Mapping seagrass distribution in Gili Mantra National Conservation Area, Indonesia, using Sentinel 2A imagery
Article Sidebar
Abstract Views: 549
File Views: 0
Main Article Content
Abstract
Abstract. Jamil K, Najih MR, Hawati, Suleman Y, Mustafa, Awaluddin, Rahmaniar N, Aisyah N. 2025. Mapping seagrass distribution in Gili Mantra National Conservation Area, Indonesia, using Sentinel 2A imagery. Biodiversitas 26: 4324-4333. Indonesia, an archipelagic country dominated by coastal areas, possesses high biodiversity and abundant natural resources. Among these, seagrass ecosystems play a vital ecological role by providing habitat, supporting marine biodiversity, and stabilizing coastal sediments. Gili Trawangan Island, located in North Lombok District, West Nusa Tenggara Province, Indonesia, is surrounded by extensive seagrass beds. However, increasing anthropogenic activities have altered environmental conditions, leading to reduced water quality and degradation of coastal ecosystems, including seagrass habitats. This study aimed to assess the distribution and composition of seagrass beds on Gili Trawangan Island over the past two years. Field surveys were conducted from January to March 2024 using a quadrat-transect method, with 100 m transect lines laid perpendicular to the coastline and sampling performed with 50×50 cm2 frames at 10 m intervals. Satellite imagery from Sentinel-2A was also processed to complement field observations. Three seagrass species were recorded: Cymodocea rotundata, Thalassia hemprichii, and Halodule pinifolia. Cymodocea rotundata showed the highest density at all four sampling stations, whereas T. hemprichii exhibited the lowest. Seagrass coverage declined markedly from approximately 75 ha in 2022 to 44 ha in 2023. These findings provide essential baseline information for the sustainable conservation and management of seagrass ecosystems in Gili Trawangan.
Article Details
Issue
Section
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
References
Adi W. 2015. Review of seagrass bed cover changes using remote sensing at Lepar Island Bangka Belitung Islands Province. Maspari J 7 (1): 71-78. [Indonesian]
Ansal MH, Priosambodo D, Litaay M, Salam MA. 2017. Seagrass community structure in the waters of the Waisai Islands, Raja Ampat Regency, West Papua. Jurnal Ilmu Alam Lingkungan 8 (15): 29-37. [Indonesian]
Basyuni M, Puspita M, Rahmania R, Albasri H, Pratama I, Purbani D, Aznawi AA, Mubaraq A, Al-Mustaniroh SS, Menne F, Rahmila YI, Salmo LSG, Susilowati A, Larekeng SH, Ardli E, Kajita T. 2024. Current biodiversity status, distribution, and prospects of seaweed in Indonesia: A systematic review. Heliyon 10 (1): 1-14. DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e31073.
Bongga M, Sondak CF, Kumampung DR, Roeroe KA, Tilaar SO, Sangari J. 2021. Assessment of seagrass health condition in Mokupa Waters, Tombariri District, Minahasa Regency. J Trop Coast Mar 9 (3): 44-54. DOI: 10.35800/jplt.9.3.2021.36519. [Indonesian]
Castro-Fernández J, Castejón-Silvo I, Hinz H, Westcott AE, Terrados J. 2025. Differences in habitat complexity between restored and natural seagrass meadows shape fish community structure. Nat-Based Solut 7 (1): 100230. DOI: 10.1016/j.nbsj.2025.100230.
Curry T, Krause JW, Baker R. 2020. Small—scale variability in carbon isotope ratios of microphytobenthos and dissolved inorganic carbon in a Northern Gulf of Mexico Salt Marsh. Gulf Carribb 31 (1): 41-45. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18785/gcr.3101.16.
