Length-weight relationship, sex ratio, mortality and growth condition of natural stock of Macrobrachium rosenbergii from the estuarine systems of North Kalimantan, Indonesia
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Abstract. Indarjo A, Salim G, Nugraeni CD, Zein M, Ransangan J, Prakoso LY, Suhirwan, Anggoro S. 2021. Length-weight relationship, sex ratio, mortality and growth condition of natural stock of Macrobrachium rosenbergii from the estuarine systems of North Kalimantan, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 22: 846-857. Giant prawns (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) in North Kalimantan Province, Indonesia are commonly found inhabiting estuarine areas in Salimbatu Village (Bulungan District), Tepian Village (Nunukan District) and Buong Baru and Sesayap Villages (Tana Tidung District). The present study was conducted to analyze the relationship between length and weight, sex ratio, mortality, and growth condition index of the naturally occurring giant prawns in three districts namely Bulungan, Nunukan, and Tana Tidung in the North Kalimantan Province, Indonesia. The samplings were carried out for a period of seven months beginning April to November 2020. The results revealed that the giant prawns in Buong Baru Village, Sesayap Village, and Salimbatu Village were characterized to have negative allometric growth patterns. Interestingly, the male giant prawns in Tepian Village were observed to exhibit positive allometric growth pattern. The ratio sex analysis of the giant prawns in the four villages indicated that female prawns were more than male. In terms of size distribution, Salimbatu Village exhibited 60.1% of prawns measured at 14.02-17.74cm (size range of 10.3-47.5 cm). In Tepian Village, 32.9% of the prawns were observed to measure between 11.20-12.80 cm (size range of 8.0-24.0 cm). In Buong Baru Village, it was observed 18.5% of the prawns measured 22.0-25.5 cm and 29.0-32.5 cm (size range of 15.0-50.0 cm), respectively. Finally, 28.3% of the prawns in Sesayap Village was observed to measure at 12.19-14.02 cm from the overall size distribution between 6.7-25.0 cm. Relative condition factor of giant prawns found in the waters of Salimbatu Village, Tepian Village, and Buong Baru Village waters and Sesayap Village waters was characterized by thin body shape. The maximum length of male prawns was higher than female prawns in Salimbatu Village, Desa Tepian and Sesayap Village, except in Buong Baru Village where female was longer than male. The exploitation rate and fishing mortalities of prawns were higher in Buong Baru Village, Tana Tidung District. Giant prawn fishery contributes to the socio-economic development of the people in North Kalimantan. Hence, sustainable fishery management of this species, particularly in Buong Baru Village is urgently needed so that it can continue to provide livelihoods to the fishermen in the area.
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References
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Arimoro FO, Meye JA. Some aspects of the biology of Macrobrachium dux (Lenz, 1910). (Crustacea: Decapoda: Natania) in River Orogodo Niger Delta, Nigeria. Acta. Biol. Columbia. 2007; 12(1):111-122
Bahuguna P. Sex population structure of Macrobrachium assamense peninsularie (Tiwari) (Crustacea, Decapoda Palaemonidae) in Khoh River, Uttarakhand, India. Int’l Journ of Current Microbio and Ap Sci. 2013; 2(10):382-390.
E.D. Aflalo a, T.T.T. Hoang b, V.H. Nguyen b, Q. Lam b, D.M. Nguyen b, Q.S. Trinh b, S. Raviv a, A. Sagi,. 2006. A novel two-step procedure for mass production of all-male populations of the giant freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii. Aquaculture. 256: 468–478.
Effendie, M. I. (2002). Biologi Perikanan. In Yayasan Pustaka Nusatama. Yogyakarta.
Effendie, M. (1979). Metode biologi perikanan. Yayasan Dewi Sri. Bogor.
Firdaus M., Salim G., Cahyadi J., Weliyadi E., Bintoro G., (2020). Model and nature of growth of red snapper fish (Lutjanus argentimaculatus (Forsskål, 1775)) fishing catch of bottom fish pots in Bunyu waters, North Kalimantan. AACL Bioflux 13(3):1410-1421.
Firdaus, M., Lelono, T. D., Saleh, R., Bintoro, G., & Salim, G. (2018). The expression of the body shape in fish species Harpadon nehereus (Hamilton, 1822) in the waters of juata laut, tarakan city, north kalimantan. AACL Bioflux, 11(3). DOI: 10.5281/zonodo.1250264.
