The diversity of leaves and asiaticoside content on three accessions of Centella asiatica with the addition of chicken manure fertilizer
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Abstract. Mumtazah HM, Supriyono, Widyastuti Y, Yunus A. 2020. The diversity of leaves and asiaticoside content on three accessions of Centella asiatica with the addition of chicken manure fertilizer. Biodiversitas 21: 1035-1040. Centella asiatica (L.) commonly known as an essential medicinal herb. This plant has high diversity, especially in leaf morphology. The main objective of this research was to determine the morphology of leaves and the effect of chicken manure dosage on the increase of asiaticoside content. The leaves of three accessions characterized, and then C. asiatica planted. The research design used a completely randomized design (CRD) factorial, with the first factor is accession (C) with 3 levels (C1: accession 1, C2: accession 2, C3: accession 3). The second factor was chicken manure with 4 levels dosage (P1: 0 ton ha-1, P2: 10 tons ha-1, P3: 15 tons ha-1 and P4: 20 tons ha-1). Asiaticoside analysis used the TLC method with chloroform: methanol: water (65:25:4) as mobile phase. The result from this research showed that the diversity in leaf morphology of three accessions is in leaf size and petiole length. Accession 3 has the widest leaf size (7.3 cm) and the longest petiole (9.8 cm), accession 2 with a leaf width of 5.8 cm and petiole length in 8.5 cm, while the accession 1 has the least leaf width (5.3 cm) and the length of the petiole is the shortest with 7.3 cm. Observation results of asiaticoside showed that the highest content of asiaticoside produced by accession 3 (0.19%), then accession 1 with a content of 0.15%, while accession 2 showed the lowest asiaticoside content (0.13%). The treatment of chicken manure addition significantly increase asiaticoside content in accessions 1 and 3, but in accession 2 it was not significantly increased. The highest content of asiaticoside (0.34%) were in accession 3 with the addition of chicken manure 20 tons ha-1 (P4).
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References
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Prakash V. 2017. Terpenoids as source of anti-inflammatory compounds. Asian J Pharm Clin Res 10(3): 68-76.
Prasetya B and C Anderson. 2011. Assessment of the effect of long term tillage on the arbuscular mycorrhiza colonization of vegetable crops grown in Andisols. Agrivita. 33(1): 85-92.
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Singh, Rajeev. 2012. Organic Fertilizers: Types, Production and Environmental Impact. Nova Science Inc., New York. ISBN: 978-1-62081-422-2.
Sutardi 2011. Study of harvest time and fertilization of phosphorus on the growth and production of asiaticoside gotu kola (Centella asiatica L. Urban) in the highlands. [Thesis]. Graduate School IPB, Bogor. [Indonesian]
Thimmappa R, Geisler K, Louveau T, O’Maille P, Osbourn A. 2014. Triterpene biosynthesis in plants. Annu Rev Plant Biol 65: 225–257.
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Vinolina NS. 2018. Centelloside content of cultivated pegagan (Centella asiatica) with application of phosporus fertilizer. IOP Conf. Series: Journal of Physics: Conf. Series. 1116 (2018) 052072.
Yang L, Wen KS, Ruan X, Zhao Y X, Wei F, Wang Q. 2018. Response of Plant Secondary Metabolites to Environmental Factors. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) 23(4): 762. doi:10.3390/molecules23040762.
Yuli W, Bambang W, M Januwati. 2016. Pegagan (Centella asiatica) Efficacious Plants Multi Benefits. Research and Development Center for Medicinal Plant and Traditional Medicines. The Indonesian Ministry of Health: Center for Health Research and Development. [Indonesian]
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Zhao YJ, Li C. 2018. Biosynthesis of Plant Triterpenoid Saponins in Microbial Cell Factories. J Agric Food Chem 66(46): 12155-12165.
Armando R. 2009. Producing 15 Quality Essential Oils. Penebar Swadaya, Jakarta. [Indonesian]
Arnon DI. 1949. Copper Enzymes in Isolated Chloroplast, Poliphenol Oxidase in Beta vulgaris. Plant Physiol 24: 1-15.
Bele AA, Khale A. 2011. An Overview On Thin Layer Chromatography. IJPSR 2(2): 256-267.
Bermawie N, Susi P. Mardiana. 2008. Diversity of Morphological Properties, Results and Quality of Gotu Kola Plasma (Centella asiatica (L.) Urban, Bul. Littro 19(1): 1 – 17. [Indonesian]
Brinkhaus B, Lindner M, Schuppan D, Hahn EG. 2000. Chemical, pharmacological and clinical profile of the East Asian medicinal plant Centella asiatica. Phytomedicine 7: 427-448.
