The ecology of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus larvae habitat in coastal areas of South Sulawesi, Indonesia
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Abstract. Ratnasari A, Jabal AR, Rahma N, Rahmi SN, Karmila M, Wahid I, 2020. The ecology of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus larvae habitat in coastal areas of South Sulawesi, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 21: 4648-4654. Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus are arbovirus vectors that can adapt to various environmental conditions. This study aimed to analyze the spatial distribution, habitat characteristics, and the correlation between the number of Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus larvae with physical factors. The larvae were collected from seven sampling locations along the coast of South Sulawesi at a distance of 100 m, 500 m, 1 km, and 2 km from the coastline. The collected samples and their water habitat were examined in the Entomology Laboratory of the Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. The number of larvae was counted (3182 larvae of both kinds), and the pH and salinity of the water were measured. Data analysis was performed with IBM SPSS version 24 and spatial distribution of larvae was mapped with ArcGIS version 10.5. We found that the highest number of Ae. aegypti was at a distance of 100 m from the coastline (73.34%), while Ae. albopictus was at 500 m (34.14%). Most of the mosquitos laid their eggs on discarded boats as observed in the Kurri Caddi coast (31.2%). The observed ranges of pH, salinity, and temperature of larvae habitat were 5.5-6.4, 5-2 ppt, and 28-31°C, respectively. The total number of larvae had a significant correlation p<0.05 with the physical factors, i.e., distance from the coastline, water pH, temperature, and kind of water storages (containers). This study showed that physical factors in the coastal area significantly influenced the habitat characteristics and the abundance of Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus larvae.
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References
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Liu HJ, Quam M, Wilder SA et.al. 2016. Climate change and Aedes vectors: 21st century projections for dengue transmission in Europe. EBioMedicine 7 : 267–277.
Lubinda J, Treviño CJA, Walsh MR et.al. 2019. Environmental suitability for Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus and the spatial distribution of major arboviral infections in Mexico. Parasite Epidemiology and Control 6.
Madzlan F, Dom NC, Tiong CS et.al. 2016. Breeding characteristics of Aedes mosquitoes in dengue risk area. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 234 : 164–172.
Medeiros SR, Oliveira CR, Camargo AA et.al. 2020. Influence of water’s physical and chemical parameters on mosquito (Diptera: Culicidae) assemblages in larval habitats in urban parks of S˜ao Paulo, Brazil. Journal Pre-proof Acta Tropica. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actatropica.2020.105394
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Overgaard HJ, Olano VA, Jaramillo JF et.al. 2017. A cross-sectional survey of Aedes aegypti immature abundance in urban and rural household containers in central Colombia. Parasites and Vectors 10(1) : 1–12.
Paupy C, Ollomo B, Kamgang B et.al.2010. Comparative role of Aedes albopictus and Aedes aegypti in the emergence of dengue and chikungunya in Central Africa. Vector-Borne And Zoonotic Diseases 10 : 3.
Perez MH, Noriega FG. 2014. Sublethal metal stress response of larvae of Aedes aegypti. Physiological Entomology 39(2) : 111–119.
Pratiwi R, Anwar C, Salni et.al. 2019. Species diversity and community composition of mosquitoes in a filariasis endemic area in Banyuasin District, South Sumatra, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 20(2) : 453–462.
Ramasamy R, Surendran SN. 2012. Global climate change and its potential impact on disease transmission by salinity-tolerant mosquito vectors in coastal zones. Frontiers in Physiology. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2012.00198
Ramasamy R, Surendran SN, Jude PJ et.al. 2011. Larval development of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus in peri-urban brackish water and its implications for transmission of arboviral diseases. PLoS NTDs 5(11).
Ribeiro JMC, Valenzuela JG. 2011. Vector Biology. Tropical Infectious Diseases. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-7020-3935-5.00008-2
Rodrigues MDM, Marques GRAM, Serpa LLN, et.al. 2015. Density of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus and its association with number of residents and meteorological variables in the home environment of dengue endemic area, São Paulo, Brazil. Parasites and Vectors 8(1) : 1–9.
Rueda LM. 2004. Pictorial keys for the identification of mosquitoes (Diptera:Culicidae) associated with Dengue virus transmission. Magnolia Press. Zootaxa 589 : 1-60.
Rueda LM. 2008. Freshwater Animal Diversity Assessment. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-8259-7
Sasmono RT, Wahid I, Trimarsanto H et.al. 2015. Genomic analysis and growth characteristic of dengue viruses from Makassar, Indonesia. Infection Genetics and Evolution 32 : 165–177.
