Soil diversity influences on oil palm productivity in ultramafic ecosystems, Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia
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Abstract. Alam S, Purwanto BH, Hanudin E, Putra ETS. 2020. Soil diversity influences oil palm productivity in ultramafic ecosystems, Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 21: 5521-5530. Ultramafic is a unique ecosystem with an environmental gradient due to its high soil diversity. Understanding soil diversity in ultramafic ecosystems is fundamentally required to support sustainable agriculture management, particularly in oil palm plantation. This study investigated the relationship between soil diversity and productivity of oil palm in ultramafic ecosystems, Southeast Sulawesi. The soil survey has taken in Oheo, Langgikima, and Routa districts. Soil sample was collected from various toposequence, including upper, middle, and lower slope to describe soil properties, including soil texture, pH, CEC, SOC, TN, Av-P, Exc-K, Exc-Ca, and Exc-Mg. Whilst observation of oil palm productivity was done by recording the fresh-weight of fruit yield in hectare unit during a month. The results showed that the soil characteristics from the three sites were significantly different in soil texture, pH, CEC, Av-P, Exc-Ca, and Exc-Mg. A similar trend was also recorded in oil palm productivity wherein the highest oil palm productivity was discovered in Oheo (556.41+96.26 kg ha-1), followed by Langgikima (501.11+54.84 kg ha-1) and Routa (163.19+17.55 kg ha-1). Our study founded: pH, CEC, Av-P, Exc-K, Exc-Ca, and Exc-Mg significantly affected the productivity of oil palm. Based on these results, the soil diversity highly affected oil palm productivity in ultramafic ecosystems.
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References
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Balasundram S, Robert P, Mulla D, Allan D. 2006. Relationship between oil palm yield and soil fertility as affected by topography in an Indonesian plantation. Comm Soil Sci Plant Anal 37(9–10): 1321–1337.
Bani A, Echevarria G, Montargès-Pelletier E, Gjoka F, Sulçe S, Morel JL. 2014. Pedogenesis and nickel biogeochemistry in a typical Albanian ultramafic toposequence. Environ Monit Assess 186(7): 4431–4442.
Baskan O, Dengiz O, Gunturk A. 2016. Effects of toposequence and land use-land cover on the spatial distribution of soil properties. Environ Earth Sci 75(5): 1–10.
Behera SK, Suresh K, Rao BN, Manoja K, Manorama K. 2016. Soil nutrient status and leaf nutrient norms in oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) plantations grown in the west coastal area of India. Comm Soil Sci Plant Anal 47(2): 255–262.
Behera SK, Mathur RK, Shukla AK, Suresh K, Prakash C. 2018. Spatial variability of soil properties and delineation of soil management zones of oil palm plantations grown in a hot and humid tropical region of southern India. Catena 165: 251–259.
Beyene K. 2016. Assessing univariate and multivariate homogeneity of variance: A guide for practitioners. J Mathematical Theory Model 6: 13–17.
Cai H, Di X, Chang SX, Jin G. 2016. Stand density and species richness affect carbon storage and net primary productivity in early and late successional temperate forests differently. Ecol Res 31(4), 525–533.
Cristancho JA, Hanafi MM, Omar SRS, Rafii MY. 2011. Alleviation of soil acidity improves the performance of oil palm progenies planted on an acid Ultisol. Acta Agric Scandinavica Section B: Soil Plant Sci 61(6): 487–498.
de Almeida MdC, Silva Araujo JK, Ribeiro Filho MR, de Souza Júnior VS. 2019. Relief position and soil properties under continuous banana cropping in subhumid climate in Northeast Brazil. Rev Bras Cienc Solo 43: 1–16.
dos Santos PG, de Almeida JA, Sequinatto L. 2017. Mineralogy of the clay fraction and chemical properties of soils developed from sedimentary lithologies of pirambóia, sanga-the-cabral and guará geological formations in southern Brazil. Rev Bras Cienc Solo 41: 1–19.
Echevarria G, Baker AJM, Boyd RS, van der Ent A, Mizuno T, Rajakaruna N, Sakaguchi S, Bani A. 2018. A global forum on ultramafic ecosystems: from ultramafic ecology to rehabilitation of degraded environments. Ecol Res 33(3): 517–522.
Estefan G, Sommer R, Ryan J. 2013. Methods of Soil, Plant, and Water Analysis. International Center for Agriculture Research in the Dry Areas.
