Short Communication: Prevalence and risk factors of soil-transmitted helminth infection among farmers in Gelgel Village, Klungkung District, Bali, Indonesia
##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.main##
Abstract
Abstract. Apsari PIB, Indraningrat AAG, Arwati H, Dachlan YP. 2020. Short Communication: Prevalence and risk factors of soil-transmitted helminth infection among farmers in Gelgel Village, Klungkung District, Bali, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 21: 1535-1540. Soil-transmitted helminths infection remains a problem in tropical and subtropical regions worldwide. Indonesia is one of the tropical countries with a high prevalence of STH infection in children and high-risk population such as farmers. This study aimed to assess the prevalence and risk factors of STH infection from farmers. STH infection was diagnosed by Kato-Katz modified technique, while risk factors relevant to STH infection were assessed by a questionnaire. Data were analyzed by logistic regression and multiple regression test. A total of 162 fecal-samples and questionnaires were obtained from 250 participants. Twenty-two subjects (13.5%) were positive, and 140 subjects (86.5%) were negative for STH infection giving the prevalence rate of 13.5% among farmers. Several significant risk factors for STH infection were age, gender, level of study, income, eating fresh unwashed vegetable, hand washing without soap, defecation site, without wearing hand gloves and protective cloth, bare walking foot, and the use of synthetic fertilizer. So we can conclude that personal hygiene factors were the most contributed factors for STH infection.
##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.details##
2. WHO, 2017. World Health Organization. www.who.int/intestinal_worms (Acessed 16 Augustus 2017).
3. Apsari, P I B, Arwati, H and Dachlan, Y P. Correlation of Eosinofil and Basophil count with intensity of soil transmitted helminth infection among farmers in Bali. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, Volume 434, Number 1
4. Sudarmaja, I., 2011. Epidemology of Helminthic Infection in Bali, Bali: Laboratory of Parasitology Universitas Udayana.
5. Pham-Duc, P., Nguyen-Viet, H. & Hattendorf, J., 2013. Ascaris lumbricoides and Trichuris trichiura infections associated with wastewater and human excreta use in agriculture in Vietnam. Parasitology International, Volume 62, pp. 172-180.
6. Ensink, J. H., Hoek, W. v. d. & Mukhtarb, M., 2005. High risk of hookworm infection among wastewater farmers in Pakistan. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, Volume 99, pp. 809-811.
7. Naish, S. J. McCarthy?, G.M. Williams. 2004. Prevalence, intensity and risk factors for soil-transmitted helminth infection in a South Indian fishing village. Acta Tropica. Vol 91.pp 177–187
8. Widjana, D. P. & Sutisna, P., 2000. Prevalence Of Soil-Transmitted Helminth Infection in the rural population of Bali, Indonesia. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health, 31(3), pp. 454-459.
9. WHO, 1991. Basic Laboratory Method in Medical Parasitology. 1 ed. Geneva: World Health Organzation.
10. Levecke, B. Behnke, Jerzy M.; Ajjampur, Sitara S. R.; Albonico, Marco; Ame, Shaali M.; Charlier, Johannes; Geiger, Stefan M.; Hoa, Nguyen T. V.; Ngassam, Romuald I. Kamwa; Kotze, Andrew C.; McCarthy, James S.; Montresor, Antonio; Maria V. Periago., 2010. A Comparison of the Sensitivity and Fecal Egg Counts of the McMaster Egg Counting and Kato-Katz Thick Smear Methods for Soil-Transmitted Helminths. PLOS Neglected Tropical Disease, 5(6), pp. 1-10.
11. Amoah, I. D., Abubakari, A. & Stenstrom, T. A., 2016. Contribution of Wastewater Irrigation to Soil Transmitted Helminths Infection among Vegetable Farmers in Kumasi, Ghana. PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 10(12), pp. 1-12.
12. Bopda, J., Nana-Djeunga, H. & Tenaguema, J., 2016. Prevalence and intensity of human soil transmitted helminth infections in the Akonolinga health district (Centre Region,Cameroon): Are adult hosts contributing in the persistence of the transmission?. Parasite Epidemiology and Control, Volume 1, pp. 199-204.
13. Anuar, Tengku Shahrul. Fatmah Md Salleh & Norhayati Moktar. Soil-Transmitted Helminth Infections and Associated Risk Factors in Three Orang Asli Tribes in Peninsular Malaysia. Scientific Reports. Vol 4.pp 4101
14. Jiraanankul, V., Wongwarit A., Mathirut M., Rommanee K., Ram Rebecca J. Traub., Phunlerd Piyaraj., Tawee Naaglor., Paanjit Taamasri, and Saovanee Leelayoo va Rangsin. 2011. Incidence and Risk Factors of Hookworm Infection in a Rural Community of Central Thailand. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. Vol. 84(4), pp. 594–598
15. Campbell Suzy J., Susana V. Nery, Catherine A. D’Este, Darren J. Gray, James S. McCarthy, Rebecca J. Traub, Ross M. Andrews, Stacey Llewellyn, Andrew J. Vallely, Gail M. Williams, Salvador Amaral, Archie C.A. Clements. 2016. Water, sanitation and hygiene related risk factors for soil-transmitted helminth and Giardia duodenalis infections in rural communities in Timor-Leste. International Journal for Parasitology. Vol. 10, pp 1-9.
16. Trang, Do Thuy, Kare Mølbak, Phung Dac Cam and Anders Dalsgaard. 2007. Helminth infections among people using wastewater and human excreta in peri-urban agriculture and aquaculture in Hanoi, Vietnam. Tropical Medicine and International Health. Volume 12 suppl. 2 pp 82–90.
17. Parajuli, R.P. Fujiwara,T. M. Umezakia, S. Konishia, E. Takanea, M. Maharjan, K. Tachibana, H.W. Jiang, K. Pahari and C. Watanabe. 2014. Prevalence and risk factors of soil-transmitted helminth infection in Nepal. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. Vol. 108, pp 228–236.
18. Ross Allen G.P. , Remigio M. Olveda , Donald P. McManus c, Donald A. Harn d, Delia Chy e, Yuesheng Li , Veronica Tallo b, Shu-Kay Ng. 2017. Risk factors for human helminthiases in rural Philippines. International Journal of Infectious Diseases. Vol 54.pp 150–155