Satoto TBT, Umniyati SR, Astuti FD et.al. 2014. Assessment of vertical dengue virus transmission in Aedes aegypti and serotype prevalence in Bantul, Indonesia. APJTD 4 : S563–S568.
Silva WR, Soares SJ, Ferreira FA et.al. 2018. Oviposition of Aedes aegypti Linnaeus and Aedes albopictus Skuse (Diptera: Culicidae) under laboratory and field conditions using ovitraps associated to different control agents, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Entomologia 62(4) : 304–310.
Soares SJ, Ibiapina SS, Bezerra JMT et.al. 2012. Variation in Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus) (Diptera, Culicidae) infestation in artificial containers in Caxias, state of Maranhão, Brazil. Revista Da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical 45(2) : 174–179.
Souza NJA, Powell JR, Bonizzoni M. 2019. Aedes aegypti vector competence studies: A review. Infection Genetics and Evolution 67 : 191–209.
Sumayyah A, Fadzly N, Zuharah WF. 2016. Current observation on Aedes mosquitoes: A survey on implication of dengue infection, human lifestyle and preventive measure among Malaysia resident in urban and sub-urban areas. APJTD 6(11) : 841–849.
Tedjou AN, Kamgang, B, Yougang AP et.al. 2018. Update on the geographical distribution and prevalence of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae), two major arbovirus vectors in Cameroon. PLoS NTDs 13(3) : 1–18.
Tsunoda T, Fukuchi A, Nanbara S et.al. 2012. Aedes mosquito larvae collected from Ishigaki-jima and Taketomi-jima Islands in southern Japan. SEAMEO TROPMED 43(6) : 1375–1379.
Vanlalruia K, Senthilkumar N, Gurusubramanian G. 2014. Diversity and abundance of mosquito species in relation to their larval habitats in Mizoram, North Eastern Himalayan region. Acta Tropica 137 : 1–18.
Wilkerson RC, Linton Y, Fonseca DM et.al. 2015. Making Mosquito Taxonomy useful?: a stable classification of tribe aedini that balances utility with current knowledge of evolutionary relationships. PLoS ONE 10(7) : e0133602.
Zahiri N, Rau ME. 1998. Oviposition attraction and repellency of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) to Waters from Conspecific Larvae Subjected to Crowding, Confinement, Starvation, or Infection. JME 35(5) : 782–787.
Zahouli JBZ, Utzinger J, Adja MA et.al. 2016. Oviposition ecology and species composition of Aedes spp. and Aedes aegypti dynamics in variously urbanised settings in arbovirus foci in southeastern Côte d’Ivoire. Parasites and Vectors 9(1) : 1–14.
Aziz AT, Dieng HA, Mahyoub JA et.al. 2012. Household survey of container-breeding mosquitoes and climatic factors influencing the prevalence of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) in Makkah City, Saudi Arabia. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed2(11) : 849–857.
Barrera R, Amador M, Clark GG. 2006. Ecological factors influencing Aedes aegypti (diptera: culicidae) productivity in artificial containers in salinas, Puerto Rico. J of Medical Entomology 43(3) : 484–492.
Basker P, Ezhil R. 2012. Study on the correlation of premises condition index and the presence of larvae of aedes species mosquitoes in human dwellings of the cuddalore district of Tamil Nadu, India. PHRP. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrp.2011.11.046
Capeding MR, Tran NH, Hadinegoro SRS et.al.2014. Clinical efficacy and safety of a novel tetravalent dengue vaccine in healthy children in Asia: A phase 3, randomised, observer-masked, placebo-controlled trial. The Lancet 384(9951) : 1358–1365.
Chatterjee S, Chakraborty A, Sinha SK.2015. Spatial distribution & physicochemical characterisation of the breeding habitats of Aedes aegypti in & around Kolkata, West Bengal, India. Indian J Med Res 142 : 79–86.
Ferede G, Tiruneh M, Abate E, Kassa et.al.2018. Distribution and larval breeding habitats of Aedes mosquito species in residential areas of northwest Ethiopia. Epidemiology and Health. https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2018015
Foster WA, Walker ED.2019. Mosquitoes (Culicidae). Medical and Veterinary Entomology. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-814043-7.00015-7
Futami K, Iwashita H, Higa Y et.al.2020. Geographical distribution of Aedes aegypti and Aedes aegypti formosus (Diptera: Culicidae) in Kenya and environmental factors related to their relative abundance. J of Medical Entomology 57(3) : 772–779.