Firdaus, Muhammad, & Salim, G. (2011). Mengkaji Populasi Ikan Puput (Ilisha elongata) yang berasal dari Perairan Kota Tarakan. Harpodon, 4(1), 46–53. DOI: 10.35334/harpodon.v4i1.62.
Firdaus, M., (2010). Hasil tangkapan dan laju tangkap unit perikanan pukat tarik, tugu, dan kelong. Makara Teknologi, 14 (1), 22–28.
Hadie, L.E. & Hadie, W., 2012, Perbaikan Mutu Genetik Udang Galah (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) Berdasarkan Seleksi Famili, Berita Biologi 11(2), 211-219.
Hanifah. (2019). Tangkapan udang galah mulai berkurang. https://korankaltara.com/tangkapan-udang-galah-mulai-berkurang. Cited 26 Oct 2020.
Holthius LB. FAO Species Catalogue, 1, Shrimps and prawns of the world: 1-271. (FAO Fisheries Synopsis, 1980; 125(1). FIR/S125, Rome).
Holcik J, Hensel K, Nielslanik J, Skale J. The Eurassian h ucken and Hucho hucho largest Salmon of world. Published by Dr. W. Junk. Dorchecht J Boston Lancaster. 1988, 239.
Hossain, M.A., M.A. Ali, M.S. Islam, M. Sahabuddin and S. Dewan.1987. Length-weight relationship and condition factor of Macrobrachium rosenbergii (De Man) of Tetulia River. Bangladesh Journal of Fisheries 10:89-95.
Indarjo, A., Salim, G., Zein, M., Septian, D., & Bija, S. (2020a). The population and mortality characteristics of mangrove crab (Scylla serrata) in the mangrove ecosystem of Tarakan City, Indonesia. Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity, 21(8). DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d210855.
Indarjo, A., Salim, G., Zein, M., Soejarwo, P. A., Nugraeni, C. D., Bija, S., & Pham, Y. T. H. (2020b). Characteristics of Von Bertalanffy Growth, Allometric, Condition Index and Mortality of Periophthalmus barbarus in Mangrove and Bekantan Conservation Area (KKMB), Tarakan, North Kalimantan. Indonesian Journal of Marine Sciences/Ilmu Kelautan, 25(1) :31-38. DOI: 10.14710/ik.ijms.25.1.31-38.
Indarjo, A ; Salim, G., Amir F., Supriadi S., Soejarwo, P.A., Nugraeni, C.D., Prakoso, L.Y., Ambariyanto, A., Firdaus, M., Ransangan, J. (2020c). "Growth Characteristics Layur Fish Lepturacanthus savala in Juata Waters, Tarakan, Indonesia," ILMU KELAUTAN: Indonesian Journal of Marine Sciences, vol. 25, no. 3, pp. 127-134, Sep. 2020. https://doi.org/10.14710/ik.ijms.25.3.127-134.
Indarjo, A ; Salim G ; Nugraeni, C.D ; Sari, I. M ; Zein, M ; Prakoso, L.Y ; Daengs A GS. (2020d). The growth model composition of giant prawns (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) In Muara Tepian Sembakung, Nunukan. The 3rd International Symposium Marine and Fisheries (ISMF) 2020. IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 564 (2020) 012002. doi:10.1088/1755-1315/564/1/012002.
Indarjo, A ; Salim G ; Nugraeni, C.D ; Prakoso, L.Y ; Soejarwo, P.A ; Rukisah ; Yen Thi Hong Pham7 ; Daengs, A, G. S ; Hariyadi ; Abdul Jabarsyah. (2020e). Analysis Model of Giant Prawns Population (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) in Estuary Edge of Sembakung Waters, Nunukan, Indonesia. e-ISSN:2528-0759; p-ISSN:2085-5842. JIPK. Volume 12 No 2. November 2020 DOI=10.20473/jipk.v12i2.18829.
Ipandri, Y. (2017). Kelangsungan hidup dan perkembangan larva udang galah (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) asahan pada salinitas berbeda. Skripsi. Universitas Lampung .
Khasani, I., 2008, Upaya Peningkatan Produktivitas dalam Usaha Pembesaran Udang Galah (Macrobrachium rosenbergii de Man), Media Akuakultur 3(1), 25-30.
