier CG, Fonseca GAB, Kent J. 2000. Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities. Nature 403(2): 853–858
Peraturan Menteri Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan Republik Indonesia Nomor P.106/Menlhk/Setjen/Kum.1/12/2018 tentang Perubahan Kedua Atas Peraturan Menteri Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan Nomor P.20/Menlhk/Setjen/Kum.1/6/2018 tentang Jenis Tumbuhan dan Satwa yang Dilindungi
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Shanahan M, Samson SO, Compton SG, Corlett R. 2001. Fig-eating by vertebrate frugivores: A global review. Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society 76(4): 529–572. DOI: 10.1017/S1464793101005760
Sreekar R, Le NTP, Harrison RD. 2010. Vertebrate assemblage at a fruiting fig (Ficus caulocarpa) in Maliau Basin, Malaysia. Tropical Conservation Science 3(2): 218–227. DOI: 10.1177/194008291000300208
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The Plant List. 2012. Accessed via http://www.theplantlist.org/1.1/browse/A/Moraceae/Ficus/ on 2020-09-30
Thornton IWB, Compton SG, Wilson CN. 1996. The role of animals in the colonization of the Krakatau Islands by fig trees (Ficus species). Journal of Biogeography 23(4): 577–592. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2699.1996.tb00019.x
van Steenis CGGJ. 1972. The Mountain Flora of Java. E.J. Brill, Leiden
Wandrag EM, Dunham AE, Duncan RP, Rogers HS. 2017. Seed dispersal increases local species richness and reduces spatial turnover of tropical tree seedlings. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 114(40): 10689–10694. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1709584114
Wang G, Compton SG, Chen J. 2013. The mechanism of pollinator specificity between two sympatric fig varieties: A combination of olfactory signals and contact cues. Annals of Botany 111(2): 173–181. DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcs250
Wang R-W, Yang C-Y, Zhao G-F, Yang J-X. 2005. Fragmentation effects on diversity of wasp community and its impact on fig/fig wasp interaction in Ficus racemosa L . Journal of Integrative Plant Biology 47(1): 20–26
Womersley JS. 1981. Plant collecting and herbarium development. Food and Agriculture Organization of United Nations: Rome
Zhang Q, Onstein RE, Little SA, Sauquet H. 2019. Estimating divergence times and ancestral breeding systems in Ficus and Moraceae. Annals of Botany 123(1): 191–204. DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcy159
Berg CC, Corner EJH. 2005. Moraceae: Ficeae. Flora Malesiana - Series 1, Spermatophyta 17(2): 1–702
BPS-Statistics of Gianyar. 2019. Gianyar Regency in figures 2019. BPS-Statistics of Gianyar, Gianyar
Cruaud A, Ronsted N, Chantarasuwan B, Chou LS, Clement WL, Couloux A, Cousins B, Genson G, Harrison RD, Hanson PE, Hossaert-Mckey M, Jabbour-Zahab R, Jousselin E, Kerdelhué C, Kjellberg F, Lopez-Vaamonde C, Peebles J, Peng YQ, Santinelo Pereira RA, Schramm T, Ubaidillah R, Van Noort S, Weiblen GD, Yang DR, Yodpinyanee A, Libeskind-Hadas R, Cook JM, Rasplus JY, Savolainen V. 2012. An Extreme case of plant-insect codiversification: Figs and fig-pollinating wasps. Systematic Biology 61(6): 1029–1047. DOI: 10.1093/sysbio/sys068
Harrison RD. 2003. Fig wasp dispersal and the stability of a keystone plant resource in Borneo. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 270: 76–79. DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2003.0018
Harrison RD. 2005. Figs and the diversity of tropical rainforests. BioScience 55(12): 1053–1064
Harrison RD, Hamid AA, Kenta T, Lafrankie J, Lee H Sen, Nagamasu H, Nakashizuka T, Palmiotto P. 2003. The diversity of hemi-epiphytic figs (Ficus; Moraceae) in a Bornean lowland rain forest. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 78(4): 439–455. DOI: 10.1046/j.0024-4066.2002.00205.x
