Morphological diversity of phytolith structures in six species of Carex L. and Cyperus L. (Cyperaceae Juss.) from West Bengal, India
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Abstract. Majumder S, Mallick T, Ghosh A. 2020. Morphological diversity of phytolith structures in six species of Carex L. and Cyperus L. (Cyperaceae Juss.) from West Bengal, India. Biodiversitas 21: 3471-3486. Cyperaceae is a taxonomically challenging group due to its cosmopolitan distribution, similar vegetative structure, and reduced reproductive morphology. The present study focused on the characterization and description of phytolith morphotypes based on shape, structure, and ornamentation. Six species of Carex L. and Cyperus L. (three species each) were considered for the present study. From the investigation, we found 56 phytolith morphotypes, among which the principle ones were conical, elongate bulbous margin, lanceolate psilate, tabular concave with verrucate, tabular concave columellate, ovate granulate, and orbicular concave. The conical morphotype was most commonly found. The elongate bulbous margin, lanceolate psilate, and tabular concave with verrucate phytolith morphotypes were specific to the genus Carex, while the tabular concave columellate, ovate granulate and orbicular concave were only found in Cyperus spp. Further, the detailed study of conical morphotypes revealed a distinctive character among the studied genera. Our study concludes that conical, elongate bulbous margin, lanceolate psilate, tabular concave with verrucate, tabular concave columellate, ovate granulate, and orbicular concave morphotypes are constant at the genus level and may play a role in taxonomic identification in the family Cyperaceae.
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References
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Gallego L, Distel RA. 2004. Phytolith Assemblages in Grasses Native to Central Argentina. Annals of Botany 94: 865-874. DOI: 10.1093/aob/mch214
Goetghebeur P, Van den Borre A. 1989. Studies in Cyperaceae, 8: A revision of Lipocarpha, including Hemicarpha and Rikliella. Wageningen Agricultural University Papers, Belgium.
Goldblatt P, Henrich JE, Rudell P. 1984. Occurrence of crystal in Iridaceae and allied families and their phylogenetic significance. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 71: 1013-1020. DOI: 10.2307/2399238
Govaerts R, Koopman J, Simpson DA, Goetghebeur P, Wilson K, Egorova T, Bruhl JJ. 2015. World checklist of Cyperaceae. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
Hodson MJ, White PJ, Mead A, Broadley MR. 2005. Phylogenetic variation in the silicon composition of plants. Annals of Botany 96: 1027-1046. DOI: 10.1093/aob/mci255
Honaine MF, Borrelli NL, Osterrieth M, Del Rio LS. 2013. Amorphous silica biomineralizations in Schoenoplectus californicus (Cyperaceae): their relation with maturation stage and silica availability. Boletin de la Sociedad.Argentina de Botanica 48: 247-259. DOI: 10.31055/1851.2372.v48.n2.6208
Honaine MF, Zucol AF, Osterrieth ML. 2009. Phytolith Analysis of Cyperaceae from the Pampean region, Argentina. Australian Journal of Botany 57: 512-523. DOI: 10.1071/bt09041
Houyouan L, Naiqin W, Baozhu L. 1997. Recognition of rice phytoliths. In: A. Pinilla, J. Juan-Tressaras, M. J. Machado (eds) The state of the art of phytoliths in soils and plants. Madrid.
Hryniewiecki B, Kurtz W. 1936. La repartition des conessiliceux dans les cellules des Cyperacees et leurcorrélation. Bull Int Acad Pol Sci Math Nat SBI 1/2: 33.
Jafari S, Saeidnia S, Shams Ardekani, MR, Hadjiakhoondi A, Khanavi M. 2013. Micromorphological and preliminary phytochemical studies of Azadirachta indica and Melia azedarach. Turkish Journal of Botany 37: 690-697. DOI: 10.3906/bot-1205-14
Kaphahn S. 1904-1905. Beitrage zur Anatomie der Rhynchosporeenblatter und zur Kenntnis der Verkieselungen. Beih Bot Zentralbl 18(1): 233-272.
Karthikeyan S, Jain SK, Nayer MP, Sanjappa M. 1989. Florae Indicae Enumeratio: Monocotyledinae. Botanical Survey of India, Calcutta. Flora of India.
Kondo R, Childs CW, Atkinson IAE, Pritchard T. 1994. Opal phytoliths of New Zealand. Lincoln, New Zealand, Manaaki Whenua Press.
Kukkonen I. 1967. Vegetative anatomy of Uncinia (Cyperaceae). Annals of Botany 31: 523-544. DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aob.a084161
Le Cohu MC. 1973. Examen au microscope electronique a balayage, des cones de silice chez les Cyperacees. Compt Rend Hebd Acad Sci 277: 1301-1303.
Lisztes-Szabo Z, Kovacs S, Balogh P, Daroczi L, Penksza K, Peto A. 2015. Quantifiable differences between phytolith assemblages detected at species level: analysis of the leaves of nine Poa species (Poaceae). Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae 84(3): 369-383. DOI: 10.5586/asbp.2015.027
Lisztes-Szabo Z, Kovacs S, Peto A. 2014. Phytolith analysis of Poa pratensis (Poaceae) leaves. Turkish Journal of Botany 38: 851-863. DOI: 10.3906/bot-1311-8
Lopez P, Matthei O. 1995. Micromorfologia del aquenio en especies del genero Cyperus L. (Cyperaceae), Chile. Gayana, Bot 52: 67–75.
Lu H, Liu K. 2003. Phytoliths of common grasses in the coastal environments of southeastern USA. Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science 58: 587-600. DOI: 10.1016/S0272-7714(03)00137-9
Luceno M. 1992. Estudios en la seccion Spirostachyae (Drejer) Bailey del genero Carex, I: Revalorizacion de C. helodes Link. Anal. Jard. Bot. Madrid 50: 73-81.
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