Temporal variation in the population of bulbuls (Family Pycnonotidae) in lower montane forest, Northern Thailand
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Abstract. Ponpituk Y, Siri S, Safoowong M, Suksavate W, Marod D, Duengkae P. 2020. Temporal variation in the population of bulbuls (Family Pycnonotidae) in lower montane forest, Northern Thailand. Biodiversitas 21: 3644-3649. Temporal variations in the population of bulbuls (Family Pycnonotidae) were studied over the course of four years in a 16-ha lower montane permanent plot, Northern Thailand. This study aimed to determine the relationship of the temporal variation of forest gaps with the population size of the bulbul, which plays a crucial role in seed dispersal and insect control in tropical forest ecosystems. This long-term monitoring study in a permanent plot was conducted monthly from January 2016 through October 2019. Data were collected using the mist-netting method for the capture-recapture protocol with individual bird banding. A total of 33,120 traps hour for 46 months,180 traps hour per day and 720 traps hour per month were recorded. The banding of a total of 94 individual bulbuls resulted in their classification into 5 species, consisting of Puff-throated Bulbul (Alophoixus pallidus), Mountain Bulbul (Ixos mcclellandii), Black-crested Bulbul (Pycnonotus flaviventris), Ashy Bulbul (Hemixos flavala) and Flavescent Bulbul (Iole virescens). The annual average density of bulbul for four years tended to decrease, but the difference was not significant. The highest average population occurred in 2016 and the lowest in 2018 with the changes being attributable to forest gap. Over time, monthly detection of bulbuls decreased gradually under closed canopy conditions, while in forest gaps, bird detection remained constant. As gap conditions so did detection probabilities. Our findings suggest that natural forest gaps can play an essential role as a temporal inhibitor to the rapid bird population decrease in the lower montane forest. This study will be useful for bird conservation and in balancing ecosystems for sustainability and providing interest in conservation initiatives requiring spatially explicit estimates of density.
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References
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Rosely NFN, Sah SAM, Mashhor M. 2007. Avian distribution and diversity in forest gap and closed canopy areas of lowland tropical forest. J. Biosci 18(2): 57-75.
Rueangket A, Duengkae P, Thinkhampang S, Marod D. 2019. Utilization of fruit by frugivores in lower montane forest at Doi Suthep-Pui National Park, Chiang Mai province. ANRES 53(1): 457-464.
Sankamethawee W, Pierce AJ, Gale GA, Hardesty BD. 2011. Plant frugivore interaction in an intact tropical forest in north-east Thailand. INTEGR ZOOL 6: 195-212.
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Siri S, Duengkae P, Marod D. 2013. Species diversity and abundance of birds in hill evergreen forest permanent plot at Huai Kok Ma, Chiang Mai Province. JWT 20(1): 97-112.
Siri S, Ponpithuk Y, Safoowong M, Marod D, Duenkae P. 2019. The natural forest gaps maintenance diversity of understory birds in Mae Sa-Kog Ma Biosphere Reserve, northern Thailand. Biodiversitas 20: 181-189.
Siri S, Ponpituk Y, Safoowong M, Nuipakdee W, Marod D, Duengkae P. 2020. Comparing morphological traits of legs of understory birds inhabiting forest areas with closed canopies and forest gaps. Biodiversitas 21(3): 1041-1048.
Sutherland C, Royle JA, Linden DW. 2019. oSCR: a spatial capture–recapture R package for inference about spatial ecological processes. ECOGRAPHY 42: 1-11.
Tews J, Brose U, Grimm V, Tielbörger K, Wichmann MC, Schwager M, Jeltsch F. 2004. Animal species diversity driven by habitat heterogeneity diversity: the importance of keystone structures. J BIOGEOGR 31(1): 79-92
Wang WY, Guo YS, Hu JC, Sun LH, Zhu L. 2005. Preliminary study on feeding and spatial niche of Pynonotus sinesis in spring. J. Zool 24: 466-468.
Werema C. 2015. Seasonal variation in understory bird species diversity and abundance in the Uluguru Nature Reserve, Tanzania. Anim. Ecol 54: 299-307.
