Screening sorghum varieties for salinity tolerance based on morpho-physiological and biochemical traits
Article Sidebar
Abstract Views: 290
File Views: 201
Main Article Content
Abstract
Abstract. Tarigan DM, Lestami A, Nawar MK, Barus WA, Munar A. 2025. Screening sorghum varieties for salinity tolerance based on morpho-physiological and biochemical traits. Biodiversitas 26: 5226-5237. The global food and energy crisis highlights the urgent need for alternative crops that can thrive on suboptimal land, including saline soils. Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) is a promising candidate due to its wide varietal diversity and adaptive potential. Evaluating varietal responses under salinity is essential to identify the most tolerant and productive types. This study assessed the morphological, physiological, and biochemical responses of six sweet sorghum varieties (Suri 3, Super 1, Super 2, Soper 6, Soper 7, and Soper 9) under salinity stress with an electrical conductivity of 6.59 dS/m. A non-factorial Randomized Block Design (RBD) with three replications was employed. Plant performance was evaluated through key traits, including biomass, chlorophyll content, cuticle thickness, and seed biochemical composition. The results indicated that Suri 3 and Soper 6 demonstrated superior tolerance compared to the other varieties. These genotypes maintained higher dry weight, better chlorophyll retention, thicker cuticles, and enhanced protein content under saline conditions. Among the measured variables, dry weight, cuticle thickness, total chlorophyll, and protein concentration were the most influential in distinguishing varietal tolerance levels. The study highlights that a combination of morpho-physiological and biochemical traits can serve as reliable indicators for identifying salinity-tolerant sorghum genotypes. Such findings provide valuable guidance for sorghum breeding and improvement programs, particularly in the development of sustainable agriculture on saline-prone lands.
Article Details
Issue
Section
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
References
Alane F, Rahale-Bouziane H, Fadjer Z. 2020. Feed quality of some populations and varieties of sorghum. Asian J Agric 4: 5-13. DOI: 10.13057/asianjagric/g040102.
Ariefin MN, Harsono P, Sakya AT. 2021. Potential of sorghum varieties as biofuel. Agromet 35: 108-115. DOI: 10.29244/j.agromet.35.2.108-115.
Ahmad Dar R, Ahmad Dar E, Kaur A, Gupta Phutela U. 2018. Sweet sorghum-a promising alternative feedstock for biofuel production. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 82 (7): 4070-4090. DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2017.10.066.
Ahmed MA. 2022. Physiological effects of salt stress on plant growth. Tikrit J Agric Sci 22 (3): 93-97. DOI: 10.25130/tjas.22.3.11.
Alkahtani J, Dwiningsih Y. 2023. Analysis of morphological, physiological, and biochemical traits of salt stress tolerance in asian rice cultivars at seedling and early vegetative stages. Stresses 3 (4): 717-735. DOI: 10.3390/stresses3040049.
Amombo E, Ashilenje D, Hirich A, Kouisni L, Oukarroum A, Ghoulam C, El Gharous M, Nilahyane A. 2022. Exploring the correlation between salt tolerance and yield: Research advances and perspectives for salt-tolerant forage sorghum selection and genetic improvement. Planta 255 (3): 71. DOI: 10.1007/s00425-022-03847-w.
Arif Y, Singh P, Siddiqui H, Bajguz A, Hayat S. 2020. Salinity induced physiological and biochemical changes in plants: An omic approach towards salt stress tolerance. Plant Physiol Biochem 156: 64-77. DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.08.042.
Ashraf M, Harris PJC. 2013. Photosynthesis under stressful environments: An overview. Photosynthetica 51: 163-190. DOI: 10.1007/s11099-013-0021-6.
Ashraf MA, Hafeez A, Rasheed R, Hussain I, Farooq U, Rizwan M, Ali S. 2023. Evaluation of physio-morphological and biochemical responses for salt tolerance in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars. J Plant Growth Regul 42: 4402-4422. DOI: 10.1007/s00344-023-10905-4.
