Short Communication: Variations of morphology, anatomy, and metabolite profiles of Citrus reticulata Blanco cv. Tawangmangu grafts produced by shoot tip grafting using several rootstocks
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Abstract. Nuryandani E, Susandarini R, Indrianto A, Nuringtyas RT, Fathima AM, Subandiyah S. 2020. Short Communication: Variations of morphology, anatomy, and metabolite profiles of Citrus reticulata Blanco cv. Tawangmangu grafts produced by shoot tip grafting using several rootstocks. Biodiversitas 21: 4671-4676. Cultivation of Citrus reticulata Blanco cv. Tawangmangu, one of leading mandarin cultivars in Indonesia, remains challenging due to the limitations of suitable rootstocks. The use of suitable rootstocks will greatly determine the success of grafting and affect the performance of the scion. This study aimed to evaluate the morphological, anatomical, and metabolic profiles of grafts between Tawangmangu and rootstocks from various species using shoot tip grafting. Observations of morphological, anatomical, and metabolite variation were carried out eight weeks after the beginning of the growth of the scions. The morphological characters were observed on leaves and stems of the scions. Anatomical data were obtained from the examination of longitudinal sections of grafts prepared using paraffin-embedded method. Analysis of metabolite profiles was performed using LC-MS. The results showed that for two of the three rootstocks used, C. ichangensis × C. reticulata cv. Austera (Japansche Citroen (JC)) and Citrus (Fortunella) japonica (Fortunella) scion growth was vigorous and resulted in a large number of leaves and long stems. Morphological variation was found in the leaf shape, as indicated by wider and wavy leaves of grafts with Fortunella, while narrower and straighter leaves were found in grafts with JC. The grafting onto the third rootstock, C. hystrix, induced dwarfing of the scions. Variation in the anatomical profiles was found in vascular vessels, and in exodermic and endodermic cell sizes. Differences in metabolic profiles of the grafts were found compared to scion and rootstocks. Results of this study provide an important contribution to the successful improvement of Tawangmangu.
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References
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Tietel Z, Srivastava S, Fait A, Tel-Zur N, Carmi N, and Raveh E. 2020. Impact of scion/rootstock reciprocal effects on metabolomics of fruit juice and phloem sap in grafted Citrus reticulata. PLoS ONE 15(1): 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0227192
Vrši? S, Pulko B, and Kocsis L. 2016. Effects of rootstock genotypes on compatibility, biomass, and the yield of Welschriesling. Horticultural Science 43(2): 92–99. https://doi.org/10.17221/141/2015-HORTSCI
Zhang M, Jing L, Wu Q, Zhu K, Ke F, Xu J, Zhao S, Wang G, Zhang C. 2019. Metabolite profile comparison of a graft chimera ‘Hongrou Huyou’ (Citrus changshan-huyou?+?Citrus unshiu) and its two donor plants. BMC Plant Biol. 19(582): 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12870-019-2173-4
Zhou K, Jerszurki D, Sadka A, Shlizerman L, Rachmilevitch S, and Ephrath J. 2018. Effects of photoselective netting on root growth and development of young grafted orange trees under semi-arid climate. Sci. Hortic. 238: 272–280. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2018.04.054
Albrecht U, Fiehn O, Bowman KD. 2016. Metabolic variations in different citrus rootstock cultivars associated with different responses to Huanglongbing. Plant Physiol Biochem. 107:33-44. https://doi:10.1016/j.plaphy.2016.05.030
Aslam A, Zhao S, Azam M, Lu X, He N, Li B, Dou J, Zhu H, Liu W. 2020. Comparative analysis of primary metabolites and transcriptome changes between ungrafted and pumpkin-grafted watermelon during fruit development. https://peerj.com/articles/8259/
Assunção M, Canas S, Cruz S, Brazão J, Zanol GC, Eiras-Dias JE. 2016. Graft compatibility of Vitis: the role of phenolic acids and flavanols. Sci. Hortic. 207:140–145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2016.05.020
Baron D, Esteves Amaro AC, Pina A, Ferreira G. 2019. An overview of grafting re-establishment in woody fruit species. Sci. Hortic. 243: 84–91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2018.08.012
Chitarra W, Perrone I, Avanzato CG, Minio A, Boccacci P, Santini D, Gilardi G, Siciliano I, Gullino ML, Delledonne M, Mannini F, Gambino G. 2017. Grapevine grafting: Scion transcript profiling and defense-related metabolites induced by rootstocks. Front. Plant Sci. 8: 1–15. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2017.00654
De-Carvalho WS, Marinho C, Arantes M, Campbell G, Amaral BD, Cunha MD. 2018. Agronomic and Anatomical Indicators of dwarfism and graft incompatibility in citrus plants. J. Agr. Sci 10: 263-274. https://doi.org/10.5539/jas.v10n9p263
De-Miguel MD, Caballero P, Fernández-Zamudio MA. 2019. Varietal change dominates adoption of technology in Spanish citrus production. Agronomy 9: 1-15. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9100631
Eltayb MTA, Magid TDA, Ibrahim AA, Dirar AM. 2014. Effect of grafting rootstock on morphological changes of scions in some Acacia species. J. For. Prod. Ind.3(1): 27–36.