Djafar J, Mamu H. 2022. Biodiversity of seagrass species in the waters of boat mooring tourism in East Pentadu Village, Boalemo Regency. Bioma 7 (2): 14-23. [Indonesian]
Fahruddin M, Ilyas AP. 2023. Conditions of seagrass ecosystems in Ketapang Coastal Waters, West Lombok Regency. Habitus Aquat J 4 (1): 17-22. DOI: 10.29244/HAJ.4.1.17. [Indonesian]
Fahruddin M, Yulianda F, Setyobudiandi I. 2017. Density and The Coverage of Seagrass Ecosystem in Bahoi Village Coastal Waters, Notrh Sulawesi. Jurnal Ilmu Teknologi Kelautan Tropis 9 (1): 375-383. DOI: 10.21107/jk.v16i3.19240. [Indonesian]
Fernando R, Melani WR, Kurniawan D. 2019. Effect of sedimentation rate on seagrass density in Beloreng Waters, Tembeling Tanjung Village, Bintan Regency. Jurnal Akuatik Lestari 3 (1): 10-17. DOI: 10.31629/akuatiklestari.v3i1.936. [Indonesian]
Fitrian TM Kusnadi A, Persilette RN. 2017. Seagrass community structure of Tayando-Tam Island, Southeast Moluccas, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 18 (2): 788-794. DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d180250.
Government of the Republic of Indonesia. 2021. Government Regulation No. 22 of 2021 concerning the Implementation of Environmental Protection and Management. State Gazette of the Republic of Indonesia of 2021 No. 32. State Secretariat, Jakarta. [Indonesian]
Hafizt M, Danoedrono P. 2015. Study of the Effect of water column correction on worldview-2 multispectral imagery for benthic habitat mapping in Kemujan Island, Karimunjawa Islands, Jepara Regency. In: Ita C, Setyardi MP, Ahmad SY, Dipo, Fajar F (eds). Prosiding Pertemuan Ilmiah Tahunan MAPIN XX. IPB Bogor, 5-6 February 2015. [Indonesian]
Hartati R, Widianingsih W, Santoso A, Endrawati H, Zainuri M, Riniatsih I, Mahendrajaya RT. 2017. Variation of seagrass species composition and density in Ujung Piring Waters, Jepara Regency. Trop Mar J 20 (2): 96-105. DOI: 10.14710/jkt.v20i2.1702. [Indonesian]
Hutomo M, Moosa MK. 2005. Indonesia has large marine resources both in terms of quality and biodiversity quality. Indian J Mar Sci 34 (1): 88-97.
Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI). 2018. Status of Indonesian Seagrass Ecosystems 2018. Oceanographic Research Center-LIPI, Jakarta.
Indonesian Ministry of Environment. 2004. Decree of the Minister of Environment No. 51 of 2004 concerning Marine Water Quality Standards. Ministry of Environment of the Republic of Indonesia, Jakarta. [Indonesian]
Inocentes JAB, Escalante KD, Gino AI, Prado GT, Uy GML, Justol AE, Fernandez JL, Gacang JO, Lacorte CD, Cortes ST, Retubado ZA, Lorca AS, Almagro JJN. 2025. Assessing the economic value of a seagrass ecosystem in Southern Cebu, Philippines. Biodiversitas 26 (4): 1898-1912. DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d260439.
Kofidou M. 2024. Involvement of remote sensing and GIS in sustainable groundwater monitoring: An overview. JSM Environ Sci Ecol 12 (2): 107. DOI: 10.47739/2333-7141/1097.
Kurniawan H, Yulianto B, Riniatsih I. 2021. Seagrass meadow condition in Awur Bay Jepara associated with aquatic environmental parameters and the presence of plastic macro-waste. J Mar Res 10 (1): 29-38. DOI: 10.14710/jmr.v10i1.28266. [Indonesian]
Kuwae T, Watanabe A, Yoshihara S, Suehiro F, Sugimura Y. 2022. Implementation of blue carbon offset crediting for seagrass meadows, macroalgal beds, and macroalgae farming in Japan. Mar Policy 138 (1): 1-11. DOI: 10.1016/j.marpol.2022.104996.