Campbell NA, Reece JB, Mitchell LG. 2004. Biology. Volume 3. Fifth Edition. Interpreting: Wasmen. Erlangga, Jakarta [Indonesian]
Ceremuga TE, Valdivieso D, Kenner C, Lucia A, Lathrop K, Stailey O, Taylor A. 2015. Evaluation of the anxiolytic and antidepressant effects of asiatic acid, a compound from Gotu kola or Centella asiatica, in the male Sprague Dawley rat. AANA J 83(2): 91-8.
Chandrika UG, Kumara PA. 2015. Gotu Kola (Centella asiatica): Nutritional properties and plausible health benefits. Adv. Food. Nutr. Res. 76:125-57.
Chaturvedi M, Manish K, Amit S, Alimuddin S. 2011. Recent Development in Novel Drug Delivery Systems of Herbal Drugs. International Journal of Green Pharmacy 5(2): 87-95.
Chong NJ and Aziz Z A. 2011. Systematic review on chemical constituents of Centella asiatica. Research Journal of Pharmaceutical, Biological and Chemical Sciences 2(3): 445-459.
Elfahmi, Woerdenbag Herman J, Kayser O. 2014. Jamu: Indonesian traditional herbal medicine toward rational phytopharmacological use. Journal of Herbal Medicine. 4(2014): 51-73. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.hermed.2014.01.002 .
Fitrianda E, EY Sukandar, E Elfahmi, IK Adnyana. 2017. Antidiabetic Activity of Extract, Fractions, And Asiaticoside Compound Isolated From Centella asiatica Linn. Leaves In Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Mice. Asian J of Pharm and Clinical Research 10(10):268-72. [Indonesian]
Ghosh K, Indra N, Jagadeesan G. 2017. The ameliorating effect of Centella asiatica ethanolic extract on albino rats treated with isoniazid. J Basic Clin. Physiol. Pharmacol 28(1):67-7.
Gritter RJ, Bobbit JM, Schwarting AE. 1991. Introduction to Chromatography, translated by Kosasih Padmawinata, Edition II, Publisher ITB, Bandung 107pp.
Gusmaini D Sopandie, SA Aziz, A Munif, N Bermawie. 2013. Utilizing Endophytic Bacteria and Phosphate for Growth and Yield of Andrographis paniculata. J Littri 22(3): 151-157.
Hartoyo B. 2012. Effectiveness of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on the use of natural phosphorus fertilizers and their effects on growth, biomass and production of gotu kola (Centella asiatica L. Urban) in andosols. [Dissertation]. Graduate School, IPB, Bogor. [Indonesian]
Hashim P, Hamidah Sidek, Mohd Helme M. Helan, Aidawati Sabery, Uma Devi Palanisamy and Mohd Ilham. 2011. Triterpene Composition and Bioactivities of Centella asiatica. Molecules 2011(16): 1310-1322. doi:10.3390/molecules16021310.
Kalshetty P, Aswar U, Bodhankar S, Sinnathambi A, Mohan V, Thakurdesai P. 2012. Antidepressant effects of standardized extract of Centella asiatica L. in olfactory bulbectomy model. Biomed Aging Pathol 2(2): 48-53.
Kim OT, Kim SH, Ohyama K, Muranaka T, Choi YE, Lee HY, Kim MY, Hwang B. 2010. Upregulation of phytosterol and triterpene biosynthesis in Centella asiatica hairy roots overexpressed ginseng farnesyl diphosphate synthase. Plant Cell Rep. 29(4): 403-11.
McCauley, A., Clain, J., Kathrin Olson-Rutz. 2017. Soil pH and Organic Matter. Montana State University. Nutrient Management. Module No. 8. http://landresources.montana.edu/nm/documents/NM8.pdf.
Ministry of Health of the Republic of Indonesia. 2008. Indonesian Herbal Farmakope, Ministry of Health of the Republic of Indonesia, Jakarta 113-115pp. [Indonesian]
Mokhele B, Zhan X, Yang G, Zhang X. 2012. Nitrogen assimilation in crop plants and its affecting factors. Canadian Journal of Plant Science 92(3): 399-405. doi: 10.4141/ CJPS2011-135.
