Application of wheat flour (Triticum aestivum) on spore density and sporulation efficiency of Bacillus megaterium isolated from Litopenaeus vannamei gastrointestinal tract

##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.main##

I MADE DEDI MAHARIAWAN
WAHYU ENDRA KUSUMA
ATING YUNIARTI
M.A.G. BELTRAN
ANIK MARTINAH HARIATI

Abstract

Abstract. Mahariawan IMD, Kusuma WE, Yuniarti A, Beltran MAG, Hariati AM. 2021. Application of wheat flour (Triticum aestivum) on spore density and sporulation efficiency of Bacillus megaterium isolated from Litopenaeus vannamei gastrointestinal tract. Biodiversitas 22: 3709-3715. Bacillus megaterium is frequently used in fish farming, such as white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) pond, which can produce spores with high stability in its implementation. Currently, spore production still requires the availability of high-cost carbon sources. The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of different wheat flour doses on spore density and sporulation efficiency of B. megaterium BM1. In flasks, 50 mL of each test medium was treated with different doses of wheat (10, 20, 30 and 40 g. L-1, respectively) and glucose was used as a control. Each treatment was inoculated with B. megaterium BM1 (2.6 x 108 CFU. mL-1) and incubated in a shaker incubator (120 rpm) at 37 °C for 120 hours. The results showed that the highest vegetative cell concentration (17 x 108 CFU. mL-1), growth rate (0.8 hour-1) and spore (14.7 x 108 spores. mL-1) were found in the wheat flour dose of 30 g. L-1. Furthermore, the highest sporulation efficiency was achieved at 20 g. L-1 of wheat (91.30%) and germination should be done at a dose less than 40 g. L-1. The size of the spores was 1.35-1.39 µm. Thus, 30 g. L-1 of wheat flour is a potential dose to produce spore for probiotic candidates.


 