Latuconsina H, Sangadji M, Sarfan L. 2014. Community structure of seagrass beds in Wael Beach waters, Kotania Bay, West Seram Regency. J Sci Agr Fish 6 (3): 1-9. DOI: 10.29239/j.agrikan.6.0.24-32. [Indonesian]
Machireddy SR. 2023. Natural resource management using remote sensing and geographic information systems. Environ Sci Eng 2 (2): 73-82. DOI: 10.46632/ese/2/2/12.
Maulana YR, Supriharyono, Febrianto S. 2018. Mapping coral reef distribution using spot-6 satellite imagery in Pari Island Waters, Thousand Islands, Jakarta. Manag Aquat Resour J 7 (3): 279-287. DOI: 10.14710/marj.v7i3.22552. [Indonesian]
Ningtasya TV, Adibrata S, Gustomi A. 2020. Analysis of changes in seagrass community structure in the coastal waters of Tanjung Kerasak, Pasir Putih Village, South Bangka District. Aquat Sci 2 (1): 1-10. [Indonesian]
Nyangoko BP, Chauka LJ, Meysick L, Rohde S, Adams J, Schupp P. 2025. Stakeholders' perspectives on seagrass ecosystem services and their threats vary across Zanzibar archipelago, Tanzania. Reg Stud Mar Sci 89: 104271. DOI: 10.1016/j.rsma.2025.104271
Orth RJ, Carruthers TJB, Dennison WC, Duarte CM, Fourqurean JW, Heck KL, Hughes AR, Kendrick GA, Kenworthy WJ, Olyarnik S, Short FT, Waycott M, Williams SL. 2006. A global crisis for seagrass ecosystems. Biosicence 56 (12): 987-996. DOI: 10.1641/0006-3568(2006)56[987:AGCFSE]2.0.CO;2.
Purwanto AD, Setiawan KT, Ginting DNB. 2019. Data utilization remote sensing data utilization for shallow marine waters habitat extraction in Pemuteran, Bali, Indonesia. J Trop For 22 (2):165-172. DOI: 10.14710/jkt.v22i2.5092.
Rahmi DA, Jefri E, Buhari N, Hotmariyah. 2025. Macroalgae biodiversity in Gili Mantra Conservation Area. Fish J 15 (1): 14-25. DOI: 10.29303/jp.v15i1.923. [Indonesian]
Ridho MG, Supriharyono RA. 2018. Analysis of distance and depth relationship with seagrass communication structure in Shower Beach, Karimunjawa Islands. Manag Aquat Resour J 7 (4): 352-360. DOI: 10.14710/marj.v7i4.22569. [Indonesian]
Riniatsih I, Hartati R, Widianingsih W, Mahendrajaya RT. 2023. Seagrass ecological quality index of seagrass meadows in Jepara Waters, Central Java, Indonesia. IOP Conf Ser Earth Environ Sci 1224: 012027. DOI: 10.1088/1755-1315/1224/1/012027.
Risandi J, Rifai H, Lukman KM, Sondak CFA, Hernawan UE, Quevedo JMD, Hidayat R, Ambo-Rappe R, Lanuru M, McKenzie L, Kohsaka R, Nadaoka K. 2023. Hydrodynamics across seagrass meadows and its impacts on Indonesian coastal ecosystems: A review. Front Earth Sci 11: 1034827. DOI: 10.3389/feart.2023.1034827.
Rombe KH, Rosalina D, Jamil H, Surachmat A, Imran A. 2022. Distribution patterns of seagrass species diversity in the waters of Tanjung Pallette and Tangkulara, Bone Regency, South Sulawesi Province. Airaha J 9 (2): 164-170. DOI: 10.15578/ja.v9i02.172. [Indonesian]
Rosalina D, Awaluddin, Putri W. 2022. Monitoring seagrass condition in Banda Sea Tourism Park (TWP), Banda District, Central Maluku Regency, Maluku Province. Indones J Mar Sci 15 (1): 8-14. DOI: 10.21107/jk.v15i1.13240. [Indonesian]
Rosalina D, Jamil K, Arafat Y, Amalia R, Leilani A. 2023. Mapping of seagrass ecosystem on Bontosua Island, Pangkep District, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 24 (4): 2023-2030. DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d240411.
