Isolation and selection of Bacillus cereus specific phages from hospital wastewater
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Abstract. Rovik A, ‘Aziz S, Pramono H. 2020. Isolation and selection of Bacillus cereus specific phages from hospital wastewater. Biodiversitas 21: 2871-2877. Bacillus cereus (B. cereus) is a pathogenic bacterium that frequently contaminates food by producing entero and emetic toxins. B. cereus has shown resistance to various antibiotics, especially ?-lactam antibiotics. An alternative to control B. cereus contamination is the use of bacteriophages. This study aimed to isolate and screen B. cereus specific phages from hospital wastewater in Banyumas District. The research was conducted descriptively through isolation, purification, titer determination, host ranges, and adsorption rate determination. A total of 29 isolates of B. cereus-phages were isolated from hospital wastewater in Banyumas with various titers, ranged from 0.14-3.76 x 107 PFU.mL-1. Isolated phages could be grouped into two, narrow host range (14 phages) and broad activity spectra (15 phages) that infect both Gram-positive and negative bacteria i.e. B. subtilis, B. fragilis, B. licheniformis, Citrobacter freundii, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Salmonella thypi, and Escherichia coli. The infections had a latency period of 60-120 minutes. The decrease of culture absorbance value ranged from 0.06 to 0.41, while the control tended to increase by 0.39. The largest decreases were showed by phage isolates RSBMS-2 and RSBMT-1 with 0.41 and 0.37, respectively.
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References
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Pelczar MJ, Chan ESC. 1986. Dasar-dasar Mikrobiologi I. Universitas Indonesia Press, Jakarta.
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Rakhuba DV, Kolomiets EI, Szwajcer-Dey E, Novik GI. 2010. Bacteriophage receptors, mechanisms of phage adsorption and penetration into host cell. Pol. J. Microbiol. 59(3): 145-155.
Savic D, Miljkovic-Selimovic B, Lepsanpvic Z, Tambur Z, Konstantinovic S, Stankovic N, Ristanovic E. 2016. Antimicrobial susceptibility and ?-Lactamase production in Bacillus cereus isolated from stool of patients, food, and environment samples. Vojnosanit Pregl. 73(10): 904-909.
Scallan E, Hoekstra RM, Angulo FJ, Tauxe RV, Widdowson M, Roy SL, Jones JL, Griffin PM. 2011. Foodborne illness acquired in the United States: major pathogens. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 17(1): 7-11.
Schlegelova J, Brychta JJ, Klimova E, Napravnikova E, Barak V. 2003. The prevalence of and resistance to antimicrobial agents of Bacillus cereus isolates from foodstuffs. Vet. Med. 48(11): 331-338.
Schoeni JL, Wong ACL. 2005. Bacillus cereus food poisoning and its toxins. J. Food Prot. 68(3): 636-648.
Snyder L, Champness W. 2003. Lytic Bacteriophages: Genetic Analysis and Transduction. In: Molecular Genetics of Bacteria. ASM Press, Washington D.C.
Sood B, Pal-Sahota P, Hunjan M. 2017. Multidrugs resistant Bacillus cereus in fresh vegetables: a serious burden to public health. Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. Appl. Sci. 6(4): 649-661.
Sulakvelide A, Kutter E. 2005. Bacteriophage therapy in humans. In: bacteriophage: biology and application. Kutter E, Sulakvelidze A (eds.) CRC Press, Boca Raton.
Sumarno, Puspandari N, Melatiwati. 2010. Survey kontaminasi bakteri patogen pada makanan dan minuman yang dijual di sekitar gedung perkantoran di Jakarta. CDK: 1-8.
Thorne CB, Holt SC. 1974. Cold viability of Bacillus cereus bacteriophage CP-51. J. Virol. 14(4): 1008-1012.
Weinbauer MG. 2004. Ecology of prokaryotic viruses. Rev. Article FEMS Microbiol. 28(2): 127-181.
Whong CMZ, Kwaga JKP, Umoh VJ, Ameh JB. 2006. Densities of Bacillus cereus in some Nigerian foods and foods ingredients. Niger. J. Microbiol. 20: 960-970.
Ziane M, Desriac N, Le-Chevalier P, Couvert O, Moussa-Boudjemaa B, Leguerinel I. 2014. Identification, heat resistance and growth potential of mesophilic spore-forming bacteria isolated from Algerian retail packaged couscous. Food Cont. 45: 16-21.