##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.details##

References
Aftabuddin S, Kashem MA, Kader MA, Sikder MNA, Hakim MA. 2013. Use of Streptomyces fradiae and Bacillus megaterium as probiotics in the experimental culture of tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon (Crustacea, Penaeidae). Aquaculture, Aquarium, Conservation & Legislation 6:253–267.
Allen RJ, Waclaw B. 2018. Bacterial growth: a statistical physicist’s guide. Reports on Progress in Physics 82:1–55.
Ananthanarayanan L, Dubhashi A. 2016. Study of probiotic attributes of two isolates Bacillus aerius and Bacillus cereus. International Journal of Research Studies in Biosciences 4:34–39.
Anderson RKI, Jayaraman K. 2003. Influence of carbon and nitrogen sources on the growth and sporulation of Bacillus thuringiensis var Galleriae for biopesticide production. Chemical and Biochemical Engineering Quarterly 17:225–231.
Ayoola SO, Idowu AA. 2008. Biotechnology and species development in aquaculture. African Journal of Biotechnology 7:4722–4725
Bader J, Albin A, Stahl U. 2012. Spore-forming bacteria and their utilisation as probiotics. Beneficial Microbes 3:67–75.
Bressuire-Isoard C, Broussolle V, Carlin F. 2018. Sporulation environment influences spore properties in Bacillus: Evidence and insights on underlying molecular and physiological mechanisms. FEMS Microbiology Reviews 42:614–626.
Buruiana CT, Profir AG, Vizireanu C. 2014. Effects of probiotic Bacillus species in aquaculture – An overview. Annals of the University Dunarea de Jos of Galati Fascicle VI: Food Technology 38:9–17.
Carrera M, Zandomeni RO, Fitzgibbon J, Sagripanti JL. 2007. Difference between the spore sizes of Bacillus anthracis and other Bacillus species. Journal of Applied Microbiology 102:303–312.
Carvalho ALUD, Oliveira FHPCD, Mariano RDLR, Gouveia ER, Souto-Maior AM. 2010. Growth, sporulation and production of bioactive compounds by Bacillus subtilis R14. Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology 53:643-652.
Cutting SM. 2011. Bacillus probiotics. Food Microbiolology 28:214–220.
Danish M, Trivedi RN, Kanyal P, Khati A, Agrawal R. 2017. Importance of biotechnology in fish farming system?: an overview. Progressive Research – An International Journal 12:7-14.
de Vries YP, Atmadja RD, Hornstra LM, de Vos WM, Abee T. 2005. Influence of glutamate on growth, sporulation, and spore properties of Bacillus cereus ATCC 14579 in defined medium. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 71:3248-3254.
Eshaghzadeh H, Hoseinifar SH, Vahabzadeh H, Ringo E. 2014. The effects of dietary inulin on growth performances, survival and digestive enzyme activities of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) fry. Aquaculture Nutrition 21:242–247.
Francis MB, Sorg JA. 2016. Dipicolinic Acid release by germinating clostridium difficile spores occurs through a mechanosensing mechanism. mSphere 1:1–13.
Gauvry E, Mathot AG, Leguérinel I, Couvert O, Postollec F, Broussolle V, Coroller L. 2016. Knowledge of the physiology of spore-forming bacteria can explain the origin of spores in the food environment. Research in Microbiology 168:369-378.
Gozari M, Mortazavi MS, Bahador N, Rabbaniha M. 2016. Isolation and screening of antibacterial and enzyme producing marine actinobacteria to approach probiotics against some pathogenic vibrios in shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. Iranian Journal of Fisheries Science 15: 630–644.
Grage K, McDermott P, Rehm BHA. 2017. Engineering Bacillus megaterium for production of functional intracellular materials. Microbial Cell Factories 16:1-12.
Hall BG, Acar H, Nandipati A, Barlow M. 2013. Growth rates made easy. Molecular Biology and Evolution 31:232-238.
Hassan SS, Malek RA, Atim A, Jikan SS, Fuzi SFZM. 2014. Effects of different carbon sources for high level lactic acid production by Lactobacillus casei. Applied Mechanics and Materials 695:220-223.
Jackson MA, Bothast RJ. 1990. Carbon concentration and carbon-to-nitrogen ratio influence submerged-culture conidiation by the potential bioherbicide Colletotrichum truncatum NRRL 13737. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 56:3435-3438.
Kang BC, Lee SY, Chang HN. 1992. Enhanced spore production of Bacillus thuringiensis by fed-batch culture. Biotechnology Letters. 14:721–726.
Khardziani T, Kachlishvili E, Sokhadze K, Elisashvili V, Weeks R, Chikindas ML, Chistyakov V. 2017a. Elucidation of Bacillus subtilis KATMIRA 1933 potential for spore production in submerged fermentation of plant raw materials. Probiotics and Antimicrobial Proteins 9:435-443.
Khardziani T, Sokhadze K, Kachlishvili E, Chistyakov V, Elisashvili V. 2017b. Optimization of enhanced probiotic spores production in submerged cultivation of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens B-1895. Journal of Microbiology, Biotechnology and Food Science 7:132-136.
Krawczyk AO, Jong AD, Omony J, Holsappel S, Wells-Bennik MHJ, Kuipers OP, Eijlander RT. 2017. Spore heat activation requirements and germination responses correlate with sequences of germinant receptors and with the presence of a specific spoVA2mob operon in foodborne strains of Bacillus subtilis. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 83:1-16.
Lakshmi SG, Jayanthi N, Saravanan M, Ratna MS. 2017. Safety assesment of Bacillus clausii UBBC07, a spore forming probiotic. Toxicology Reports 4:62-71.
Lee J, Park I, Choi Y, Cho J. 2012. Bacillus strains as feed additives: In vitro evaluation of its potential probiotic properties. Revista Colombiana de Ciencias Pecuaris 25:577-585.
Li J, Tan B, Mai K. 2009. Dietary probiotic Bacillus OJ and isomaltooligosaccharides influence the intestine microbial populations, immune responses and resistance to white spot syndrome virus in shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). Aquaculture 291:35–40