Gopalakrishnan R, Das M, Baruah I et.al. 2013. Physicochemical characteristics of habitats in relation to the density of container-breeding mosquitoes in Asom, India. J Vec Borne Dis 50(3) : 215–219.
Guo XX, Li CX, Zhang YM et.al. 2016. Vector competence of Aedes albopictus and Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) for the DEN2-FJ10 and DEN2-FJ11 strains of the dengue 2 virus in Fujian, China. Acta Tropica 161 : 86–90.
Hashim NA, Ahmad AH, Talib A et.al. 2018. Co-breeding association of aedes albopictus (Skuse) and aedes aegypti (linnaeus) (Diptera: Culicidae) in relation to location and container size. J Tropical Life Sciences Research 29(1) : 213–227.
Hemme RR, Tank JL, Chadee DD et.al. 2009. Environmental conditions in water storage drums and influences on Aedes aegypti in Trinidad, West Indies. Acta Tropica1 12(1) : 59–66.
Higa Y, Thi Yen N, Kawada H et.al. 2010. Geographic distribution of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus collected from used tires in Vietnam. J AMCA 26(1) : 1–9.
Ibáñez?Justicia A, Juan D, Hernandez A et.al.2020.Habitat suitability modelling to assess the introductions of Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) in the Netherlands.Parasites and Vector 13:217.
Idris FHU, Surendran SN, Ramasamy R. 2013. Detection of Aedes albopictus pre-imaginal stages in brackish water habitats in Brunei Darussalam. JVE 38(1) : 197–199.
Islam S, Haque CE, Hossain S et.al. 2019. Role of container type, behavioural, and ecological factors in Aedes pupal production in Dhaka, Bangladesh: An application of zero-inflated negative binomial model. Acta Tropica 193 : 50–59.
Kauffman E, Payne A, Franke M et.al. 2017. Rearing of Culex spp. and Aedes spp. Mosquitoes. Bio-Protocol. https://doi.org/10.21769/bioprotoc.2542
Kementrian Kesehatan. 2018. Situasi penyakit demam berdarah di Indonesia tahun 2017. Pusat data dan informasi Kementrian Kesehatan RI. ISSN : 2442-7659.
Kudom AA. 2019. Entomological surveillance to assess potential outbreak of Aedes-borne arboviruses and insecticide resistance status of Aedes aegypti from Cape Coast, Ghana. Journal Pre-proof Acta Tropica. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actatropica.2019.105257
Lambrechts L, Scott TW, Gubler DJ. 2010. Consequences of the expanding global distribution of aedes albopictus for dengue virus transmission. PLoS NTDs 4(5).
Liu HJ, Quam M, Wilder SA et.al. 2016. Climate change and Aedes vectors: 21st century projections for dengue transmission in Europe. EBioMedicine 7 : 267–277.
Lubinda J, Treviño CJA, Walsh MR et.al. 2019. Environmental suitability for Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus and the spatial distribution of major arboviral infections in Mexico. Parasite Epidemiology and Control 6.
Madzlan F, Dom NC, Tiong CS et.al. 2016. Breeding characteristics of Aedes mosquitoes in dengue risk area. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 234 : 164–172.
Medeiros SR, Oliveira CR, Camargo AA et.al. 2020. Influence of water’s physical and chemical parameters on mosquito (Diptera: Culicidae) assemblages in larval habitats in urban parks of S˜ao Paulo, Brazil. Journal Pre-proof Acta Tropica. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actatropica.2020.105394
Midega JT, Nzovu J, Kahindi S et.al. 2006. Application of the pupal/demographic-survey methodology to identify the key container habitats of Aedes aegypti (L.) in Malindi district, Kenya. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology. https://doi.org/10.1179/136485906X105525
Ngugi HN, Mutuku FM, Ndenga BA et.al. 2017. Characterisation and productivity profiles of Aedes aegypti (L.) breeding habitats across rural and urban landscapes in western and coastal Kenya. Parasites and Vectors 10(1) : 1–12.
Overgaard HJ, Olano VA, Jaramillo JF et.al. 2017. A cross-sectional survey of Aedes aegypti immature abundance in urban and rural household containers in central Colombia. Parasites and Vectors 10(1) : 1–12.