Nandini NN. 2008. Study of Agronomic Characters in 17 Accessions of Gotu Kola (Centella asiatica (L.) urban.). [Thesis] Bogor, IPB. [Indonesian]
Nurliani Bermawie. 2013. Diversity of Morphological Characteristics of Results and Quality of Gotu Kola Plasma (Centella asiatica (L.) Urban.), Bul. Littro. 19(1): 2.
Panichayupakaranant P. 2011. Quality Control and Standardization of Herbal Medicine. Songkhla: Neopoint.
Park JH, Choi JY, Son DJ, Park EK., Song MJ, Hellström M, Hong JT. 2017. Anti-inflammatory effect of titrated extract of Centella asiatica in phthalic anhydride-induced allergic dermatitis animal model. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2017;18:738. doi: 10.3390/ijms18040738.
PIER, 2014. Pacific Islands Ecosystems at Risk. Honolulu, USA: HEAR, University of Hawaii. http://www.hear.org/pier/index.html.
Prakash V. 2017. Terpenoids as source of anti-inflammatory compounds. Asian J Pharm Clin Res 10(3): 68-76.
Prasetya B and C Anderson. 2011. Assessment of the effect of long term tillage on the arbuscular mycorrhiza colonization of vegetable crops grown in Andisols. Agrivita. 33(1): 85-92.
Research and Development Center for Medicinal Plant and Traditional Medicines (B2P2TOOT). 2018. Analysis of Flavonoid. Instrument Laboratory Procedure B2P2TOOT. Tawangmangu: Research and Development Center for Medicinal Plant and Traditional Drug. [Indonesian]
Roskov Y, Kunze T, Paglinawan L, Abucay L, Orrell T, Nicolson D. 2013. Species 2000 & IT IS Catalogue of Life. Species 2000. Leiden. Naturalis.
Roy DC, Barman SK, Shaik MM. 2013. Current updates on Centella asiatica: Phytochemistry, pharmacology and traditional uses. Med. Plant. Res. 3(4):70-7.
Siddiqui Y, Tajul M Islam, Yuvarani N, Meon S. 2011. The conjuctive use of compost tea and inorganic feertilizer on the growth, yiels, and terpenoid content of Centella asiatica (L.) urban. Sci Horti 130: 289-295.
Singh, Rajeev. 2012. Organic Fertilizers: Types, Production and Environmental Impact. Nova Science Inc., New York. ISBN: 978-1-62081-422-2.
Sutardi 2011. Study of harvest time and fertilization of phosphorus on the growth and production of asiaticoside gotu kola (Centella asiatica L. Urban) in the highlands. [Thesis]. Graduate School IPB, Bogor. [Indonesian]
Thimmappa R, Geisler K, Louveau T, O’Maille P, Osbourn A. 2014. Triterpene biosynthesis in plants. Annu Rev Plant Biol 65: 225–257.
USDA-ARS, 2014. Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). Online Database. Beltsville, Maryland, USA: National Germplasm Resources Laboratory. https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxon/taxonomysearch.aspx.
Vinolina NS, Napitupulu JA, Siregar LAM, Nainggolan M, Singh N. 2013 Indian Journal of Applied Research. 3(1).
Vinolina NS, Siregar LAM, Napitulu JA. 2012. Morphology of leaves and content of secondary metabolites asiaticoside in some accession of pegagan (Centella asiatica L. Urban) in North Sumatera. Proceedings of The 2nd Annual International Conference Syiah Kuala University 2012 & The 8th IMT-GT Uninet Biosciences Conference.
Vinolina NS. 2018. Centelloside content of cultivated pegagan (Centella asiatica) with application of phosporus fertilizer. IOP Conf. Series: Journal of Physics: Conf. Series. 1116 (2018) 052072.
Yang L, Wen KS, Ruan X, Zhao Y X, Wei F, Wang Q. 2018. Response of Plant Secondary Metabolites to Environmental Factors. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) 23(4): 762. doi:10.3390/molecules23040762.
Yuli W, Bambang W, M Januwati. 2016. Pegagan (Centella asiatica) Efficacious Plants Multi Benefits. Research and Development Center for Medicinal Plant and Traditional Medicines. The Indonesian Ministry of Health: Center for Health Research and Development. [Indonesian]
Flora Zambesiaca. 2014. Flora Zambesiaca, Kew Databases. Richmond, UK: Royal Botanical Gardens Kew. http://apps.kew.org/efloras/fz/families.htm.
Zhao YJ, Li C. 2018. Biosynthesis of Plant Triterpenoid Saponins in Microbial Cell Factories. J Agric Food Chem 66(46): 12155-12165.
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