Harrison RD, Rasplus JY. 2006. Dispersal of fig pollinators in Asian tropical rain forests. Journal of Tropical Ecology 22(6): 631–639. DOI: 10.1017/S0266467406003488
Lok AFSL, Ang WF, Ng BYQ, Leong TM, Yeo CK, Tan HTW. 2013. Native fig species as a keystone resource for the Singapore urban environment. Raffles Museum of Biodiversity Research National University of Singapore: Singapore. DOI: 10.13140/2.1.1217.5687
Medeiros LP, Garcia G, Thompson JN, Guimarães PR. 2018. The geographic mosaic of coevolution in mutualistic networks. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 115(47): 12017–12022. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1809088115
Myers N, Mittermeier RA, Mittermeier CG, Fonseca GAB, Kent J. 2000. Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities. Nature 403(2): 853–858
Peraturan Menteri Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan Republik Indonesia Nomor P.106/Menlhk/Setjen/Kum.1/12/2018 tentang Perubahan Kedua Atas Peraturan Menteri Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan Nomor P.20/Menlhk/Setjen/Kum.1/6/2018 tentang Jenis Tumbuhan dan Satwa yang Dilindungi
Rugayah, Retnowati A, Windadri FI, Hidayat A. 2004. Pengumpulan Data Taksonomi. In: Rugayah, Widjaya EA and Praptiwi (eds) Pedoman Pengumpulan Data Keanekaragaman Flora. Puslit Biologi - LIPI, Bogor, 5–42
Shanahan M, Samson SO, Compton SG, Corlett R. 2001. Fig-eating by vertebrate frugivores: A global review. Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society 76(4): 529–572. DOI: 10.1017/S1464793101005760
Sreekar R, Le NTP, Harrison RD. 2010. Vertebrate assemblage at a fruiting fig (Ficus caulocarpa) in Maliau Basin, Malaysia. Tropical Conservation Science 3(2): 218–227. DOI: 10.1177/194008291000300208
Sudhakar J V., Murthy GVS. 2012. Ficus variegata (Moraceae), a new record for Peninsular India. Rheedea 22(1): 62–65
The International Plant Names Index Collaborators. 2019. International Plant Names Index. Checklist dataset https://doi.org/10.15468/uhllmw accessed via https://www.gbif.org on 2020-09-30.
The Plant List. 2012. Accessed via http://www.theplantlist.org/1.1/browse/A/Moraceae/Ficus/ on 2020-09-30
Thornton IWB, Compton SG, Wilson CN. 1996. The role of animals in the colonization of the Krakatau Islands by fig trees (Ficus species). Journal of Biogeography 23(4): 577–592. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2699.1996.tb00019.x
van Steenis CGGJ. 1972. The Mountain Flora of Java. E.J. Brill, Leiden
Wandrag EM, Dunham AE, Duncan RP, Rogers HS. 2017. Seed dispersal increases local species richness and reduces spatial turnover of tropical tree seedlings. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 114(40): 10689–10694. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1709584114
Wang G, Compton SG, Chen J. 2013. The mechanism of pollinator specificity between two sympatric fig varieties: A combination of olfactory signals and contact cues. Annals of Botany 111(2): 173–181. DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcs250
Wang R-W, Yang C-Y, Zhao G-F, Yang J-X. 2005. Fragmentation effects on diversity of wasp community and its impact on fig/fig wasp interaction in Ficus racemosa L . Journal of Integrative Plant Biology 47(1): 20–26
Womersley JS. 1981. Plant collecting and herbarium development. Food and Agriculture Organization of United Nations: Rome
Zhang Q, Onstein RE, Little SA, Sauquet H. 2019. Estimating divergence times and ancestral breeding systems in Ficus and Moraceae. Annals of Botany 123(1): 191–204. DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcy159
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