Wunderle GM, Willig RMR, Henriques LMP. 2005. Avian distribution in tree-fall gap and understory of terra firme forest in the lowland Amazon. Ibis 147: 109-129.
Zakaria M, Rajpar MN, Ozdemir I, Rosli Z. 2016. Fauna diversity in tropical rainforest: Threats from land-use change. INTECH 11-49.
Barrantes G, Sandoval L. 2019. Effect of El Niño and La Niña on abundance of frugivorous and nectarivorous terrestrial birds in three tropical forests. REV BIOL TROP 67: S282-S297.
Brawn JD, Robinson SK, Thompson IIIFR. 2001. The role of disturbance in the ecology and conservation of birds. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. 32(1): 251-276.
Bongers F, Poorter L, Hawthorne WD, Sheil D. 2009. The intermediate disturbance hypothesis applies to tropical forests, but disturbance contributes little to tree diversity. Ecol. Lett 12(8):798-805.
Chettri N, Sharma E, Deb DC. 2001. Bird community structure along a trekking corridor of Sikkim Himalaya: a conservation perspective. Biol 102(1): 1-16.
Corlett RT. 2017. Frugivory and seed dispersal by vertebrates in tropical and subtropical Asia: an update. GECCO 11: 1-22.
Duangdai E, Likasiri C. 2015. Mathematical model analyses on the effects of global temperature and forest cover on seasonal rainfalls: A Northern Thailand case study. J HYDROL 524: 270-278.
Duengkae P, Marod D, Siri S, Ponpituk Y, Suksavate W, Paansri P, Chaiyes A. 2020. Ecological monitoring on wildlife in montane forest dynamics plot at Mae Sa-Kog Ma Biosphere Reserve. In: Marod D (ed) Thai Forest Ecological Research Network Conference. Faculty of Forestry, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 23-24 January 2020. [Thailand]
George GA, Round PD. Pierce AJ, Nimnuan S, Pattanavibool A, Brockelman WY. 2009. A Field Test of Distance Sampling Methods for a Tropical Forest Bird Community. Auk 126(2): 439-448.
Glomvinya S, Tantasirin C, Tongdeenok P, Tanaka N. 2016. Changes in rainfall characteristics at Huai Kog-Ma Watershed, Chiang Mai province. Thai J. For 35: 66-77.
Hermhuk S, Chaiyes A, Thinkampheang S, Danrad N, Marod D. 2019. Land use and above-ground biomass changes in a mountain ecosystem, northern Thailand. J. For. Res 1-10.
Karin T, Thapong C, Radtha J, Safoowong M. 2015. Species diversity of bird in 25hectare permanent bird plot at Doi Chiangdao Wildlife research station, Chiang Mai Province. Wildlife Yearbook 15: 275-323. [Thailand]
Kerdkaew T, Gale GA, Bumrungsri S. 2014. Preliminary diet analysis reveals the dispersal of an exotic plant by two native Bulbuls in an early successional habitat, Krabi, Southern Thailand. TNH 14(1): 35-42.
Korine C, Kalko EKV, Herre EA. 2000. Fruit characteristics and factors affecting fruit removal in a Panamanian community of strangler figs. Oecologia 123: 560–568.
Khamcha D, Savini T, Brockleman WY, Chimchome V, Gale GA. 2012. Influence of food availability and distribution on the movement patterns of a forest avian frugivore, the puff-throated bulbul (Alophoixus pallidus). J TROP ECOL 28: 1-9.
Khamcha D, Gale GA. 2012. The use of tree-fall gaps by a forest interior avian frugivore in a tropical evergreen forest. Forktail 28: 53-56.
Marod D, Sungkaew S, Duengkae P, Asanok L, Kamyo T, Hemhuk S, Pammongkol A, Thinkampaeng S. 2014. Plant diversity of lower montane evergreen forest at Huai Kogma watershed area, Doi Suthep-Pui National Park, Chiang Mai province. In: Marod D, Thapyai C (eds) Thai Forest Ecological Research Network Conference. Faculty of Agriculture, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, 22-23 January 2015. [Thailand]
Menke S, Böhning GK, Schleuning M. 2012. Plant–frugivore networks are less specialized and more robust at forest–farmland edges than in the interior of a tropical forest. Oikos 121(10): 1553-1566.