Kunda, M., S. Dewan, M.J. Uddin, M. Karim, S. Kabir and M.S. Uddin. 2008. Length-weight relationship, condition factor and relative condition factor of Macrobrachium rosenbergii in rice fields. Asian Fisheries Science 21:451-456.
Lawal-Are AO, Owolabi AT. Comparative Biology of the Prawns Macrobrachium macrobrachion (Herklots) and Macrobrachium vollenhovenii (Herklots) from two Interconnecting Fresh/Brackish Water Lagoons in South- West Nigeria. Journ of Mar Sci and Res Dev. 2012; 2:108.
Lalrinsanga, P.L, B.R. Pillai, G. Patra, S. Mohanty, N.K. Naik and S. Sahu. 2012. Length weight relationship andcondition factor of giant freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii (De Man, 1879) based on developmental stages, culture stages and sex. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 12:917-924.
Mantellato FLM, Barbosa LR. Population structure and Relative growth of Freshwater prawn Macrobrachium brasiliense (Decapoda: Palaemonidae) from Sao Paulo Strata, Brasil. Acta. Limnol. Bros. 2005; 17(3):245-255.
Mejia-Ortiz LM, Alvarez F, Roman R, Pale JAV. Fecundity and Distribution of Freshwater Prawns of genus Macrobrachium in the Huitzilipan River, Veraccruz, Mexico, Crustaceana. 2001; 74(1):69-77.
Murni, I. 2004. Kajian Tingkat Kematangan Gonad Udang Galah (Macrobrachium rosenbergii de Man) di Muara Sungai Kapuas Pontianak Kalimantan Barat.Tesis. Program Pascasarjana, Institut Pertanian Bogor.
Nandlal, S. & Pickering, T., 2005, Freshwater Prawns Macrobranchium rosebergii farming in Pacific Island Countries. Volume One. Hatchery operation. Noumea, Secretariat of the Pacific Community, New Caledonia.
New, M.B. 2002. Farming Freshwater Prawns a Manual for the Culture of the Giant River Prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii. FAO Fisheries, United Kingdom.
Pratiwi, R. 2008. Aspek biologi udang ekonomis penting. Oseana. 33(2):15-24.
Powell CB. The decapods crustaceans of the Niger Delta. In (Wilcox, H.B.R and Powell, C.B. ed) Publication committee, University of Port Harcourt. 1983, 226-238.
Rao, R.M. 1967. Studies on the biology of Macrobrachium rosenbergii (de Man) of the Hooghly Estuary with notes on its fishery. Proceedings of the National Institute of Sciences of India. Part B. Biological Sciences 33:252-279.
Salim, G. (2015). Analisis pertumbuhan allometri dan indeks kondisi Caesio cunning didapatkan dari hasil tangkapan nelayan Kota Tarakan. Jurnal Harpodon Borneo, 8(1), 35–42. DOI: 10.35334/harpodon.v8i1.125.
Salim, G. (2013). Nilai indeks kondisi dari ikan Siganus javus berdasarkan hasil tangkapan nelayan di Perairan Juata Kota Tarakan. Jurnal Harpodon Borneo, 8(1), 37–42. DOI: 10.35334/harpodon.v6i1.99.
Sampaio, C.M.S. and W.C. Valenti. 1996. Growth curves for Macrobrachium rosenbergii in semi-intensive culture in Brazil. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society 27:353-358.
Sofian dan Sari, Y.P. 2018. Kajian Terhadap Pola Pertumbuhan Udang Galah (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) di Sungai Ogan Sumatera Selatan. FishtecH – Jurnal Teknologi Hasil Perikanan ISSN: 2302-6936 (Print), (Online, http://ejournal.unsri.ac.id/index.php/fishtech) Vol. 7, No.2: 120-123, November 2018.
Suwartiningsih N ; Trijoko, Handayani N.S.N. 2017. Variasi Morfologis Udang Galah (Macrobrachium rosenbergii de Man, 1879) Hasil Inbreeding dan Outbreeding Populasi Probolinggo dan Mahakam. Journal of Tropical Biodiversity and Biotechnology. J. Trop. Biodiv. Biotech., Vol. 2 (2017), 57—63.
Sukarli. (2017). Udang galah paling mahal di pasaran Banjarmasin. https://kalsel.antaranews.com/berita/47583/udang-galah-paling-mahal-di-pasaran-banjarmasin. Cited 26 Oct 2020.