Bottone EJ. 2010. Bacillus cereus: a volatile human pathogen. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 23(2): 382-398.
Calendar R. 2004. The bacteriophages. Oxford University Press, United State of America.
Davis BD, Dulbecco R, Eisen HN, Ginsberg, HS. 1990. Microbiology 14th Ed. J.B. Lippincott Company, Philadelphia.
EFSA. 2013. The European Union summary report on trends and sources of zoonosis, zoonotic agents and foodborne outbreaks in 2011. EFSA J. 11(4): 3129-3140.
El-Arabi T, Griffiths M, She Y, Villegas A, Lingohr E, Kropinski A. 2013. Genome sequence and analysis of a broad-host range lytic bacteriophage that infects the Bacillus cereus group. Virol. J. 10: 48-58.
Fenselau C, Havey C, Teerakulkittipong N, Swatkoski S, Laine O, Edwards N. 2008. Identification of ?-Lactamase in antibiotic-resistant Bacillus cereus spores. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 74(3): 904-906.
Goyal SM, Zerda KS, Gerba CP. 1987. Concentration of coliphages from large volumes of water and wastewater. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 39: 85-91.
Guenther S, Huwyler D, Richard S, Loessner MJ. 2009. Virulent bacteriophage for efficient biocontrol of Listeria monocytogenes in ready-to-eat foods. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 75(1): 93-100.
Holmfeldt, Middelboe M, Nybroe O, Reimann L. 2007. Large variabilities in host strain susceptibility and phage host range govern interactions between lytic marine phages and their flavobacterium hosts. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 73(21): 6730-6739.
Hyman P, Abedon ST. 2010. Bacteriophage host range and bacterial resistance. Adv. Appl.Microbiol. 70: 217–248.
Iswadi. 2010. Isolasi fage litik spesifik Shigella sp. Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan Biologi 4(2): 112-117.
Jensen EC, Schrader HS, Rieland B, Thompson TL, Lee KW, Nickerson KW, Kokjohn TA. 1998. Prevalence of broad-host-range lytic bacteriophages of Sphaerotilus natans, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 64(2): 575–580.
Kim C, Cho S, Kang S, Park Y, Yoon M, Lee J, No M, Kim J. 2015. Prevalence, genetic diversity, and antibiotics resistance of Bacillus cereus isolated from Korean fermented soybean products. J. Food Sci. 80(1): M123-128.
Kutter E, De-Vos D, Gvasalia G, Alavidze Z, Gogokhia L, Kuhl S, Abedon ST. 2010. Phage therapy in clinical practice: treatment of human infections. Curr. Pharm. Biotechno. 11: 69-86.
Lake R, Hudson A, Cressey P. 2004. Risk profile: Bacillus spp., in rice. Environmental Science and Research. http://www.nzfsa.govt.nz/science/risk-profiles/bacillus-in-rice-1.pdf. [Accessed on 20th January 2018].
Lee W. 2008. Isolation and characterization of phages infecting gram positive food bacteria. [Thesis]. School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, New Zealand.
Leverentz B, Conway WS, Camp MJ, Janisiewicz WJ, Abuladze T, Yang M, Saftner R, Sulakvelidze A. 2003. Bicontrol of Listeria monocytogenes on fresh-cut produce by treatment with lytic bacteriophage and a bacteriocin. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 69(8): 4519-4526.
Lim E, Lopez L, Borman A, Cressey P, Pirie R. 2012. Annual Report Concerning Foodborne Disease in New Zealand 2011. Ministry for Primary Industry, New Zealand. http://www.foodsafety.govt.nz/science-risk/human-health-surveillance/foodborne-disease-annual-reports.htm. [Accessed on 20th January 2018].
Logan NA, Rodrigez-Diaz M. 2006. Bacillus spp. and related genera. In: Gillespie SH, Hawkey HP (eds.) Principle and Practice of Clinical Bacteriology 2nd Ed, John Wiley and Sons Ltd, England.
Marza JA, Soothill JS, Boydell P, Collyns TA. 2006. Multiplication of therapeutically administered bacteriophages in Pseudomonas aeruginosa infected patients. Burns, 32(5): 644-646.
McLaughlin MR, Balaa MF, Sims J, King R. 2012. Isolation of Salmonella bacteriophages from swine effluent lagoons. J. Environ. Qual. 35: 522–528.