Muscolo A, Bagnato S, Sidari M, Mercurio R. 2014. A review of the roles of forest canopy gaps. J. For. Res 25(4): 725-736.
Paansri p, Suksavate W, Sir S, Ponpithuk Y, Safoowong M, Nuipakdee W, Maksin P, Ragsasilp A, Duengkae P. 2019. Abundance of Resident Birds--Responses to Environmental Factors at Mae Sa-Kog Ma Biosphere Reserve, Chiang Mai Province: A Case Study of Hill Blue Flycatcher (Cyornis banyumas). In: Waramit N (ed): of The 16th National Kasetsart University Kamphaeng Saen Conference, 3-4 December 2019. [Thailand]
Pimrat M. 2016. Dynamics of Tree Seedlings Under Gap and Crown Canopy in Lower Montane Evergreen Forest at Doi Suthep-Pui National Park, Chiang Mai Province. [Dissertation]. Kasetsart University, Bangkok. [Thailand]
Raman TS, Rawat GS, Johnsingh AJT. 1998. Recovery of tropical rainforest avifauna in relation to vegetation succession following shifting cultivation in Mizoram, north?east India. J APPL ECOL 35(2): 214-231.
R Core Team. 2019. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria.
Round PD, Gale GA, Pierce AJ, Pobprasert K, Sankamethavee W, Tokue K, Brockelman WY. 2005. Ecology of forest birds at Mo-Singto. In: Khao Yai Khon Kaen 10-13. [Thailand]
Rosely NFN, Sah SAM, Mashhor M. 2007. Avian distribution and diversity in forest gap and closed canopy areas of lowland tropical forest. J. Biosci 18(2): 57-75.
Rueangket A, Duengkae P, Thinkhampang S, Marod D. 2019. Utilization of fruit by frugivores in lower montane forest at Doi Suthep-Pui National Park, Chiang Mai province. ANRES 53(1): 457-464.
Sankamethawee W, Pierce AJ, Gale GA, Hardesty BD. 2011. Plant frugivore interaction in an intact tropical forest in north-east Thailand. INTEGR ZOOL 6: 195-212.
Shakya SB, Sheldon FH. 2017. The phylogeny of the world's bulbuls (Pycnonotidae) inferred using a supermatrix approach. Ibis 159(3): 498-509.
Siri S, Duengkae P, Marod D. 2013. Species diversity and abundance of birds in hill evergreen forest permanent plot at Huai Kok Ma, Chiang Mai Province. JWT 20(1): 97-112.
Siri S, Ponpithuk Y, Safoowong M, Marod D, Duenkae P. 2019. The natural forest gaps maintenance diversity of understory birds in Mae Sa-Kog Ma Biosphere Reserve, northern Thailand. Biodiversitas 20: 181-189.
Siri S, Ponpituk Y, Safoowong M, Nuipakdee W, Marod D, Duengkae P. 2020. Comparing morphological traits of legs of understory birds inhabiting forest areas with closed canopies and forest gaps. Biodiversitas 21(3): 1041-1048.
Sutherland C, Royle JA, Linden DW. 2019. oSCR: a spatial capture–recapture R package for inference about spatial ecological processes. ECOGRAPHY 42: 1-11.
Tews J, Brose U, Grimm V, Tielbörger K, Wichmann MC, Schwager M, Jeltsch F. 2004. Animal species diversity driven by habitat heterogeneity diversity: the importance of keystone structures. J BIOGEOGR 31(1): 79-92
Wang WY, Guo YS, Hu JC, Sun LH, Zhu L. 2005. Preliminary study on feeding and spatial niche of Pynonotus sinesis in spring. J. Zool 24: 466-468.
Werema C. 2015. Seasonal variation in understory bird species diversity and abundance in the Uluguru Nature Reserve, Tanzania. Anim. Ecol 54: 299-307.
Wunderle GM, Willig RMR, Henriques LMP. 2005. Avian distribution in tree-fall gap and understory of terra firme forest in the lowland Amazon. Ibis 147: 109-129.
Zakaria M, Rajpar MN, Ozdemir I, Rosli Z. 2016. Fauna diversity in tropical rainforest: Threats from land-use change. INTECH 11-49.
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