Environment carrying capacity and willingness to pay for bird-watching ecotourism in Kerandangan Natural Park, Lombok, Indonesia
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Abstract. Suana IW, Ahyadi H, Hadiprayitno G, Amin S, Kalih LATTWS, Sudaryanto FX. 2020. Environment carrying capacity and willingness to pay for bird-watching ecotourism in Kerandangan Natural Park, Lombok, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 21: 2266-2274. Five trails of interest to bird-watchers and an observation point by the guest house of Kerandangan Natural Park (KNP) have potential to be developed as bird-watching ecotourism packages. In order to develop sustainable bird-watching ecotourism in KNP, we analyzed the environment carrying capacity and willingness to pay (WTP) for bird-watching ecotourism packages. All of the trails and an observation point in KNP were explored to determine the width and length of the trails, the visit time, as well as the soil texture and slope along the trails. Interviews with KNP managers and secondary data from Meteorology, Climatology and Geophysics Council (BMKG)-Climatology Station Class I-West Lombok were also used to determine the status of biophysical habitats. The environment carrying capacity was calculated by combining the physical carrying capacity, real carrying capacity, and effective carrying capacity. The results show that environment carrying capacity of bird-watching ecotourism packages in KNP was higher than the actual visitation levels. It indicates that opportunity to develop and increase the number of visitors is considerable. WTP was determined by Contingent Valuation Method (CVM) with payment card approach. Through the brochure, 150 respondents were given information on bird-watching ecotourism packages, then are offered three options, and only allowed to choose one that can be paid. Data were collected by the incidental sampling method. The results show that the visitors are willing to pay for bird-watching ecotourism packages, with mean WTP of US$ 20.7 per visitor. It implies that they are willing to shoulder the financial support for management and conservation of birds and their habitat in KNP. The findings provide important information for KNP managers for planning and marketing bird-watching ecotourism in KNP.
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References
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Zacarias DA, Williams AT, Newton A. 2011. Recreation carrying capacity estimations to support beach management at Praia De Faro, Portugal. Applied Geography 31: 1075-1081.
Adamu A, Yacob MR, Hashim R. 2015. Factors determining visitors’ willingness to pay for conservation in Yankari Game Reserve, Bauchi, Nigeria. International Journal of Economics and Management 9: 95-114.
Bunruamkaew K, Murayama Y. 2012. Land use and natural resources planning for sustainable ecotourism using GIS in Surat Thani, Thailand. Sustainability 4: 412-429.
Ceballos-Lascuráin H. 1996. Tourism, Ecotourism and Protected Areas: The State of Nature-Based Tourism around the World and Guidelines for Its Development. IUCN Publications, Cambridge.
Cheung LTO, Fok L, Fang W. 2014. Understanding geopark visitors' preferences and willingness to pay for global geopark management and conservation. Journal of Ecotourism 13: 35-51.
Cifuentes M. 1992. Determinacion de Capacidad de Cargatruisticaen Areas Protegidas. Centro Agronomico Tropical de Investigacion Y Enzenanza Catie, Costa Rica.
Clivaz C, Hausser Y, Michelet J. 2004. Tourism monitoring system based on the concept of carrying capacity: The case of the regional natural park Pfyn-Finges (Switzerlands). Working Paper of the Finish Forest Research Institute 2.
Cochrane P. 2015. Natural solutions: embedding ecosystem understanding in protected area policy in Australia. In: Figgis P, Mackey B, Fitzsimons J, Irving J, Clarke J (eds). Valuing Nature: Protected Areas and Ecosystem Services. Australian Committee for IUCN, Sydney.
Costanza R, Groot R, Sutton P, van der Ploeg S, Anderson SJ, Kubiszewski I, Farber S, Turner RK. 2014. Changes in the global value of ecosystem services. Global Environmental Change 26: 152-158.
Eagles P, McCool S. 2002. Tourism in National Parks and Protected Areas. Cabi Publishing, Wallingford.
Gunn CA. 1994. Tourism Planning: Basics, Concepts, Cases. 3rd ed. Taylor & Francis, Washington DC.
Jangpradit C. 2007. An assessment of ecotourism potential at Sauk Phet Bay at Ko Chang, Trat Province [Thesis]. Kasetsart University, Bangkok.
Kamri T. 2013. Willingness to pay for conservation of natural resources in the Gunung Gading National Park, Sarawak. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 101: 506-515.
King DM, Mazzotta MJ. 2000. Ecosytem valuation. www.ecosystemvaluation.org.
Kirkbride-Smith AE, Wheeler PM, Johnson ML. 2016. Artificial reefs and marine protected areas: A study in willingness to pay to access Folkestone Marine Reserve, Barbados, West Indies. PeerJ 4:e2175.