Syahrir. 2013. Respon Laju Perkembangan Larva Udang Galah (Macrobrachium Rosenbergii De Man) Pada Berbagai Level Salinitas. Jesbio Vol. Ii No. 1, Mei 2013. Issn: 2302-1705
Ukagwu, J.I., and Deekae, S. (2016). Sex population structure of Macrobrachium felicinum and Macrobrachium vollenhovenii in the Akor river, Ibere Ikwuano, Abia State. International Journal of Aquaculture and Aquatic Studies, 4(4): 19-23.
Waluyo, A., Mulyana, M., & Ali, F. (2019). Tingkat kelangsungan hidup dan pertumbuhan udang galah (Macrobrachium Rosenbergii De Man) pada media bersalinitas. Jurnal Mina Sains, 4(2): 107-126.
Wang, J.K. 1985. Weight and width relationship of freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii). Aquacultural Engineering, 4:21-32.
Yudiati E, Fauziah AT, Irwani I, Setyawan A, Insafitri I. 2020. Growth analysis, mortality and exploitation level of mud crab Scylla serrata, Forskål 1775, (Malacostraca: Portunidae) in Mangkang Wetan waters, Semarang, Central Java, Indonesia. Jurnal Kelautan Tropis 23 (1): 136-144.
Arimoro FO, Meye JA. Some aspects of the biology of Macrobrachium dux (Lenz, 1910). (Crustacea: Decapoda: Natania) in River Orogodo Niger Delta, Nigeria. Acta. Biol. Columbia. 2007; 12(1):111-122
Bahuguna P. Sex population structure of Macrobrachium assamense peninsularie (Tiwari) (Crustacea, Decapoda Palaemonidae) in Khoh River, Uttarakhand, India. Int’l Journ of Current Microbio and Ap Sci. 2013; 2(10):382-390.
E.D. Aflalo a, T.T.T. Hoang b, V.H. Nguyen b, Q. Lam b, D.M. Nguyen b, Q.S. Trinh b, S. Raviv a, A. Sagi,. 2006. A novel two-step procedure for mass production of all-male populations of the giant freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii. Aquaculture. 256: 468–478.
Effendie, M. I. (2002). Biologi Perikanan. In Yayasan Pustaka Nusatama. Yogyakarta.
Effendie, M. (1979). Metode biologi perikanan. Yayasan Dewi Sri. Bogor.
Firdaus M., Salim G., Cahyadi J., Weliyadi E., Bintoro G., (2020). Model and nature of growth of red snapper fish (Lutjanus argentimaculatus (Forsskål, 1775)) fishing catch of bottom fish pots in Bunyu waters, North Kalimantan. AACL Bioflux 13(3):1410-1421.
Firdaus, M., Lelono, T. D., Saleh, R., Bintoro, G., & Salim, G. (2018). The expression of the body shape in fish species Harpadon nehereus (Hamilton, 1822) in the waters of juata laut, tarakan city, north kalimantan. AACL Bioflux, 11(3). DOI: 10.5281/zonodo.1250264.
Firdaus, Muhammad, & Salim, G. (2011). Mengkaji Populasi Ikan Puput (Ilisha elongata) yang berasal dari Perairan Kota Tarakan. Harpodon, 4(1), 46–53. DOI: 10.35334/harpodon.v4i1.62.
Firdaus, M., (2010). Hasil tangkapan dan laju tangkap unit perikanan pukat tarik, tugu, dan kelong. Makara Teknologi, 14 (1), 22–28.
Hadie, L.E. & Hadie, W., 2012, Perbaikan Mutu Genetik Udang Galah (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) Berdasarkan Seleksi Famili, Berita Biologi 11(2), 211-219.
Hanifah. (2019). Tangkapan udang galah mulai berkurang. https://korankaltara.com/tangkapan-udang-galah-mulai-berkurang. Cited 26 Oct 2020.
Holthius LB. FAO Species Catalogue, 1, Shrimps and prawns of the world: 1-271. (FAO Fisheries Synopsis, 1980; 125(1). FIR/S125, Rome).
Holcik J, Hensel K, Nielslanik J, Skale J. The Eurassian h ucken and Hucho hucho largest Salmon of world. Published by Dr. W. Junk. Dorchecht J Boston Lancaster. 1988, 239.