Rothing T, Trewathan-Tackett SM, Voolstra CR, Ross C, Chaffron S, Durack PJ, Warmuth LM, Sweet M. 2023. Human-induced salinity changes impact marine organisms and ecosystems. Glob Change Biol 29 (17): 4731-4749. DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16859.
Sabilah AA, Siregar VP, Amran MA. 2021. Comparison of seagrass cover classification based-on sym and fuzzy algorithms using multi-scale imagery in Kodingareng Lompo Island. Jurnal Ilmu Teknologi Kelautan Tropis 13 (1): 97-112. DOI: 10.29244/jitkt.v13i1.34765.
Sando F, Okto S, Sudirman A. 2022. Seagrass community structure in the Waters of Sadai Village, South Bangka Regency. J Trop Mar Sci 5 (2): 149-154. DOI: 10.33019/jour.trop.mar.sci.v5i2.2324. [Indonesian]
Septiani S, Akhrianti I, Pamungkas A. 2022. Utilization of Sentinel 2A imagery for mapping seagrass ecosystem distribution in Long Island Waters, Central Bangka. J Trop Mar Sci 5 (2): 131-139. DOI: 10.33019/jour.trop.mar.sci.v5i2.3010. [Indonesian]
Sondak CF, Kaligis EY. 2022. Assessing the seagrasses meadows status and condition: A case study of Wori Seagrass Meadows, North Sulawesi, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 23 (4): 2156-2166. DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d230451.
Supratman O, Farhaby AM, Hneri, Septiyati MU, Adi W. 2024. Carbon stock, density, and biomass of seagrass in South Bangka, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 25 (4): 1736-1742. DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d250444.
Tomascik T, Mah AJ, Nontji A, Moosa MK. 1997. The Ecology of the Indonesia Seas, Part I. Periplus, Singapore.
Tupan CI, Uneputty PA. 2018. Growth and production of leaves Thalassia hemprichii on The Suli Coastal Waters, Ambon Island. Intl J Mar Eng Innov Res 2 (2): 112-116. DOI: 10.12962/j25481479.v2i2.3647.
Unsworth RK, Rappe AR, Jones BL, La Nafie YA, Irawan A, Hemawan UE, Moore AM, Cullen-Unsworth LC. 2018. Indonesia’s globally significant seagrass meadows area under widespread threet. Sci Total Environ 634: 279-286. DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.03.315.
Vieira MLM, de Lima CLA, de Souza JRB, Feitosa JLL. 2020. Effects of beach seine fishing on the biodiversity of seagrass fish assemblages. Reg Stud Mar Sci 40: 101527. DOI: 10.1016/j.rsma.2020.101527.
Wahab I, Madduppa H, Kawaroe M. 2018. Comparison of macrozobenthos abundance in seagrass ecosystem during full moon and perbani in Panggang Island, Seribu Islands. Jakarta. J Trop Mar Sci Technol 10 (1): 217-229. DOI: 10.29244/jitkt.v10i1.18974. [Indonesian]
Widayanti TF, Djafar EM, Hakim MZ, Rivanie SS, Ashri M. 2022. Legal protection concerning marine environment and coastal areas in Indonesia based on the convention on biological diversity (CBD). IOP Conf Ser Earth Environ Sci 1119 (1): 012006. DOI: 10.1088/1755-1315/1119/1/012006.
Wong MC. 2018. Secondary production of macrobenthic communities in seagrass (Zostera marina, eelgrass) beds and bare soft sediments across differing environmental conditions in Atlantic Canada. Estuar Coast 41: 536-548. DOI: 10.1007/s12237-017-0286-2.
Zimmerman RC 2007. Light and photosynthesis in seagrass meadows. In: Larkum AWD, Orth RJ, Duarte CM (eds). Seagrasses: Biology, Ecology and Conservation. Springer, Dordrecht.