Euler M, Hoffmann MP, Fathoni Z, Schwarze S. 2016. Exploring yield gaps in smallholder oil palm production systems in eastern Sumatra, Indonesia. Agric Syst 146: 111–119.
Guillaume T, Holtkamp AM, Damris M, Brümmer B, Kuzyakov Y. 2016. Soil degradation in oil palm and rubber plantations under land resource scarcity. Agric Ecosyst Environ 232: 110–118.
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Ibáñez JJ, Zuccarello V, Ganis P, Feoli E. 2014. Pedodiversity deserves attention in plant biodiversity research. Plant Biosyst - An International Journal Dealing with All Aspects of Plant Biology 148(6): 1112–1116.
Kandari AM, Alam S, Muhidin, Halim, Yuswandi. 2018. Assesment of land biophysical properties on different slope positions as management conservation sustainable in Districts of North Moramo, South Konawe, Indonesia. Biosci Res 15(1): 505-512.
Khatun R, Reza MIH, Moniruzzaman M, Yaakob Z. 2017. Sustainable oil palm industry: The possibilities. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 76: 608–619.
Kurniawan S, Corre MD, Utami SR, Veldkamp E. 2018. Soil biochemical properties and nutrient leaching from smallholder oil palm plantations, Sumatra-Indonesia. Agrivita 40(2): 257–266.
Lesovaya SN, Goryachkin SV, Polekhovskii YS. 2012. Soil formation and weathering on ultramafic rocks in the mountainous tundra of the Rai-Iz massif, Polar Urals. Eurasian Soil Sci 45(1): 33–44.
Li J, Wu Z, Yuan J. 2019. Impact of agro-farming activities on microbial diversity of acidic red soils in a camellia oleifera forest. Rev Bras Cienc Solo 43: 1–20.
Marescotti P, Comodi P, Crispini L, Gigli L, Zucchini A, Fornasaro S. 2019. Potentially toxic elements in ultramafic soils: A study from metamorphic ophiolites of the voltri massif (Western Alps, Italy). Minerals 9(8): 1–23.
Minasny B, McBratney AB, Hartemink AE. 2010. Global pedodiversity, taxonomic distance, and the World Reference Base. Geoderma 155(3-4), 132–139.
Mohammadi MF, Jalali SGH, Kooch Y, Said-Pullicino D. 2016. Slope gradient and shape effects on soil profiles in the northern mountainous forests of Iran. Eurasian Soil Sci 49(12): 1366–1374.
Moharana PC, Jena RK, Pradhan UK, Nogiya M, Tailor BL, Singh RS, Singh SK. 2020. Geostatistical and fuzzy clustering approach for delineation of site-specific management zones and yield-limiting factors in irrigated hot arid environment of India. Precis Agric 21(2): 426–448.
Nguyen-Thanh L, Hoang-Minh T, Herbert HJ, Kasbohm J, Lai LT, Nguyen MN, Mählmann RF. 2017. Development of Fe-rich clay minerals in a weathering profile derived from serpentinized ultramafic rock in Nui Nua massif, Vietnam. Geoderma 308: 159–170.
Nurudin M, Ohta S, Hardiyanto EB, Mendham D, Wicaksono A. 2013. Relationships between soil characteristics and productivity of Acacia mangium in South Sumatra. Tropics 22(1): 1–12.
Pansu M, Gautheyrou J. 2006. Handbook of Soil Analysis (Mineralogical, Organic and Inorganic Methods). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. New York.
Pauli N, Donough C, Oberthür T, Cock J, Verdooren R, Rahmadsyah, Abdurrohim G, Indrasuara K, Lubis A, Dolong T, Pasuquin JM. 2014. Changes in soil quality indicators under oil palm plantations following application of “best management practices” in a four-year field trial. Agric Ecosyst Environ 195: 98–111.
Purwanto BH, Alam S. 2020. Impact of intensive agricultural management on carbon and nitrogen dynamics in the humid tropics. Soil Sci Plant Nutr 66(1): 50–59.
Rendana M, Rahim SA, Idris WMR, Lihan T, Rahman ZA. 2016. Mapping nutrient status in oil palm plantation using geographic information system. Asian J Agric Res 10(3–4): 144–153.
Rhebergen T, Fairhurst T, Whitbread A, Giller KE, Zingore S. 2018. Yield gap analysis and entry points for improving productivity on large oil palm plantations and smallholder farms in Ghana. Agric Syst 165: 14–25.
