Sustaining farmers livelihoods through community forestry in Sikka, East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia
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Abstract. Njurumana GN, Ginoga KL, Octavia D. 2020. Sustaining farmers livelihoods through community forestry in Sikka, East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 21: 3786-3796. One of the goals of managing global forest ecosystems today is to synergize their socio-economic, ecological and community livelihood benefits. Each forest type has various socio-economic and ecological characteristics that influence its management strategies and the provision services to the community. In general, the socio-economic benefits of forests in supporting community livelihoods are well known, however, the information which is specifically relevant to tropical monsoon forests is still very limited. This research aims to fill this knowledge gap, by providing information about the socio-economic conditions and provision of services of tropical monsoon forests to people's livelihoods. The research was conducted through structured interviews, FGDs, and field observations, by an analysis unit in community forests in the Sikka district. The information obtained was analyzed through descriptively qualitative and quantitative methods. The results showed an imbalance between the socio-economic conditions of people who rely on the tropical monsoon forest for their livelihoods and the carrying capacity of fuelwood, food, and fodder supply. This imbalance is due to the weak synergy and organization of stakeholders in optimizing how the provision services of forests are used to support farmers' livelihoods. Farmers' dependence on the tropical forest services is still high, therefore the strengthening of farmers' institutions becomes a key factor that determines sustainable management of the forest and enhances the value of its benefits to the community.
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References
Journal
Ali A, Rahut DB. 2018. Forest-based livelihoods, income, and poverty: Empirical evidence from the Himalayan region of rural Pakistan. Rural Studies 57.44-54. Doi:10.1016/j.jrurstud.2017.10.001.
Angelsen A, Jagger P, Babigumira R, Belcher B, Hogarth NJ, Bauch S, Börner J, SmithHall C, Wunder S. 2014. Environmental income and rural livelihoods: a global comparative analysis. World Dev. 64 (Supplement 1), S12–S28.
Babulo B, Muys B, Nega F, Tollens E, Nyssen J, Deckers J. 2009. The economic contribution of forest resources use to rural livelihoods in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia. Forest Policy and Economics, 11 (2), 123-131.
Barbier EB. 2010. Poverty, development, and environment. Environment and Development Economics, 15 (6), 635-660.
Dash M, Behera B, Rahut DB. 2016. Determinants of household collection of non-timber forest product (NTFPs) and alternative livelihood activities in Similipal Tiger Reserve, India. For. Policy Econ. 73, 215-228.
Dako FX, Purwanto RH, Faida LRW, Sumardi. 2018. Firewood and carpentry wood contribution to the communities of Mutis Timau protected forest, Timor Island. Jurnal Manajemen Hutan Tropika Vol. 24, (3): 166-174. DOI: 10.7226/jtfm.24.3.166.
Ekawati S, Salaka FJ, Budiningsih K. 2018. Analysis on readiness of Yogyakarta forest management unit as sub-national public service agencies. Jurnal Analisis Kebijakan Kehutanan Vol. 15 No.1, 1-18.
Fisher B, Polasky S, Sterner T. 2010. Conservation and human welfare: economic analysis of ecosystem services. Environ Res Econ. doi:10.1007/s10640-010-9415-0
Fisher M. 2004. Household welfare and forest dependences in Southern Malawi. Environment and Development Economics, 9 (2), 135-154.
Getachew M, Sjaastad E, Vedeld P. 2007. Economic dependence on forest resources: a case from Dendi district, Ethiopia. For. Policy Ecol. 9 (8), 916–927
Godoy R, Overman H, Demmer J, Apaza L, Byron E, Huanca T, Leonard W, Perez E, Reyes-Garcia V, Vadez V, Wilkie D, Cubas A, McSweeney K, Brokaw N. 2002. Local benefits of rain forests: comparative evidence from Amerindian societies in Bolivia and Honduras. Ecol. Econ. 40, 397–409.
Hogarth NJ, Belcher B, Campbell B, Stacey N. 2013. The role of forest-related income in household economies and rural livelihoods in the border-region of Southern China. World Dev. 43, 111-123.