Atta K, Mondal S, Gorai S, Singh AP, Kumari A, Ghosh T, Roy A, Hembram S, Gaikwad DJ, Mondal S, Bhattacharya S, Jha UC, Jespersen D. 2023. Impacts of salinity stress on crop plants: Improving salt tolerance through genetic and molecular dissection. Front Plant Sci 14: 1241736. DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1241736.
Baiseitova G, Sarsenbayev B, Kirshibayev E, Kamunur M. 2018. Influence of salinity (NaCl) on the photosynthetic pigments content of some sweet sorghum varieties. BIO Web Conf 11: 00003. DOI: 10.1051/bioconf/20181100003.
Bartels D, Sunkar R. 2005. Drought and salt tolerance in plants. Crit Rev Plant Sci 24 (1): 23-58. DOI: 10.1080/07352680590910410.
Bhosale SV, Kale AA, Dalvi US, Lokhande PK, Shelke SR, Narale SB. 2025. Biochemical analysis of sorghum in context to salinity tolerance at the pre-flowering stage under field conditions. Plant Arch 25 (1): 197-202.
Birhan T, Bantte K, Paterson A, Getenet M, Gabizew A. 2020. Evaluation and genetic analysis of a segregating sorghum population under moisture stress conditions. J Crop Sci Biotechnol 23: 29-38. DOI: 10.1007/s12892-019-0091-0.
Boscaiu M, Estrelles E, Soriano P, Vicente Ó. 2005. Effects of salt stress on the reproductive biology of the halophyte Plantago crassifolia. Biol Plant 49: 141-143. DOI: 10.1007/s10535-005-1143-x.
Boyles RE, Cooper EA, Myers MT, Brenton Z, Rauh BL, Morris GP, Kresovich S. 2016. Genome-wide association studies of grain yield components in diverse sorghum germplasm. Plant Genome 9 (2): plantgenome2015.09.0091. DOI: 10.3835/plantgenome2015.09.0091.
Boyles RE. 2016. Genetic study of grain yield and quality traits in sorghum. [Dissertations]. Clemson University, Clemson, US.
Chiconato DA, De Santana Costa MG, Balbuena TS, Munns R, Dos Santos DMM. 2021. Proteomic analysis of young sugarcane plants with contrasting salt tolerance. Funct Plant Biol 48 (6): 588-596. DOI: 10.1071/FP20314.
Chien S-WC, Liao J-H, Wang M-C, Mannepalli MR. 2009. Effect of Cl?, SO42?, and fulvate anions on Cd2+ free ion concentrations in simulated rhizosphere soil solutions. J Hazard Mater 172 (2-3): 809-817. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.07.076.
Dehnavi AR, Zahedi M, Ludwiczak A, Perez SC, Piernik A. 2020. Effect of salinity on seed germination and seedling development of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) genotypes. Agronomy 10 (6): 859. DOI: 10.3390/agronomy10060859.
Dehnavi AR, Zahedi M, Piernik A. 2023. Understanding salinity stress responses in sorghum: Exploring genotype variability and salt tolerance mechanisms. Front Plant Sci 14: 1296286. DOI: 10.3389/fpls2023.1296286.
Dewi ES, Abdulai I, Bracho-Mujica G, Appiah M, Rötter RP. 2023. Agronomic and physiological traits response of three tropical sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) cultivars to drought and salinity. Agronomy 13 (11): 2788. DOI: 10.3390/agronomy13112788.
Dourado PRM, de Souza ER, dos Santos MA, Lins CMT, Monteiro DR, Paulino MKSS, Schaffer B. 2022. Stomatal regulation and osmotic adjustment in sorghum in response to salinity. Agriculture 12 (5): 658. DOI: 10.3390/ agriculture12050658.
Drake PL, Froend RH, Franks PJ. 2013. Smaller, faster stomata: Scaling of stomatal size, rate of response, and stomatal conductance. J Exp Bot 64 (2): 495-505. DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ers347.
Elsiddig AMI, Zhou G, Zhu G, Nimir NEA, Suliman MSE, Ibrahim MEH, Ali AYA. 2023. Nitrogen fertilizers promoting salt tolerance of two sorghum varieties under different salt compositions. Chil J Agric Res 83 (1): 3-13. DOI: 10.4067/S0718-58392023000100003.