Rhebergen T, Zingore S, Giller KE, Frimpong CA, Acheampong K, Ohipeni FT, Panyin EK, Zutah V, Fairhurst T. 2020. Closing yield gaps in oil palm production systems in Ghana through best management practices. European J Agron 115.
Sadono R, Soeprijadi D, Wirabuana PYAP. 2019. Variation of chemical soil properties on agroforestry systems in cajuput plantation area. J Ilmu Lingk 17(2): 205–211.
Samedani B, Juraimi AS, Rafii MY, Sheikh Awadz, SA, Anwar MP, Anuar AR. 2015. Effect of cover crops on weed suppression in oil palm plantation. Int J Agric Biol 17(2): 251–260.
Savilaakso S, Garcia C, Garcia-Ulloa J, Ghazoul J, Groom M, Guariguata MR, Laumonier Y, Nasi R, Petrokofsky G, Snaddon J, Zrust M. 2014. Systematic review of effects on biodiversity from oil palm production. Environ Evid 3(1).
Siebecker MG, Chaney RL, Sparks DL. 2017. Nickel speciation in several serpentine (ultramafic) topsoils via bulk synchrotron-based techniques. Geoderma 298: 35–45.
Silalertruksa T, Gheewala SH, Pongpat P, Kaenchan P, Permpool N, Lecksiwilai N, Mungkung R. 2017. Environmental sustainability of oil palm cultivation in different regions of Thailand: Greenhouse gases and water use impact. J Clean Prod 167: 1009–1019.
Smith BJ, McAlister JJ, Sichel SE, Angel J, Baptista-Neto JA. 2012. Ornithogenic weathering of an ultramafic plutonic rock: St. Peter and St. Paul Archipelago, Central Atlantic. Environ Earth Sci 66(1): 183–197.
Suryanto P, Taryono, Supriyanta, Kastono D, Putra ETS, Widyawan MH, Alam T. 2020. Assessment of soil quality parameters and yield of rice cultivars in Melaleuca cajuputi agroforestry system. Biodiversitas 21: 3463–3470.
Tao HH, Donough C, Gerendas J, Hoffmann MP, Cahyo A, Sugianto H, Wandri R, Rahim GA, Fisher M, Rötter RP, Dittert K, Pardon L, Oberthür T. 2018. Fertilizer management effects on oil palm yield and nutrient use efficiency on sandy soils with limited water supply in Central Kalimantan. Nutr Cycl Agroecosyst 112(3): 317–333.
Tenzin J, Hasenauer H. 2016. Tree species composition and diversity in relation to anthropogenic disturbances in broad-leaved forests of Bhutan. Int J Biodiv Sci Ecosyst Serv Manag 12(4): 274–290.
Thompson A, Davis JD, Oliphant AJ. 2016. Surface runoff and soil erosion under eucalyptus and oak canopy. Earth Surf Process Landf 41(8): 1018–1026.
Tiemann TT, Donough CR, Lim YL, Härdter R, Norton R, Tao HH, Jaramillo R, Satyanarayana T, Zingore S, Oberthür T. 2018. Feeding the palm: A review of oil palm nutrition. Adv Agron 152: 149–243.
Tufaila M, Sunarminto BH, Shiddieq D, Syukur A. 2011. Characteristics of soil derived from ultramafic rocks for extensification of oil palm in Langgikima, North Konawe, Southeast Sulawesi. Agrivita 33(1): 93–102.
van der Ent A, Cardace D, Tibbett M, Echevarria G. 2018. Ecological implications of pedogenesis and geochemistry of ultramafic soils in Kinabalu Park (Malaysia). Catena 160: 154–169.
van der Ent A, Rajakaruna N, Boyd R, Echevarria G, Repin R, Williams D. 2015. Global research on ultramafic (serpentine) ecosystems (8th International Conference on Serpentine Ecology in Sabah, Malaysia): a summary and synthesis. Australian J Bot 63(2): 1–16.
van Reeuwijk LP. 2002. Procedures for Soil Analysis. 6th ed. Technical Paper, International Soil Reference and Information Centre (ISRIC). Wageningen, Netherlands.
Webb MJ, Nelson PN, Rogers LG, Curry GN. 2011. Site-specific fertilizer recommendations for oil palm smallholders using information from large plantations. J Plant Nutr Soil Sci 174(2): 311–320.
Wirabuana PYAP, Setiahadi R, Sadono R, Lukito M, Martono DS, Matatula J. 2020. Allometric equations for estimating biomass of community forest tree species in Madiun, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 21(9): 4291–4300.