Jose S. 2012. Agroforestry for conserving and enhancing biodiversity. Agroforest Syst 85:1-8. Doi: 10.1007/s10457-012-9517-5
Kangalawe RYM., Noe, C. (2012). Biodiversity conservation and poverty alleviation in Namtumbo district, Tanzania. Agriculture, Ecosystem and Environment 162 : 90-100.
Lee SM, Kim YS, Jaung W, Latifah S, Afifi M, Fisher LA. 2015. Forests, fuelwood and livelihoods-energy transition patterns in eastern Indonesia. Energy Policy 85:61-70.
Limoges B. 2009. Biodiversité, services écologiquest et bien-étre humain. Le naturaliste Canadien. 133:15-19.
Miyamoto M. 2020. Poverty reduction saves forests sustainably: Lessons for deforestation policies. World Development Vol. 127; 104746. 1-12.
Njurumana GN, Marsono D, Irham, Sadono R. 2014. Plant biodiversity conservation on Kaliwu system at Sumba Island. Manusia dan Lingkungan Vol. 21, No.1. 75-82.
Njurumana GN. 2016. Village community and flora biodiversity management in home garden system at central of Sumba regency. Jurnal Penelitian Kehutanan Wallacea Vol 5 No 1. 1-12.
Njurumana GN. 2019. Provision services of biodiversity on Kaliwu agroforest system. Jurnal Pemuliaan Tanaman Hutan Vol 13 No 2. 123-132.
Njurumana GN, Octavia D. 2020. Conservation of NTFPs Species Through Agroforestry for Community Livelihoods in Sikka, East Nusa Tenggara. Journal of Sylva Indonesiana Vol. 3 No. 1. 1-16.
Shackleton CM, Shackleton SE, Buiten E, Bird N. 2007. The importances of dry woodlands and forest in rural livelihoods and poverty alleviation in South Africa. Forest Policy and Economics, 9 (5), 558-577.
Umaya R, Hardjanto, Soekmadi, R , Sunito, S. 2020. Direct economic benefits and human dependence toward Gunung Merapi National Park, Indonesia. B IO D I V E R S IT A S. Vol. 21 (3): 982-993.
Vedeld P, Angelsen A, BojÖ J, Sjaastad E, Berg GK. 2007. Forest environmental incomes and the rural poor. Forest Policy and Economics 9 (7), 869-879.
Wunder S, Angelsen A, Belcher B. 2014. Forests, livelihoods, and conservation: broadening the empirical base. World Dev. 64, 1-11.
Book
BPS (Badan Pusat Statistik). 2012. Nusa Tenggara Timur Dalam Angka. Badan Pusat Statistik Nusa Tenggara Timur. Kupang
BPS (Badan Pusat Statistik). 2015. Sikka Dalam Angka. Badan Pusat Statistik Kabupaten Sikka. Sikka
BPS (Badan Pusat Statistik). 2016. Nusa Tenggara Timur Dalam Angka. Badan Pusat Statistik Kabupaten Sikka. Sikka
BPS (Badan Pusat Statistik). 2018. Statistik Daerah Nusa Tenggara Timur. Badan Pusat Statistik Nusa Tenggara Timur. Kupang
BPS (Badan Pusat Statistik). 2018. Jumlah dan persentase rumah tangga di sekitar kawasan hutan yang melakukan perladangan berpindah. Diunduh 31 Mei 2018 dari https://www.bps .go.id/ dynamictable/ 2018/03/21/1291/jumlah-dan-persentase-rumah-tangga-di- sekitar-kawasan-hutan-yang-melakukan -perladangan-berpindah-2004-dan-2014. html.
Brown T. 2004. Analysis of population and poverty in Indonesia’s forests. Natural Resources Management Program Report. Jakarta.
Cavendish W. 1999. Poverty, inequality and environmental resources: quantitative analysis of rural households. Centre for the Study of African Economies (CSAE) paper series. paper, vol. 93.
Chambers R. 1983. Pembangunan desa : Mulai dari belakang. Jakarta : LP3ES.