Foster TM, McAtee PA, Waite CN, Boldingh HL, McGhie TK. 2017. Apple dwarfing rootstocks exhibit an imbalance in carbohydrate allocation and reduced cell growth and metabolism. Hortic. Res. 4. : 17009. https://doi:10.1038/hortres.2017.9
Hartmann HT, Kester DE, Davies FT, Geneve RL. 2011. Hartmann & Kester’s Plant Propagation: Principles and Practices eighth ed. Prentice Hall, New Jersey.
He W; Wang Y; Chen Q; Sun B; Tang HR; Pan DM; Wang XR. 2018. Dissection of the mechanism for compatible and incompatible graft combinations of Citrus grandis (L.) Osbeck (‘Hongmian Miyou’). Int. J. Mol. Sci. 19: 505. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms19020505
Killiny N, Valim MF, Jones EJ, Hijaz F. 2018. Effect of different rootstock on the leaf metabolite profile of ‘Sugar Belle’ mandarin hybrid. Plant Signaling and Behavior 13 (3): 1-4. https://doi.org/10.1080/15592324.2016.1249080
Kimura Y, Naeshiro M, Tominaga Y, Anai T, Komai F. 2017. Metabolite composition of grapefruit (Citrus paradisi) grown in japan depends on the growing environment and harvest period. Hortic. J. 86(4): 543-551. https://doi.org/10.2503/hortj.MI-139
Kudo H, Harada T. 2007. A graft-transmissible RNA from tomato rootstock changes leaf morphology of potato scion. HortScience 42(2): 225–226. https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTSCI.42.2.225
Nanda AK, Melnyk CW. 2018. The role of plant hormones during grafting. J. Plant Res.131(1): 49–58. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10265-017-0994-5
Navarro L, Juarez J. 2007. Shoot-tip Grafting In vitro: Impact in the Citrus Industry and Research Application. In Khan IA (Ed) Citrus: Genetics, Breeding, And Biotechnology 1st ed: 353–364. CAB International, Oxfordshire.
Prodhomme D, Fonayet JV, Hévin C, Franc C, Hilbert 1, de Revel G, Richard T, Ollat N, Cookson SJ. 2019. Metabolite profiling during graft union formation reveals the reprogramming of primary metabolism and the induction of stilbene synthesis at the graft interface in grapevine. BMC Plant Biol. 19(1): 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12870-019-2055-9
Ramírez-Gil JG. 2018. Avocado wilt complex disease, implications and management in Colombia. Revista Facultad Nacional de Agronomia Medellin 71(2): 8525–8541. http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/rfna.v71n2.66465
Singh AK, Meetei NT, Kundu S, Salma U, and Mandal N. 2019. In vitro micrografting using three diverse indigenous rootstocks for the production of Citrus tristeza virus-free plants of Khasi mandarin. In Vitro Cellular and Developmental Biology - Plant 55(2): 180–189. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11627-018-9946-6
Tietel Z, Srivastava S, Fait A, Tel-Zur N, Carmi N, and Raveh E. 2020. Impact of scion/rootstock reciprocal effects on metabolomics of fruit juice and phloem sap in grafted Citrus reticulata. PLoS ONE 15(1): 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0227192
Vrši? S, Pulko B, and Kocsis L. 2016. Effects of rootstock genotypes on compatibility, biomass, and the yield of Welschriesling. Horticultural Science 43(2): 92–99. https://doi.org/10.17221/141/2015-HORTSCI
Zhang M, Jing L, Wu Q, Zhu K, Ke F, Xu J, Zhao S, Wang G, Zhang C. 2019. Metabolite profile comparison of a graft chimera ‘Hongrou Huyou’ (Citrus changshan-huyou?+?Citrus unshiu) and its two donor plants. BMC Plant Biol. 19(582): 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12870-019-2173-4
Zhou K, Jerszurki D, Sadka A, Shlizerman L, Rachmilevitch S, and Ephrath J. 2018. Effects of photoselective netting on root growth and development of young grafted orange trees under semi-arid climate. Sci. Hortic. 238: 272–280. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2018.04.054
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