Mazmira MM, Ramlah SAA, Rosfarizan M, Ling TC, Ariff AB. 2012. Effect of saccharides on growth, sporulation rate and ?-endotoxin synthesis of Bacillus thuringiensis. African Journal of Biotechnology 11:9654-9663.
Mikkelsen D, Flanagan BM, Dykes GA, Gidley MJ. 2009. Influence of different carbon sources on bacterial cellulose production by Gluconacetobacter xylinus strain ATCC 53524. Journal of Applied Microbiology 107:576-583.
Molina-Ramirez C, Castro M, Osorio M, Torres-Taborda M, Gomez B, Zuluaga R, Gomez C, Ganan P, Rojas OJ, Castro C. 2017. Effect of different carbon sources on bacterial nanocellulose production and structure using the low pH resistant strain Komagataeibacter medellinensis. Matererials 10:639.
Monteiro SMS, Clemente JJ, Carrondo T, Cunha AE. 2014. Enhanced spore production of Bacillus subtillis grow in a chemically defined medium. Advances in Microbiology 4:444–454.
Monteiro SM, Clemente JJ, Henriques AO, Gomes RJ, Carrondo MJ, Cunha AE. 2005. A procedure for high?yield spore production by Bacillus subtilis. Biotechnology Progress 21:1026-1031.
Nur IT, Tahera J, Munna MS, Rahman MM, Noor R. 2015. Impact of different carbon sources on the in vitro growth and viability of Escherichia coli (SUBE01) and Salmonella spp. (SUBS01) cells. Bangladesh Journal of Microbiology 32: 39-44.
Posada-Uribe LF, Romero-Tabarez M, Villegas-Escobar V. 2015. Effect of medium components and culture conditions in Bacillus subtilis EA-CB0575 spore production. Bioprocess and Biosystem Engineering 38:1879–1888.
Prabhurajeshwar C, Chandrakanth K. 2019. Evaluation of antimicrobial properties and their substances against pathogenic bacteria in-vitro by probiotic Lactobacilli strains isolated from commercial yoghurt. Clinical Nutrition Experimental 23:97–115.
Rai D, Tewari AK. 2016. Evaluation of different carbon and nitrogen sources for better growth and sporulation of T. harzianum (Th14). Journal of Agricultural Biotechnology and Sustainable Development 8:67–70.
Rathore SS, Mamun MAA, Nasren S, Rakesh K. 2019. Biotechnology: To speedup aquaculture. Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies 7:706–708.
Ricca E, Cutting SM. 2003. Emerging applications of bacterial spores in nanobiotechnology. Journal of Nanobiotechnology 1:1–10.
Roy SV, Hajare SN, Gautam S, Deobagkar D, Sharma A. 2015. Sporulation-associated mother cell lysis in Bacillus displays markers of programmed cell death. Current Science 109:1283-1292.
Sahu MK, Swarnakumar NS, Sivakumar K, Thangaradjou T, Kannan L. 2008. Probiotics in aquaculture: importance and future perspectives. Indian Journal of Microbiology 48:299-308.
Salazar-Magallon JA, Hernandez-Velazquez VM, Alvear-Garcia A, Arenas-Sosa I, Pena-Chora G. 2015. Evaluation of industrial by-products for the production of Bacillus thuringiensis strain GP139 and the pathogenicity when applied to Bemisia tabaci nymphs. Bulletin of Insectology 68:103-109.
Sarudu NH, Selaman OS, Baini R, Rosli NA. 2015. Evaluation on factors affecting bacteria growth in collected rainwater. Journal of Civil Engineering Science Technology 6:11-17.
Sauls JT, Cox SE, Do Q, Castillo V, Ghulam-Jelani Z, Jun S. 2019. Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria share common principles to coordinate growth and the cell cycle at the single-cell level. bioRxiv 726596.
Senthilkumar M, Nizam M, Narayanasamy P. 2011. Development of a semi-synthetic medium for production of azygospores of Zoophthora radicans (Brefeld) Batko, a pathogen of rice leaf folder. Journal of Biopecticides 4:43-47.
Serio AW, Pechter KB, Sonenshein AL. 2006. Bacillus subtilis aconitase is required for efficient late-sporulation gene expression. Journal of Bacteriology 188:6396-6405.
Setlow P. 2003. Spore germination. Current Opinion in Microbiology 6:550–556.
Silva DR, Sardi JDCO, Pitangui NDS, Roque SM, Silva ACBD, Rosalen PL. 2020. Probiotics as an alternative antimicrobial therapy: Current reality and future directions. Journal of Functional Foods 73:104080.
Stancu MM. 2020. Biosurfactant production by a Bacillus megaterium strain. Open Life Sciences 15:629–637.
Stojanovic SS, Karabegovic I, Beskoski V, Nikoli? N, Lazi? M. 2019. Bacillus based microbial formulations: Optimization of the production process. Hemijska Industrija 73:169-182.
Swapna B, Venkatrayulu C, Swathi AV. 2015. Effect of probiotic bacteria Bacillus licheniformis and Lactobacillus rhamnosus on growth of the Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone, 1931). European Journal of Experimental Biology 5:31–36.
Thomas VC, Sadykov MR, Chaudhari SS, Jones J, Endres JL, Widhelm TJ, Ahn JS, Jawa RS, Zimmerman MC, Bayles KW. 2014. A central role for carbon-overflow pathways in the modulation of bacterial cell death. PLOS Pathogens 10:1-13.
Vadia S, Levin PA. 2015. Growth rate and cell size: a re-examination of the growth law. Current Opinion in Microbiology 24:96-103.
Verma G, Gupta A. 2015. Probiotics application in aquaculture: Improving nutrition and heath. Journal of Animal Feed Science and Technology 3:53-64.
Wang X, Xia K, Yang X, Tang C. 2019. Growth strategy of microbes on mixed carbon sources. Nature Communications 10:1-7.
Won S, Hamidoghli A, Choi W, Bae J, Jang WJ, Lee S, Bai SC. 2020. Evaluation of potential probiotics Bacillus subtilis WB60, Pediococcus pentosaceus, and Lactococcus lactis on growth performance, immune response, gut histology and immune-related genes in Whiteleg Shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei. Microorganisms 8:1-15.
Zhang H, Lyu Z, Fan Y, Evans CR, Barber KW, Banerjee K, Igoshin OA, Rinehart J, Ling J. 2020. Metabolic stress promotes stop-codon readthrough and phenotypic heterogeneity. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 117:22167-22172.

Most read articles by the same author(s)