Fischer R, Maginnis S, Jackson W, Barrow E, Jeanrenaud S, Ingles A, Friend R, Mehrota R, Farvar T, Laurie M, Oviedo G. 2008. Linking conservation and poverty reduction: landscape, people and power. IUCN-The World Conservation Union.
French BR. 2006. Food plants of Papua New Guinea. A compendium. Revised edition. Privately published as an electronic book in pdf format. 38 West St., Burnie. Tasmania 7320, Australia.
Geertz C. 1963. Agricultural Involution: The Process of Ecological Change in Indonesia. Berkeley: University of California.
Harris J. 1986. Rural development: Theories of peasant economy and agrarian change. London: ELBS/Hutchinson
Juanda D, Cahyono B. 2000. Ubi Jalar Budidaya dan Analisis Usaha Tani. Kanisius. Yogyakarta
MEA (Millenium ecosystem assessment). 2005. Ecosystem and human well-being: Synthesis. Island Press, Washington, DC.
Profil Desa Hikong. 2017. Desa Hikong, Kecamatan Talibura, Kabupaten Sikka, Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Timur.
Rambo AT. 1983. Conceptuals approaches to human ecology. Hawai: East-West Center, East-West Environment and Policy Institute.
RKU. 2017. Rencana Kerja Usaha HKm Tuartana Periode 2017-2027. Direktorat Jenderal Perhutanan Sosial dan Kemitraan Lingkungan. Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan.
Sunderlin WD, Resosudarmo IAP, Rianto E, Angelsen A. 2000. The effect of Indonesia’s economic crisis on small farmers and natural forest cover in the outer islands. Occasional Paper 28 (E). Bogor, CIFOR.
Suprapti L. 2005. Teknologi pengolahan pangan tepung tapioka dan pemanfaatannya. PT Gramedia Pustaka: Jakarta. 80 hlm
Slamet DS, & Tarkotjo I. 1980. Majalah gizi dan makanan jilid 4, hal 26. Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Kesehatan Depkes RI.
GFGT. 2019. Global Forest Goal and Targets. The United Nation Strategic Plan for Forest 2030. Department of Economic and Social Affairs. United Nation.
Wollenberg E, Belcher B, Sheil D, Dewi S, Moeliono M. 2004. Mengapa kawasan hutan penting bagi penanggulangan kemiskinan di Indonesia? CIFOR Governance Brief. No 4, Desember 2004. Bogor.
Proceeding
Chen S, Ravallion M. 2007. Absolute poverty measures for the developing world, 1981-2004. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, 104 (43), 1979-2003.
Information from internets
FAO. 2015. Forest and Poverty Reduction. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. http://www.fao.org/forestry/livelihoods/en/.
Pearce F. 2011. Conservation and poverty reduction. Conservation Magazine. http://www.conservationmagazine.org/2014/02/conservation-and-poverty/
Ali A, Rahut DB. 2018. Forest-based livelihoods, income, and poverty: Empirical evidence from the Himalayan region of rural Pakistan. Rural Studies 57.44-54. Doi:10.1016/j.jrurstud.2017.10.001.
Angelsen A, Jagger P, Babigumira R, Belcher B, Hogarth NJ, Bauch S, Börner J, SmithHall C, Wunder S. 2014. Environmental income and rural livelihoods: a global comparative analysis. World Dev. 64 (Supplement 1), S12–S28.
Babulo B, Muys B, Nega F, Tollens E, Nyssen J, Deckers J. 2009. The economic contribution of forest resources use to rural livelihoods in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia. Forest Policy and Economics, 11 (2), 123-131.
Barbier EB. 2010. Poverty, development, and environment. Environment and Development Economics, 15 (6), 635-660.
Dash M, Behera B, Rahut DB. 2016. Determinants of household collection of non-timber forest product (NTFPs) and alternative livelihood activities in Similipal Tiger Reserve, India. For. Policy Econ. 73, 215-228.
Dako FX, Purwanto RH, Faida LRW, Sumardi. 2018. Firewood and carpentry wood contribution to the communities of Mutis Timau protected forest, Timor Island. Jurnal Manajemen Hutan Tropika Vol. 24, (3): 166-174. DOI: 10.7226/jtfm.24.3.166.