Espitia-Hernández P, González MLC, Ascacio-Valdés JA, Dávila-Medina D, Flores-Naveda A, Silva T, Chacón XR, Sepúlveda L. 2022. Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) as a potential source of bioactive substances and their biological properties. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 62 (8): 2269-2280. DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1852389.
Fernández V, Bahamonde HA, Peguero-Pina JJ, Gil-Pelegrín E, Sancho-Knapik D, Gil L, Goldbach HE, Eichert T. 2017. Physico-chemical properties of plant cuticles and their functional and ecological significance. J Exp Bot 68 (19): 5293-5306. DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx302.
Gambín BL, Borrás L. 2010. Resource distribution and the trade-off between seed number and seed weight: A comparison across crop species. Ann Appl Biol 156 (1): 91-102. DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-7348.2009.00367.x.
Goodwin SM, Jenks MA. 2007. Plant cuticle function as a barrier to water loss. In: Jenks MA, Hasegawa PM (eds). Plant Abiotic Stress. Blackwell Publishing Ltd, Oxford, UK. DOI: 10.1002/9780470988503.ch2.
Hailu B, Maheri H, Tamiru H. 2020. Evaluation of shorgum for salt stress tolerance using different stages as screening tool in Raya Valley, Northern Ethiopia. Ethiop J Agric Sci 30 (4): 265-276.
Hanafiah KA. 2016. Experimental Design: Theory and Applications. Sriwijaya University Press, Palembang.
Hao S, Wang Y, Yan Y, Liu Y, Wang J, Chen S. 2021. A review on plant responses to salt stress and their mechanisms of salt resistance. Horticulturae 7 (6): 132. DOI: 10.3390/horticulturae7060132.
Harsha SG, Geetha GA, Manjugouda IP, Shilpashree VM, Guhey A, Singh TH, Laxman RH, Satisha GC, Prathibha MD, Shivashankara KS. 2025. Unraveling salinity stress tolerance: Contrasting morpho-physiological, biochemical, and ionic responses in diverse brinjal (Solanum melongena L.) genotypes. Plant Physiol Biochem 222: 109666. DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2025.109666.
Hasanuzzaman M, Bhuyan MHMB, Parvin K, Bhuiyan TF, Anee TI, Nahar K, Hossen MS, Zulfiqar F, Alam MM, Fujita M. 2020. Regulation of ROS metabolism in plants under environmental stress: A review of recent experimental evidence. Intl J Mol Sci 21 (22): 8695. DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228695.
Hassan NE. 2024. Salinity stress in plants: Growth, photosynthesis, and adaptation review. GSC Adv Res Rev 20 (2): 231-243. DOI: 10.30574/gscarr.2024.20.2.0304.
Hemathilake DMKS, Gunathilake DMCC. 2022. Agricultural productivity and food supply to meet increased demands. In: Bhat R (eds). Future Foods: Global Trends, Opportunities, and Sustainability Challenges. Academic Press, Cambridge. DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-323-91001-9.00016-5.
Huang R-D. 2018. Research progress on plant tolerance to soil salinity and alkalinity in sorghum. J Integr Agric 17 (4): 739-746. DOI: 10.1016/s2095-3119(17)61728-3.
Huot B, Yao J, Montgomery BL, He SY. 2014. Growth-defense tradeoffs in plants: A balancing act to optimize fitness. Mol Plant 7 (8): 1267-1287. DOI: 10.1093/mp/ssu049.
Jeon D, Kim J-B, Kang B-C, Kim C. 2023. Deciphering the genetic mechanisms of salt tolerance in Sorghum bicolor L.: Key genes and SNP associations from comparative transcriptomic analyses. Plants 12 (14): 2639. DOI: 10.3390/plants12142639.
Jha S. 2022. Proteome responses of pearl millet genotypes under salinity. Plant Gene 29: 100347. DOI: 10.1016/j.plgene.2021.100347.