Woittiez LS, Turhina S, Deccy D, Slingerland M, van Noordwijk M, Giller KE. 2019. Fertiliser application practices and nutrient deficiencies in smallholder oil palm plantations in Indonesia. Exp Agric 55(4): 543–559.
Woittiez LS, van Wijk MT, Slingerland M, van Noordwijk M, Giller KE. 2017. Yield gaps in oil palm: A quantitative review of contributing factors. European J Agron 83: 57–77.
Zgangurov EV, Lebedeva MP, Shishkov VA. 2018. Mineralogical and micromorphological diagnostics of pedogenesis on intermediate and mafic rocks in the Northern Taiga of the Timan Range. Eurasian Soil Sci 51(11): 1357–1368.
Balasundram S, Robert P, Mulla D, Allan D. 2006. Relationship between oil palm yield and soil fertility as affected by topography in an Indonesian plantation. Comm Soil Sci Plant Anal 37(9–10): 1321–1337.
Bani A, Echevarria G, Montargès-Pelletier E, Gjoka F, Sulçe S, Morel JL. 2014. Pedogenesis and nickel biogeochemistry in a typical Albanian ultramafic toposequence. Environ Monit Assess 186(7): 4431–4442.
Baskan O, Dengiz O, Gunturk A. 2016. Effects of toposequence and land use-land cover on the spatial distribution of soil properties. Environ Earth Sci 75(5): 1–10.
Behera SK, Suresh K, Rao BN, Manoja K, Manorama K. 2016. Soil nutrient status and leaf nutrient norms in oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) plantations grown in the west coastal area of India. Comm Soil Sci Plant Anal 47(2): 255–262.
Behera SK, Mathur RK, Shukla AK, Suresh K, Prakash C. 2018. Spatial variability of soil properties and delineation of soil management zones of oil palm plantations grown in a hot and humid tropical region of southern India. Catena 165: 251–259.
Beyene K. 2016. Assessing univariate and multivariate homogeneity of variance: A guide for practitioners. J Mathematical Theory Model 6: 13–17.
Cai H, Di X, Chang SX, Jin G. 2016. Stand density and species richness affect carbon storage and net primary productivity in early and late successional temperate forests differently. Ecol Res 31(4), 525–533.
Cristancho JA, Hanafi MM, Omar SRS, Rafii MY. 2011. Alleviation of soil acidity improves the performance of oil palm progenies planted on an acid Ultisol. Acta Agric Scandinavica Section B: Soil Plant Sci 61(6): 487–498.
de Almeida MdC, Silva Araujo JK, Ribeiro Filho MR, de Souza Júnior VS. 2019. Relief position and soil properties under continuous banana cropping in subhumid climate in Northeast Brazil. Rev Bras Cienc Solo 43: 1–16.
dos Santos PG, de Almeida JA, Sequinatto L. 2017. Mineralogy of the clay fraction and chemical properties of soils developed from sedimentary lithologies of pirambóia, sanga-the-cabral and guará geological formations in southern Brazil. Rev Bras Cienc Solo 41: 1–19.
Echevarria G, Baker AJM, Boyd RS, van der Ent A, Mizuno T, Rajakaruna N, Sakaguchi S, Bani A. 2018. A global forum on ultramafic ecosystems: from ultramafic ecology to rehabilitation of degraded environments. Ecol Res 33(3): 517–522.
Estefan G, Sommer R, Ryan J. 2013. Methods of Soil, Plant, and Water Analysis. International Center for Agriculture Research in the Dry Areas.
Euler M, Hoffmann MP, Fathoni Z, Schwarze S. 2016. Exploring yield gaps in smallholder oil palm production systems in eastern Sumatra, Indonesia. Agric Syst 146: 111–119.
Guillaume T, Holtkamp AM, Damris M, Brümmer B, Kuzyakov Y. 2016. Soil degradation in oil palm and rubber plantations under land resource scarcity. Agric Ecosyst Environ 232: 110–118.
Haluschak P. 2006. Laboratory Methods of Soil Analysis. Canada-Manitoba Soil Survey. Canada.
Ibáñez JJ, Feoli E. 2013. Global relationships of pedodiversity and biodiversity. Vadose Zone J 12(3): 1-5.
Ibáñez JJ, Zuccarello V, Ganis P, Feoli E. 2014. Pedodiversity deserves attention in plant biodiversity research. Plant Biosyst - An International Journal Dealing with All Aspects of Plant Biology 148(6): 1112–1116.