Ekawati S, Salaka FJ, Budiningsih K. 2018. Analysis on readiness of Yogyakarta forest management unit as sub-national public service agencies. Jurnal Analisis Kebijakan Kehutanan Vol. 15 No.1, 1-18.
Fisher B, Polasky S, Sterner T. 2010. Conservation and human welfare: economic analysis of ecosystem services. Environ Res Econ. doi:10.1007/s10640-010-9415-0
Fisher M. 2004. Household welfare and forest dependences in Southern Malawi. Environment and Development Economics, 9 (2), 135-154.
Getachew M, Sjaastad E, Vedeld P. 2007. Economic dependence on forest resources: a case from Dendi district, Ethiopia. For. Policy Ecol. 9 (8), 916–927
Godoy R, Overman H, Demmer J, Apaza L, Byron E, Huanca T, Leonard W, Perez E, Reyes-Garcia V, Vadez V, Wilkie D, Cubas A, McSweeney K, Brokaw N. 2002. Local benefits of rain forests: comparative evidence from Amerindian societies in Bolivia and Honduras. Ecol. Econ. 40, 397–409.
Hogarth NJ, Belcher B, Campbell B, Stacey N. 2013. The role of forest-related income in household economies and rural livelihoods in the border-region of Southern China. World Dev. 43, 111-123.
Jose S. 2012. Agroforestry for conserving and enhancing biodiversity. Agroforest Syst 85:1-8. Doi: 10.1007/s10457-012-9517-5
Kangalawe RYM., Noe, C. (2012). Biodiversity conservation and poverty alleviation in Namtumbo district, Tanzania. Agriculture, Ecosystem and Environment 162 : 90-100.
Lee SM, Kim YS, Jaung W, Latifah S, Afifi M, Fisher LA. 2015. Forests, fuelwood and livelihoods-energy transition patterns in eastern Indonesia. Energy Policy 85:61-70.
Limoges B. 2009. Biodiversité, services écologiquest et bien-étre humain. Le naturaliste Canadien. 133:15-19.
Miyamoto M. 2020. Poverty reduction saves forests sustainably: Lessons for deforestation policies. World Development Vol. 127; 104746. 1-12.
Njurumana GN, Marsono D, Irham, Sadono R. 2014. Plant biodiversity conservation on Kaliwu system at Sumba Island. Manusia dan Lingkungan Vol. 21, No.1. 75-82.
Njurumana GN. 2016. Village community and flora biodiversity management in home garden system at central of Sumba regency. Jurnal Penelitian Kehutanan Wallacea Vol 5 No 1. 1-12.
Njurumana GN. 2019. Provision services of biodiversity on Kaliwu agroforest system. Jurnal Pemuliaan Tanaman Hutan Vol 13 No 2. 123-132.
Njurumana GN, Octavia D. 2020. Conservation of NTFPs Species Through Agroforestry for Community Livelihoods in Sikka, East Nusa Tenggara. Journal of Sylva Indonesiana Vol. 3 No. 1. 1-16.
Shackleton CM, Shackleton SE, Buiten E, Bird N. 2007. The importances of dry woodlands and forest in rural livelihoods and poverty alleviation in South Africa. Forest Policy and Economics, 9 (5), 558-577.
Umaya R, Hardjanto, Soekmadi, R , Sunito, S. 2020. Direct economic benefits and human dependence toward Gunung Merapi National Park, Indonesia. B IO D I V E R S IT A S. Vol. 21 (3): 982-993.
Vedeld P, Angelsen A, BojÖ J, Sjaastad E, Berg GK. 2007. Forest environmental incomes and the rural poor. Forest Policy and Economics 9 (7), 869-879.
Wunder S, Angelsen A, Belcher B. 2014. Forests, livelihoods, and conservation: broadening the empirical base. World Dev. 64, 1-11.