Paupy C, Ollomo B, Kamgang B et.al.2010. Comparative role of Aedes albopictus and Aedes aegypti in the emergence of dengue and chikungunya in Central Africa. Vector-Borne And Zoonotic Diseases 10 : 3.
Perez MH, Noriega FG. 2014. Sublethal metal stress response of larvae of Aedes aegypti. Physiological Entomology 39(2) : 111–119.
Pratiwi R, Anwar C, Salni et.al. 2019. Species diversity and community composition of mosquitoes in a filariasis endemic area in Banyuasin District, South Sumatra, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 20(2) : 453–462.
Ramasamy R, Surendran SN. 2012. Global climate change and its potential impact on disease transmission by salinity-tolerant mosquito vectors in coastal zones. Frontiers in Physiology. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2012.00198
Ramasamy R, Surendran SN, Jude PJ et.al. 2011. Larval development of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus in peri-urban brackish water and its implications for transmission of arboviral diseases. PLoS NTDs 5(11).
Ribeiro JMC, Valenzuela JG. 2011. Vector Biology. Tropical Infectious Diseases. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-7020-3935-5.00008-2
Rodrigues MDM, Marques GRAM, Serpa LLN, et.al. 2015. Density of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus and its association with number of residents and meteorological variables in the home environment of dengue endemic area, São Paulo, Brazil. Parasites and Vectors 8(1) : 1–9.
Rueda LM. 2004. Pictorial keys for the identification of mosquitoes (Diptera:Culicidae) associated with Dengue virus transmission. Magnolia Press. Zootaxa 589 : 1-60.
Rueda LM. 2008. Freshwater Animal Diversity Assessment. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-8259-7
Sasmono RT, Wahid I, Trimarsanto H et.al. 2015. Genomic analysis and growth characteristic of dengue viruses from Makassar, Indonesia. Infection Genetics and Evolution 32 : 165–177.
Satoto TBT, Umniyati SR, Astuti FD et.al. 2014. Assessment of vertical dengue virus transmission in Aedes aegypti and serotype prevalence in Bantul, Indonesia. APJTD 4 : S563–S568.
Silva WR, Soares SJ, Ferreira FA et.al. 2018. Oviposition of Aedes aegypti Linnaeus and Aedes albopictus Skuse (Diptera: Culicidae) under laboratory and field conditions using ovitraps associated to different control agents, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Entomologia 62(4) : 304–310.
Soares SJ, Ibiapina SS, Bezerra JMT et.al. 2012. Variation in Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus) (Diptera, Culicidae) infestation in artificial containers in Caxias, state of Maranhão, Brazil. Revista Da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical 45(2) : 174–179.
Souza NJA, Powell JR, Bonizzoni M. 2019. Aedes aegypti vector competence studies: A review. Infection Genetics and Evolution 67 : 191–209.
Sumayyah A, Fadzly N, Zuharah WF. 2016. Current observation on Aedes mosquitoes: A survey on implication of dengue infection, human lifestyle and preventive measure among Malaysia resident in urban and sub-urban areas. APJTD 6(11) : 841–849.
Tedjou AN, Kamgang, B, Yougang AP et.al. 2018. Update on the geographical distribution and prevalence of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae), two major arbovirus vectors in Cameroon. PLoS NTDs 13(3) : 1–18.
Tsunoda T, Fukuchi A, Nanbara S et.al. 2012. Aedes mosquito larvae collected from Ishigaki-jima and Taketomi-jima Islands in southern Japan. SEAMEO TROPMED 43(6) : 1375–1379.
Vanlalruia K, Senthilkumar N, Gurusubramanian G. 2014. Diversity and abundance of mosquito species in relation to their larval habitats in Mizoram, North Eastern Himalayan region. Acta Tropica 137 : 1–18.
Wilkerson RC, Linton Y, Fonseca DM et.al. 2015. Making Mosquito Taxonomy useful?: a stable classification of tribe aedini that balances utility with current knowledge of evolutionary relationships. PLoS ONE 10(7) : e0133602.
Zahiri N, Rau ME. 1998. Oviposition attraction and repellency of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) to Waters from Conspecific Larvae Subjected to Crowding, Confinement, Starvation, or Infection. JME 35(5) : 782–787.
Zahouli JBZ, Utzinger J, Adja MA et.al. 2016. Oviposition ecology and species composition of Aedes spp. and Aedes aegypti dynamics in variously urbanised settings in arbovirus foci in southeastern Côte d’Ivoire. Parasites and Vectors 9(1) : 1–14.
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