Kaboodkhani M, Mearaji HS, Aghaei K, Tavakoli A. 2024. Effects of salinity on some morphophysiological traits and grain yield of quinoa cultivars under greenhouse conditions. Plant Prod 47 (2): 213-227. DOI: 10.22055/ppd.2024.46220.2145.
Kausar A, Gull M. 2019. Influence of salinity stress on the uptake of magnesium, phosphorus, and yield of salt susceptible and tolerant some cultivars (Sorghum bicolor L.). J Appl Biol Biotechnol 7 (3): 53-58. DOI: 10.7324/JABB.2019.70310.
Kaymakanova M, Stoeva N. 2008. Physiological reaction of bean plants (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) to salt stress. Gen Appl Plant Physiol 34 (3-4): 177-188.
Kokebie D, Enyew A, Masresha G, Fentie T, Mulat E. 2024. Morphological, physiological, and biochemical responses of three different soybean (Glycine max L.) varieties under salinity stress conditions. Front Plant Sci 15: 1440445. DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1440445.
Kong W, Jin H, Goff VH, Auckland SA, Rainville LK, Paterson AH. 2020. Genetic analysis of stem diameter and water contents to improve sorghum bioenergy efficiency. G3 Genes Genomes Genetics 10 (11): 3991-4000. DOI: 10.1534/g3.120.401608.
Laamari I, Marques I, Ribeiro-Barros AI, Béjaoui Z, Abassi M. 2023. Can saline preconditioning enhance plant survival in degraded soils? Physiological, biochemical, and molecular responses in Casuarina glauca saplings. Plant Ecol 224: 905-919. DOI: 10.1007/s11258-023-01346-w.
Landi S, Hausman J-F, Guerriero G, Esposito S. 2017. Poaceae vs. abiotic stress: Focus on drought and salt stress, recent insights and perspectives. Front Plant Sci 8: 1214. DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01214.
Liang W, Ma X, Wan P, Liu L. 2018. Plant salt-tolerance mechanism: A review. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 495 (1): 286-291. DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.11.043.
Ma Y, Dias MC, Freitas H. 2020. Drought and salinity stress responses and microbe-induced tolerance in plants. Front Plant Sci 11: 591911. DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.591911.
Masriadi, Fauziah L, Gusmailina, Parandy LM, Indaryati. 2024. Addressing the global food security crisis and energy shortages: Innovative solutions and policy interventions for sustainable development. Intl J Sci Soc 6 (1): 748-759. DOI: 10.54783/ijsoc.v6i1.1060.
Massange-Sánchez JA, Sánchez-Hernández CV, Hernández-Herrera RM, Palmeros-Suárez PA. 2022. The biochemical mechanisms of salt tolerance in plants. In: Hasanuzzaman M, Nahar K (eds). Plant Stress Physiology - Perspectives in Agriculture. IntechOpen, London, UK. DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.101048.
Nadarajah KK. 2020. ROS homeostasis in abiotic stress tolerance in plants. Intl J Mol Sci 21 (15): 5208. DOI: 10.3390/ijms21155208.
Novita A, Siregar LAM, Rosmayati, Rahmawati N. 2023. Vetiver (Vetiveria zizanioides L.) ecotypes assessment for salinity tolerance. Sabrao J Breed Genet 55 (5): 1778-1788. DOI: 10.54910/sabrao2023.55.5.29.
Oh D-H, Hong H, Lee SY, Yun D-J, Bohnert HJ, Dassanayake M. 2014. Genome structures and transcriptomes signify niche adaptation for the multiple-ion-tolerant extremophyte Schrenkiella parvula. Plant Physiol 164 (4): 2123-2138. DOI: 10.1104/pp.113.233551.
Pan T, Liu M, Kreslavski VD, Zharmukhamedov SK, Nie C, Yu M, Kuznetsov VV, Allakhverdiev SI, Shabala S. 2021. Non-stomatal limitation of photosynthesis by soil salinity. Crit Rev Environ Sci Technol 51 (8): 791-825. DOI: 10.1080/10643389.2020.1735231.