Book
BPS (Badan Pusat Statistik). 2012. Nusa Tenggara Timur Dalam Angka. Badan Pusat Statistik Nusa Tenggara Timur. Kupang
BPS (Badan Pusat Statistik). 2015. Sikka Dalam Angka. Badan Pusat Statistik Kabupaten Sikka. Sikka
BPS (Badan Pusat Statistik). 2016. Nusa Tenggara Timur Dalam Angka. Badan Pusat Statistik Kabupaten Sikka. Sikka
BPS (Badan Pusat Statistik). 2018. Statistik Daerah Nusa Tenggara Timur. Badan Pusat Statistik Nusa Tenggara Timur. Kupang
BPS (Badan Pusat Statistik). 2018. Jumlah dan persentase rumah tangga di sekitar kawasan hutan yang melakukan perladangan berpindah. Diunduh 31 Mei 2018 dari https://www.bps .go.id/ dynamictable/ 2018/03/21/1291/jumlah-dan-persentase-rumah-tangga-di- sekitar-kawasan-hutan-yang-melakukan -perladangan-berpindah-2004-dan-2014. html.
Brown T. 2004. Analysis of population and poverty in Indonesia’s forests. Natural Resources Management Program Report. Jakarta.
Cavendish W. 1999. Poverty, inequality and environmental resources: quantitative analysis of rural households. Centre for the Study of African Economies (CSAE) paper series. paper, vol. 93.
Chambers R. 1983. Pembangunan desa : Mulai dari belakang. Jakarta : LP3ES.
Fischer R, Maginnis S, Jackson W, Barrow E, Jeanrenaud S, Ingles A, Friend R, Mehrota R, Farvar T, Laurie M, Oviedo G. 2008. Linking conservation and poverty reduction: landscape, people and power. IUCN-The World Conservation Union.
French BR. 2006. Food plants of Papua New Guinea. A compendium. Revised edition. Privately published as an electronic book in pdf format. 38 West St., Burnie. Tasmania 7320, Australia.
Geertz C. 1963. Agricultural Involution: The Process of Ecological Change in Indonesia. Berkeley: University of California.
Harris J. 1986. Rural development: Theories of peasant economy and agrarian change. London: ELBS/Hutchinson
Juanda D, Cahyono B. 2000. Ubi Jalar Budidaya dan Analisis Usaha Tani. Kanisius. Yogyakarta
MEA (Millenium ecosystem assessment). 2005. Ecosystem and human well-being: Synthesis. Island Press, Washington, DC.
Profil Desa Hikong. 2017. Desa Hikong, Kecamatan Talibura, Kabupaten Sikka, Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Timur.
Rambo AT. 1983. Conceptuals approaches to human ecology. Hawai: East-West Center, East-West Environment and Policy Institute.
RKU. 2017. Rencana Kerja Usaha HKm Tuartana Periode 2017-2027. Direktorat Jenderal Perhutanan Sosial dan Kemitraan Lingkungan. Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan.
Sunderlin WD, Resosudarmo IAP, Rianto E, Angelsen A. 2000. The effect of Indonesia’s economic crisis on small farmers and natural forest cover in the outer islands. Occasional Paper 28 (E). Bogor, CIFOR.
Suprapti L. 2005. Teknologi pengolahan pangan tepung tapioka dan pemanfaatannya. PT Gramedia Pustaka: Jakarta. 80 hlm
Slamet DS, & Tarkotjo I. 1980. Majalah gizi dan makanan jilid 4, hal 26. Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Kesehatan Depkes RI.
GFGT. 2019. Global Forest Goal and Targets. The United Nation Strategic Plan for Forest 2030. Department of Economic and Social Affairs. United Nation.
Wollenberg E, Belcher B, Sheil D, Dewi S, Moeliono M. 2004. Mengapa kawasan hutan penting bagi penanggulangan kemiskinan di Indonesia? CIFOR Governance Brief. No 4, Desember 2004. Bogor.
Proceeding
Chen S, Ravallion M. 2007. Absolute poverty measures for the developing world, 1981-2004. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, 104 (43), 1979-2003.
Information from internets
FAO. 2015. Forest and Poverty Reduction. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. http://www.fao.org/forestry/livelihoods/en/.
Pearce F. 2011. Conservation and poverty reduction. Conservation Magazine. http://www.conservationmagazine.org/2014/02/conservation-and-poverty/