Lagmoj MA, Shokry AK, Hashemi SA, Zadegan HK. 2013. Defining the ecotourism carrying capacity of Langeroud City (case study: Khorma Forest). Greener Journal of Social Sciences 3(9): 447-457.
Lamsal P, Atreya K, Pant KP, Kumar L. 2015. An analysis of willingness to pay for community-based conservation activities at the Ghodaghodi Lake Complex, Nepal. International Journal of Biodiversity Science, Ecosystem Services & Management 11(4): 341-348.
Lucyanti S, Hendrarto B, Izzati M. 2013. Assessment of carrying capacity of tourism in tourist sites of Palutungan Campsite of Mount Ciremai National Park, West Java Province. Proceedings of National Seminar on Natural Resource Management and Environment 2013. [Indonesian]
Maldonado E, Montagnini F. 2005. Carrying capacity of La Tigra National Park, Honduras: Can the park be self-sustainable? Journal of Sustainable Forestry 19(4): 29-48.
Manning RE. 2002. How much is too much? Carrying capacity of National Parks and protected areas. In: Arnberger A, Brandenburg C, Muhar A (eds) Proceedings of monitoring and management of visitor flows in recreational and protected areas. Bodenkultur University, Vienna, Austria.
Nuva R, Shamsudin MN, Radam A, Shuib A. 2009. Willingness to pay towards the conservation of ecotourism resources at Gunung Gede Pangrango National Park, West Java, Indonesia. Journal of Sustainable Development 2(2): 173-186.
Purwanto S, Syaufina L, Gunawan A. 2014. Potency and carrying capacity of Bukit Kelam Nature Park for ecotourism. Jurnal Pengelolaan Sumberdaya Alam dan Lingkungan 4(2): 119-125. [Indonesian]
Resende FM, Fernandes GW, Andrade DC, Néder HD. 2017. Economic valuation of the ecosystem services provided by a protected area in the Brazilian Cerrado: application of the contingent valuation method. Brazilian Journal of Biology 77(4): 762-773.
Romadhon A, Yulianda F, Bengen D, Adrianto L. 2014. Sustainable tourism based on carrying capacity and ecological footprint at Sapeken Archipelago, Indonesia. International Journal of Ecosystem 4(4): 190-196.
Sadikin PN, Arifin HS, Pramudya B, Mulatsih S. 2017. Carrying capacity to preserve biodiversity on ecotourism in Mount Rinjani National Park, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 18(3): 978-989.
Samdin Z. 2008. Willingness to pay in Taman Negara: A contingent valuation method. International Journal of Economics and Management 2(1):81-94.
Sangster G, King BF, Verbelen P, Trainor CR.. 2013. A new owl species of the Genus Otus (Aves: Strigidae) from Lombok, Indonesia. PLoS ONE 8(2): e53712.
Sasmita E, Darsiharjo, Rahmafitria F. 2014. Analysis of carrying capacity of tourism as an effort to support the function of conservation and tourism in Cibodas Botanical Garden, Cianjur Regency. Jurnal Manajemen Resort & Leisure 11(2). [Indonesian]
Sayan MS, Atik M. 2011. Recreation carrying capacity estimates for protected areas: Study of park. Ekoloji 20(78): 66-74.
Sheridan P. 2015. Public perceptions and challenges of communicating the value of ecosystems and protected areas. In: Figgis P, Mackey B, Fitzsimons J, Irving J, Clarke J (eds). Valuing Nature: Protected Areas and Ecosystem Services. Australian Committee for IUCN, Sydney.
Suana IW, Ahyadi H, Amin S, Kalih LATTWS, Hadiprayitno G. 2016. Birdwatching in Kerandangan Natural Park, Lombok, Nusa Tenggara Barat, Indonesia. BirdingAsia 26: 8-16.
[UNEP] United Nations Environment Programme and World Tourism Organization. 2005. Making tourism more sustainable: A guide for policy makers. Paris, Madrid.
Varcoe T, O’Shea HB, Eigenraam M, Jackson B. 2015. The value of Victoria’sparks: A new framework for valuation and accounting of park ecosystem services. In: Figgis P, Mackey B, Fitzsimons J, Irving J, Clarke J (eds). Valuing Nature: Protected Areas and Ecosystem Services. Australian Committee for IUCN, Sydney.
Vujko A, Gaji? T. 2014. Persuasive communication and visitors willingness to pay park user fees. Turizam 18(1):1-10.
Wahyuni TE, Mildranaya E. 2010. Guide to nature tourism in conservation area of West Nusa Tenggara. West Nusa Tenggara Natural Resources Conservation Center, Mataram. [Indonesian]
[WTO] World Tourism Organization. 1981. Saturation of tourist destinations: Report of the Secretary General.
Zacarias DA, Williams AT, Newton A. 2011. Recreation carrying capacity estimations to support beach management at Praia De Faro, Portugal. Applied Geography 31: 1075-1081.
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