Pantha P, Oh D-H, Longstreth D, Dassanayake M. 2023. Living with high potassium: Balance between nutrient acquisition and K-induced salt stress signaling. Plant Physiol 191 (2): 1102-1121. DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac564.
Peel JR, Sánchez MCM, Portillo JL, Golubov J. 2017. Stomatal density, leaf area, and plant size variation of Rhizophora mangle (Malpighiales: Rhizophoraceae) along a salinity gradient in the Mexican Caribbean. Rev Biol Trop 65 (2): 701-712. DOI: 10.15517/rbt.v65i2.24372.
Pessarakli M. 2018. Handbook of Photosynthesis. CRC Press, Boca Raton. DOI: 10.1201/9781315372136.
Petit J, Bres C, Mauxion J-P, Bakan B, Rothan C. 2017. Breeding for cuticle-associated traits in crop species: Traits, targets, and strategies. J Exp Bot 68 (19): 5369-5387. DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx341.
Ramadhan MR, Wahyuni S, Asnani. 2020. The effect of modification process on characteristics modified sorgum flour: A review. J Sains dan Teknologi Pangan 5: 2923-2931. [Indonesian]
Rauf A, Barus WA, Munar A, Lestami A. 2024. Physiological characteristics of the red rice with application of ascorbic acid under salinity stress conditions. Sabrao J Breed Genet 56 (4): 1437-1445. DOI: 10.54910/sabrao2024.56.4.10.
Sachdev S, Ansari SA, Ansari MI, Fujita M, Hasanuzzaman M. 2021. Abiotic stress and reactive oxygen species: Generation, signaling, and defense mechanisms. Antioxidants 10 (2): 277. DOI: 10.3390/antiox10020277.
Sadras VO. 2007. Evolutionary aspects of the trade-off between seed size and number in crops. Field Crops Res 100 (2-3): 125-138. DOI: 10.1016/j.fcr.2006.07.004.
Šerá B, Šerý M. 2004. Number and weight of seeds and reproductive strategies of herbaceous plants. Folia Geobot 39: 27-40. DOI: 10.1007/BF02803262.
Seyoum A, Gebreyohannes A, Nega A, Nida H, Tadesse T, Tirfessa A, Bejiga T. 2019. Performance evaluation of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) genotypes for grain yield and yield related traits in drought prone areas of Ethiopia. Adv Crop Sci Technol 7: 2. DOI: 10.4172/2329- 8863.1000439.
Shakeri E, Emam Y. 2018. Selectable traits in sorghum genotypes for tolerance to salinity stress. J Agric Sci Technol 19 (6): 1319-1332.
Siregar N. 2016. Growth and production response of sweet sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L) Moench). [Thesis]. Department of Agroecotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Sumatera Utara. [Indonesian]
Soil Survey Staff. 2014. Keys to Soil Taxonomy. 12th Edition, USDA-Natural Resources Conservation Service, Washington DC.
Soltabayeva A, Ongaltay A, Omondi JO, Srivastava S. 2021. Morphological, physiological, and molecular markers for salt-stressed plants. Plants 10 (2): 243. DOI: 10.3390/plants10020243.
Srivastava S. 2022. Morpho-anatomical adaptation against salinity. In: Kimatu JN (eds). IntechOpen, London, UK. DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.101681.
Sulistyawati, Roeswitawati D, Ibrahim JT, Maftuchah. 2019. Genetic diversity of local sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) genotypes of East Java, Indonesia for agro-morphological and physiological traits. Biodiversitas 20: 2503-2510. DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d200911.
Taratima W, Samattha C, Maneerattanarungroj P, Trunjaruen A. 2023. Physiological and anatomical response of rice (Oryza sativa L.) ‘Hom Mali Daeng’ at different salinity stress levels. Acta Agrobot 76: 1-12. DOI: 10.5586/aa.764.