Hossain, M.A., M.A. Ali, M.S. Islam, M. Sahabuddin and S. Dewan.1987. Length-weight relationship and condition factor of Macrobrachium rosenbergii (De Man) of Tetulia River. Bangladesh Journal of Fisheries 10:89-95.
Indarjo, A., Salim, G., Zein, M., Septian, D., & Bija, S. (2020a). The population and mortality characteristics of mangrove crab (Scylla serrata) in the mangrove ecosystem of Tarakan City, Indonesia. Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity, 21(8). DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d210855.
Indarjo, A., Salim, G., Zein, M., Soejarwo, P. A., Nugraeni, C. D., Bija, S., & Pham, Y. T. H. (2020b). Characteristics of Von Bertalanffy Growth, Allometric, Condition Index and Mortality of Periophthalmus barbarus in Mangrove and Bekantan Conservation Area (KKMB), Tarakan, North Kalimantan. Indonesian Journal of Marine Sciences/Ilmu Kelautan, 25(1) :31-38. DOI: 10.14710/ik.ijms.25.1.31-38.
Indarjo, A ; Salim, G., Amir F., Supriadi S., Soejarwo, P.A., Nugraeni, C.D., Prakoso, L.Y., Ambariyanto, A., Firdaus, M., Ransangan, J. (2020c). "Growth Characteristics Layur Fish Lepturacanthus savala in Juata Waters, Tarakan, Indonesia," ILMU KELAUTAN: Indonesian Journal of Marine Sciences, vol. 25, no. 3, pp. 127-134, Sep. 2020. https://doi.org/10.14710/ik.ijms.25.3.127-134.
Indarjo, A ; Salim G ; Nugraeni, C.D ; Sari, I. M ; Zein, M ; Prakoso, L.Y ; Daengs A GS. (2020d). The growth model composition of giant prawns (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) In Muara Tepian Sembakung, Nunukan. The 3rd International Symposium Marine and Fisheries (ISMF) 2020. IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 564 (2020) 012002. doi:10.1088/1755-1315/564/1/012002.
Indarjo, A ; Salim G ; Nugraeni, C.D ; Prakoso, L.Y ; Soejarwo, P.A ; Rukisah ; Yen Thi Hong Pham7 ; Daengs, A, G. S ; Hariyadi ; Abdul Jabarsyah. (2020e). Analysis Model of Giant Prawns Population (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) in Estuary Edge of Sembakung Waters, Nunukan, Indonesia. e-ISSN:2528-0759; p-ISSN:2085-5842. JIPK. Volume 12 No 2. November 2020 DOI=10.20473/jipk.v12i2.18829.
Ipandri, Y. (2017). Kelangsungan hidup dan perkembangan larva udang galah (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) asahan pada salinitas berbeda. Skripsi. Universitas Lampung .
Khasani, I., 2008, Upaya Peningkatan Produktivitas dalam Usaha Pembesaran Udang Galah (Macrobrachium rosenbergii de Man), Media Akuakultur 3(1), 25-30.
Kunda, M., S. Dewan, M.J. Uddin, M. Karim, S. Kabir and M.S. Uddin. 2008. Length-weight relationship, condition factor and relative condition factor of Macrobrachium rosenbergii in rice fields. Asian Fisheries Science 21:451-456.
Lawal-Are AO, Owolabi AT. Comparative Biology of the Prawns Macrobrachium macrobrachion (Herklots) and Macrobrachium vollenhovenii (Herklots) from two Interconnecting Fresh/Brackish Water Lagoons in South- West Nigeria. Journ of Mar Sci and Res Dev. 2012; 2:108.
Lalrinsanga, P.L, B.R. Pillai, G. Patra, S. Mohanty, N.K. Naik and S. Sahu. 2012. Length weight relationship andcondition factor of giant freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii (De Man, 1879) based on developmental stages, culture stages and sex. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 12:917-924.
Mantellato FLM, Barbosa LR. Population structure and Relative growth of Freshwater prawn Macrobrachium brasiliense (Decapoda: Palaemonidae) from Sao Paulo Strata, Brasil. Acta. Limnol. Bros. 2005; 17(3):245-255.
Mejia-Ortiz LM, Alvarez F, Roman R, Pale JAV. Fecundity and Distribution of Freshwater Prawns of genus Macrobrachium in the Huitzilipan River, Veraccruz, Mexico, Crustaceana. 2001; 74(1):69-77.