Moller AH, Lindsay JA, Read TD. 2019. Determinants of phage host range in Staphylococcus species. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 85: e00209-219.
Mutalib SA, Abdullah A. 2016. Antimicrobial resistance pattern of Bacillus cereus strains isolated from fried rice samples. Inter. J. Chem. Technol. Res. 9(1): 160-167.
Owusu-Kwarteng J, Wuni A, Akabanda F, Tano-Debrah K, Jespersen L. 2017. Prevalence, virulence factor genes and antibiotic resistance of Bacillus cereus sensu lato isolated from dairy farms and traditional dairy products. BMC Microbiol. 17(65).
OzFoodNet. 2012. Monitoring the incidence and causes of diseases potentially transmitted by food in Australia: Annual Report on the OzFoodNet Network 2010. Commun. Dis. Intell. 36(3): 213-241.
Parisien AB, Allain J, Zhang R, Mandevillen, Lan CG. 2007. Novel alternative of antibiotics: bacteriophage, bacterial cell wall hydrolases and antimicrobial peptides. Rev. Article. J. Appl. Microbiol. 104: 1-13.
Pelczar MJ, Chan ESC. 1986. Dasar-dasar Mikrobiologi I. Universitas Indonesia Press, Jakarta.
Popova AV, Zhilenkov EL, Myankinina VP, Krasilnikova VM, Volozhantsev NV. 2012. Isolation and characterization of wide host range lytic bacteriophage AP22 infecting Acinetobacter braumanii. Rev. Lett. FEM Microbiol. 332: 40-46.
Rakhuba DV, Kolomiets EI, Szwajcer-Dey E, Novik GI. 2010. Bacteriophage receptors, mechanisms of phage adsorption and penetration into host cell. Pol. J. Microbiol. 59(3): 145-155.
Savic D, Miljkovic-Selimovic B, Lepsanpvic Z, Tambur Z, Konstantinovic S, Stankovic N, Ristanovic E. 2016. Antimicrobial susceptibility and ?-Lactamase production in Bacillus cereus isolated from stool of patients, food, and environment samples. Vojnosanit Pregl. 73(10): 904-909.
Scallan E, Hoekstra RM, Angulo FJ, Tauxe RV, Widdowson M, Roy SL, Jones JL, Griffin PM. 2011. Foodborne illness acquired in the United States: major pathogens. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 17(1): 7-11.
Schlegelova J, Brychta JJ, Klimova E, Napravnikova E, Barak V. 2003. The prevalence of and resistance to antimicrobial agents of Bacillus cereus isolates from foodstuffs. Vet. Med. 48(11): 331-338.
Schoeni JL, Wong ACL. 2005. Bacillus cereus food poisoning and its toxins. J. Food Prot. 68(3): 636-648.
Snyder L, Champness W. 2003. Lytic Bacteriophages: Genetic Analysis and Transduction. In: Molecular Genetics of Bacteria. ASM Press, Washington D.C.
Sood B, Pal-Sahota P, Hunjan M. 2017. Multidrugs resistant Bacillus cereus in fresh vegetables: a serious burden to public health. Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. Appl. Sci. 6(4): 649-661.
Sulakvelide A, Kutter E. 2005. Bacteriophage therapy in humans. In: bacteriophage: biology and application. Kutter E, Sulakvelidze A (eds.) CRC Press, Boca Raton.
Sumarno, Puspandari N, Melatiwati. 2010. Survey kontaminasi bakteri patogen pada makanan dan minuman yang dijual di sekitar gedung perkantoran di Jakarta. CDK: 1-8.
Thorne CB, Holt SC. 1974. Cold viability of Bacillus cereus bacteriophage CP-51. J. Virol. 14(4): 1008-1012.
Weinbauer MG. 2004. Ecology of prokaryotic viruses. Rev. Article FEMS Microbiol. 28(2): 127-181.
Whong CMZ, Kwaga JKP, Umoh VJ, Ameh JB. 2006. Densities of Bacillus cereus in some Nigerian foods and foods ingredients. Niger. J. Microbiol. 20: 960-970.
Ziane M, Desriac N, Le-Chevalier P, Couvert O, Moussa-Boudjemaa B, Leguerinel I. 2014. Identification, heat resistance and growth potential of mesophilic spore-forming bacteria isolated from Algerian retail packaged couscous. Food Cont. 45: 16-21.
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