Tarigan DM, Ismuhadi I. 2021. Morphological characteristics and yield of sweet sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) treated with palm oil mill effluent and KCL on converted oil palm land. Agrium 24 (1): 82-87. DOI: 10.30596/agrium.v23i2.6913. [Indonesian]
Thu NBA, Amtmann A, Blatt MR, Nguyen T-H. 2022. Stomata under salt stress—What can mechanistic modeling tell us? Adv Bot Res 103: 139-162. DOI: 10.1016/bs.abr.2022.02.012.
Tsai Y-C, Chen K-C, Cheng T-S, Lee C, Lin S-H, Tung CW. 2019. Chlorophyll fluorescence analysis in diverse rice varieties reveals the positive correlation between the seedlings salt tolerance and photosynthetic efficiency. BMC Plant Biol 19 (1): 403. DOI: 10.1186/s12870-019-1983-8.
Vanamala JKP, Massey AR, Pinnamaneni SR, Reddivari L, Reardon KF. 2018. Grain and sweet sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) serves as a novel source of bioactive compounds for human health. Crit Rev Food Sci 58 (17): 2867-2881. DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2017.1344186.
Wakeel A, Farooq M, Qadir M, Schubert S. 2011. Potassium substitution by sodium in plants. Crit Rev Plant Sci 30 (4): 401-413. DOI: 10.1080/07352689.2011.587728.
Wang J, Qiu N, Wang P, Zhang W, Yang X, Chen M, Wang B, Sun J. 2019. Na+ compartmentation strategy of Chinese cabbage in response to salt stress. Plant Physiol Biochem 140: 151-157. DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2019.05.001.
Wang Y, Ma W, Fu H, Li L, Ruan X, Zhang X. 2023. Effects of salinity stress on growth and physiological parameters and related gene expression in different ecotypes of Sesuvium portulacastrum on Hainan Island. Genes 14 (7): 1336. DOI: 10.3390/genes14071336.
Wani AS, Ahmad A, Hayat S, Tahir I. 2019. Epibrassinolide and proline alleviate the photosynthetic and yield inhibition under salt stress by acting on antioxidant system in mustard. Plant Physiol Biochem 135: 385-394. DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2019.01.002.
Webber H, Rezaei EE, Ryo M, Ewert F. 2022. Framework to guide modeling single and multiple abiotic stresses in arable crops. Agric Ecosyst Environ 340 (1): 108179. DOI: 10.1016/j.agee.2022.108179.
Widiastuti I, Himawan. 2021. Analysis of food diversification policy in overcoming the food crisis. Aksara: J Ilmu Pendidikan Nonformal 7 (3): 999-1008. DOI: 10.37905/aksara.7.3.999-1008.2021.
Yahfi MAN, Suminaeri E, Sebayang HT. 2017. The effect of timing and frequency of weed control on the growth and yield of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench). J Produksi Tanaman 5 (7): 1213-1219. [Indonesian]
Yang Z, van Oosterom EJ, Jordan DR, Hammer GL. 2009. Pre-anthesis ovary development determines genotypic differences in potential kernel weight in sorghum. J Exp Bot 60 (4): 1399-1408. DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erp019.
Yang Z, Li J-L, Liu L-N, Xie Q, Sui N. 2020. Photosynthetic regulation under salt stress and salt-tolerance mechanism of sweet sorghum. Front Plant Sci 10: 1722. DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01722.
Yusriani Y, Usrina N, Fitriawaty, Haiqal M, Hayanti SY, Qomariyah N, Bakar BA, Idawanni, Nathania NM, Sabri M. 2023. Potential and utilization of sorghum in dry land as animal feed. IOP Conf Ser: Earth Environ Sci 1297: 012023. DOI: 10.1088/1755-1315/1297/1/012023.
Zamani E, Bakhtari B, Razi H, Hildebrand D, Moghadam A, Alemzadeh A. 2024. Comparative morphological, physiological, and biochemical traits in sensitive and tolerant maize genotypes in response to salinity and Pb stress. Sci Rep 14: 31036. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-82173-5.
Zhao C, Zhang H, Song C, Zhu J-K, Shabala S. 2020. Mechanisms of plant responses and adaptation to soil salinity. Innovation 1 (1): 100017. DOI: 10.1016/j.xinn.2020.100017.