Kandari AM, Alam S, Muhidin, Halim, Yuswandi. 2018. Assesment of land biophysical properties on different slope positions as management conservation sustainable in Districts of North Moramo, South Konawe, Indonesia. Biosci Res 15(1): 505-512.
Khatun R, Reza MIH, Moniruzzaman M, Yaakob Z. 2017. Sustainable oil palm industry: The possibilities. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 76: 608–619.
Kurniawan S, Corre MD, Utami SR, Veldkamp E. 2018. Soil biochemical properties and nutrient leaching from smallholder oil palm plantations, Sumatra-Indonesia. Agrivita 40(2): 257–266.
Lesovaya SN, Goryachkin SV, Polekhovskii YS. 2012. Soil formation and weathering on ultramafic rocks in the mountainous tundra of the Rai-Iz massif, Polar Urals. Eurasian Soil Sci 45(1): 33–44.
Li J, Wu Z, Yuan J. 2019. Impact of agro-farming activities on microbial diversity of acidic red soils in a camellia oleifera forest. Rev Bras Cienc Solo 43: 1–20.
Marescotti P, Comodi P, Crispini L, Gigli L, Zucchini A, Fornasaro S. 2019. Potentially toxic elements in ultramafic soils: A study from metamorphic ophiolites of the voltri massif (Western Alps, Italy). Minerals 9(8): 1–23.
Minasny B, McBratney AB, Hartemink AE. 2010. Global pedodiversity, taxonomic distance, and the World Reference Base. Geoderma 155(3-4), 132–139.
Mohammadi MF, Jalali SGH, Kooch Y, Said-Pullicino D. 2016. Slope gradient and shape effects on soil profiles in the northern mountainous forests of Iran. Eurasian Soil Sci 49(12): 1366–1374.
Moharana PC, Jena RK, Pradhan UK, Nogiya M, Tailor BL, Singh RS, Singh SK. 2020. Geostatistical and fuzzy clustering approach for delineation of site-specific management zones and yield-limiting factors in irrigated hot arid environment of India. Precis Agric 21(2): 426–448.
Nguyen-Thanh L, Hoang-Minh T, Herbert HJ, Kasbohm J, Lai LT, Nguyen MN, Mählmann RF. 2017. Development of Fe-rich clay minerals in a weathering profile derived from serpentinized ultramafic rock in Nui Nua massif, Vietnam. Geoderma 308: 159–170.
Nurudin M, Ohta S, Hardiyanto EB, Mendham D, Wicaksono A. 2013. Relationships between soil characteristics and productivity of Acacia mangium in South Sumatra. Tropics 22(1): 1–12.
Pansu M, Gautheyrou J. 2006. Handbook of Soil Analysis (Mineralogical, Organic and Inorganic Methods). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. New York.
Pauli N, Donough C, Oberthür T, Cock J, Verdooren R, Rahmadsyah, Abdurrohim G, Indrasuara K, Lubis A, Dolong T, Pasuquin JM. 2014. Changes in soil quality indicators under oil palm plantations following application of “best management practices” in a four-year field trial. Agric Ecosyst Environ 195: 98–111.
Purwanto BH, Alam S. 2020. Impact of intensive agricultural management on carbon and nitrogen dynamics in the humid tropics. Soil Sci Plant Nutr 66(1): 50–59.
Rendana M, Rahim SA, Idris WMR, Lihan T, Rahman ZA. 2016. Mapping nutrient status in oil palm plantation using geographic information system. Asian J Agric Res 10(3–4): 144–153.
Rhebergen T, Fairhurst T, Whitbread A, Giller KE, Zingore S. 2018. Yield gap analysis and entry points for improving productivity on large oil palm plantations and smallholder farms in Ghana. Agric Syst 165: 14–25.
Rhebergen T, Zingore S, Giller KE, Frimpong CA, Acheampong K, Ohipeni FT, Panyin EK, Zutah V, Fairhurst T. 2020. Closing yield gaps in oil palm production systems in Ghana through best management practices. European J Agron 115.
Sadono R, Soeprijadi D, Wirabuana PYAP. 2019. Variation of chemical soil properties on agroforestry systems in cajuput plantation area. J Ilmu Lingk 17(2): 205–211.
Samedani B, Juraimi AS, Rafii MY, Sheikh Awadz, SA, Anwar MP, Anuar AR. 2015. Effect of cover crops on weed suppression in oil palm plantation. Int J Agric Biol 17(2): 251–260.