Murni, I. 2004. Kajian Tingkat Kematangan Gonad Udang Galah (Macrobrachium rosenbergii de Man) di Muara Sungai Kapuas Pontianak Kalimantan Barat.Tesis. Program Pascasarjana, Institut Pertanian Bogor.
Nandlal, S. & Pickering, T., 2005, Freshwater Prawns Macrobranchium rosebergii farming in Pacific Island Countries. Volume One. Hatchery operation. Noumea, Secretariat of the Pacific Community, New Caledonia.
New, M.B. 2002. Farming Freshwater Prawns a Manual for the Culture of the Giant River Prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii. FAO Fisheries, United Kingdom.
Pratiwi, R. 2008. Aspek biologi udang ekonomis penting. Oseana. 33(2):15-24.
Powell CB. The decapods crustaceans of the Niger Delta. In (Wilcox, H.B.R and Powell, C.B. ed) Publication committee, University of Port Harcourt. 1983, 226-238.
Rao, R.M. 1967. Studies on the biology of Macrobrachium rosenbergii (de Man) of the Hooghly Estuary with notes on its fishery. Proceedings of the National Institute of Sciences of India. Part B. Biological Sciences 33:252-279.
Salim, G. (2015). Analisis pertumbuhan allometri dan indeks kondisi Caesio cunning didapatkan dari hasil tangkapan nelayan Kota Tarakan. Jurnal Harpodon Borneo, 8(1), 35–42. DOI: 10.35334/harpodon.v8i1.125.
Salim, G. (2013). Nilai indeks kondisi dari ikan Siganus javus berdasarkan hasil tangkapan nelayan di Perairan Juata Kota Tarakan. Jurnal Harpodon Borneo, 8(1), 37–42. DOI: 10.35334/harpodon.v6i1.99.
Sampaio, C.M.S. and W.C. Valenti. 1996. Growth curves for Macrobrachium rosenbergii in semi-intensive culture in Brazil. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society 27:353-358.
Sofian dan Sari, Y.P. 2018. Kajian Terhadap Pola Pertumbuhan Udang Galah (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) di Sungai Ogan Sumatera Selatan. FishtecH – Jurnal Teknologi Hasil Perikanan ISSN: 2302-6936 (Print), (Online, http://ejournal.unsri.ac.id/index.php/fishtech) Vol. 7, No.2: 120-123, November 2018.
Suwartiningsih N ; Trijoko, Handayani N.S.N. 2017. Variasi Morfologis Udang Galah (Macrobrachium rosenbergii de Man, 1879) Hasil Inbreeding dan Outbreeding Populasi Probolinggo dan Mahakam. Journal of Tropical Biodiversity and Biotechnology. J. Trop. Biodiv. Biotech., Vol. 2 (2017), 57—63.
Sukarli. (2017). Udang galah paling mahal di pasaran Banjarmasin. https://kalsel.antaranews.com/berita/47583/udang-galah-paling-mahal-di-pasaran-banjarmasin. Cited 26 Oct 2020.
Syahrir. 2013. Respon Laju Perkembangan Larva Udang Galah (Macrobrachium Rosenbergii De Man) Pada Berbagai Level Salinitas. Jesbio Vol. Ii No. 1, Mei 2013. Issn: 2302-1705
Ukagwu, J.I., and Deekae, S. (2016). Sex population structure of Macrobrachium felicinum and Macrobrachium vollenhovenii in the Akor river, Ibere Ikwuano, Abia State. International Journal of Aquaculture and Aquatic Studies, 4(4): 19-23.
Waluyo, A., Mulyana, M., & Ali, F. (2019). Tingkat kelangsungan hidup dan pertumbuhan udang galah (Macrobrachium Rosenbergii De Man) pada media bersalinitas. Jurnal Mina Sains, 4(2): 107-126.
Wang, J.K. 1985. Weight and width relationship of freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii). Aquacultural Engineering, 4:21-32.
Yudiati E, Fauziah AT, Irwani I, Setyawan A, Insafitri I. 2020. Growth analysis, mortality and exploitation level of mud crab Scylla serrata, Forskål 1775, (Malacostraca: Portunidae) in Mangkang Wetan waters, Semarang, Central Java, Indonesia. Jurnal Kelautan Tropis 23 (1): 136-144.
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