Savilaakso S, Garcia C, Garcia-Ulloa J, Ghazoul J, Groom M, Guariguata MR, Laumonier Y, Nasi R, Petrokofsky G, Snaddon J, Zrust M. 2014. Systematic review of effects on biodiversity from oil palm production. Environ Evid 3(1).
Siebecker MG, Chaney RL, Sparks DL. 2017. Nickel speciation in several serpentine (ultramafic) topsoils via bulk synchrotron-based techniques. Geoderma 298: 35–45.
Silalertruksa T, Gheewala SH, Pongpat P, Kaenchan P, Permpool N, Lecksiwilai N, Mungkung R. 2017. Environmental sustainability of oil palm cultivation in different regions of Thailand: Greenhouse gases and water use impact. J Clean Prod 167: 1009–1019.
Smith BJ, McAlister JJ, Sichel SE, Angel J, Baptista-Neto JA. 2012. Ornithogenic weathering of an ultramafic plutonic rock: St. Peter and St. Paul Archipelago, Central Atlantic. Environ Earth Sci 66(1): 183–197.
Suryanto P, Taryono, Supriyanta, Kastono D, Putra ETS, Widyawan MH, Alam T. 2020. Assessment of soil quality parameters and yield of rice cultivars in Melaleuca cajuputi agroforestry system. Biodiversitas 21: 3463–3470.
Tao HH, Donough C, Gerendas J, Hoffmann MP, Cahyo A, Sugianto H, Wandri R, Rahim GA, Fisher M, Rötter RP, Dittert K, Pardon L, Oberthür T. 2018. Fertilizer management effects on oil palm yield and nutrient use efficiency on sandy soils with limited water supply in Central Kalimantan. Nutr Cycl Agroecosyst 112(3): 317–333.
Tenzin J, Hasenauer H. 2016. Tree species composition and diversity in relation to anthropogenic disturbances in broad-leaved forests of Bhutan. Int J Biodiv Sci Ecosyst Serv Manag 12(4): 274–290.
Thompson A, Davis JD, Oliphant AJ. 2016. Surface runoff and soil erosion under eucalyptus and oak canopy. Earth Surf Process Landf 41(8): 1018–1026.
Tiemann TT, Donough CR, Lim YL, Härdter R, Norton R, Tao HH, Jaramillo R, Satyanarayana T, Zingore S, Oberthür T. 2018. Feeding the palm: A review of oil palm nutrition. Adv Agron 152: 149–243.
Tufaila M, Sunarminto BH, Shiddieq D, Syukur A. 2011. Characteristics of soil derived from ultramafic rocks for extensification of oil palm in Langgikima, North Konawe, Southeast Sulawesi. Agrivita 33(1): 93–102.
van der Ent A, Cardace D, Tibbett M, Echevarria G. 2018. Ecological implications of pedogenesis and geochemistry of ultramafic soils in Kinabalu Park (Malaysia). Catena 160: 154–169.
van der Ent A, Rajakaruna N, Boyd R, Echevarria G, Repin R, Williams D. 2015. Global research on ultramafic (serpentine) ecosystems (8th International Conference on Serpentine Ecology in Sabah, Malaysia): a summary and synthesis. Australian J Bot 63(2): 1–16.
van Reeuwijk LP. 2002. Procedures for Soil Analysis. 6th ed. Technical Paper, International Soil Reference and Information Centre (ISRIC). Wageningen, Netherlands.
Webb MJ, Nelson PN, Rogers LG, Curry GN. 2011. Site-specific fertilizer recommendations for oil palm smallholders using information from large plantations. J Plant Nutr Soil Sci 174(2): 311–320.
Wirabuana PYAP, Setiahadi R, Sadono R, Lukito M, Martono DS, Matatula J. 2020. Allometric equations for estimating biomass of community forest tree species in Madiun, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 21(9): 4291–4300.
Woittiez LS, Turhina S, Deccy D, Slingerland M, van Noordwijk M, Giller KE. 2019. Fertiliser application practices and nutrient deficiencies in smallholder oil palm plantations in Indonesia. Exp Agric 55(4): 543–559.
Woittiez LS, van Wijk MT, Slingerland M, van Noordwijk M, Giller KE. 2017. Yield gaps in oil palm: A quantitative review of contributing factors. European J Agron 83: 57–77.
Zgangurov EV, Lebedeva MP, Shishkov VA. 2018. Mineralogical and micromorphological diagnostics of pedogenesis on intermediate and mafic rocks in the Northern Taiga of the Timan Range. Eurasian Soil Sci 51(11): 1357–1368.
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