Short Communication: Restoration of seagrass Enhalus acoroides using a combination of generative and vegetative techniques
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Abstract. Ambo-Rappe R, La Nafie YA, Syafiuddin, Limbong SR, Asriani N, Handayani NT, Lisdayanti E. 2019. Short Communication: Restoration of seagrass Enhalus acoroides using a combination of generative and vegetative techniques. Biodiversitas 20: 3358-3363. Seagrass areas have been declining in extent worldwide, with associated loss in seagrass ecosystem functions and services. Seagrass restoration is important to mitigate, halt and reverse such declines and their consequences. Generative propagation has benefits in terms of genetic biodiversity, however, survival of seagrass seedlings has often been poor especially in high energy environments. Terrestrial restoration often uses shade trees to protect vulnerable seedlings. This study aimed to evaluate the feasibility of a similar approach in the marine environment, using adult plants to protect seedlings of the tropical seagrass Enhalus acoroides (L.f.) Royle. Enhalus seeds taken from a donor bed were germinated and grown into seedlings, then planted in a location with high hydrodynamic exposure at three different densities (high, medium, and low). Adult Enhalus transplants were co-planted to provide three levels of protection: fifty (high), ten (medium), and none (no protection). Results showed that high-density seedling co-planting with high protection from adult transplants had significantly (p< 0.05) higher six-month survival rate compared to the other treatments. Our results indicate that, even in high energy environments, co-planting seedlings with adult transplants may combine the advantages of generative and vegetative propagation methods, promoting greater short-term effectiveness in terms of seedlings survival and growth in the restored seagrass meadows.
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References
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Bos AR, van Katwijk MM. 2007. Plant density, hydrodynamic exposure, and mussel beds affect survival of transplanted intertidal eelgrass. Marine Ecology Progress Series 336: 121-129.
Bourque AS, Fourqurean JW. 2014. Effects of common seagrass restoration methods on ecosystem structure in subtropical seagrass meadows. Marine Environmental Research 97: 67-78.
Calumpong HP, Fonseca MS. 2001. Seagrass transplantation and other seagrass restoration methods. In: Short FT, Coles RG (eds.). Global Seagrass Research Methods. Elsevier Science, Netherlands.
Cleary DFR, Renema W. 2007. Relating species traits of foraminifera to environmental variables in the Spermonde Archipelago, Indonesia. Marine Ecology Progress Series 334: 73-82.
Costanza R, d’Arge R, de Groot R, Farber S, Grasso M, Hannon B, Limburg K., Naeem S, O’Neill RV, Paruelo J, Raskin RG, Sutton P, van den Belt M. 1997. The value of the world’s ecosystem services and natural capital. Nature 387: 253-260.
Costanza R, de Groot R, Sutton P, van der Ploeg S, Anderson SJ, Kubiszewski I, Farber S, Turner RK. 2014. Changes in the global value of ecosystem services. Global Environmental Change 26: 152-158.
Cunha AH, Marba NN, van Katwijk MM, Pickerell C, Henriques M, Bernard G, Ferreira MA, Garcia S, Garmendia JM, Manent P. 2012. Changing paradigms in seagrass restoration. Restoration Ecology 20: 427-430.
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Lamb JB, van de Water JAJM, Bourne DG, Altier C, Hein MY, Fiorenza EA, Abu N, Jompa J, Harvell CD. 2017. Seagrass ecosystems reduce exposure to bacterial pathogens of humans, fishes, and invertebrates. Science 355: 731-733.
Lee K, Park JI. 2008. An effecting transplanting technique using shells for restoration of Zostera marina habitats. Marine Pollution Bulletin 56: 1015-1021.
Marion SR, Orth RJ. 2010. Innovative techniques for large-scale seagrass restoration using Zostera marina (eelgrass) seeds. Restoration Ecology 18: 514-526.
Nakaoka M. 2002. Predation on seed of seagrasses Zostera marina and Zostera caulescens by a tanaid crustacean Zeuxosp. Aquatic Botany 72: 99-106.
Orth RJ, Heck Jr KL, Tunbridge DJ. 2002. Predation on seeds of the seagrass Posidonia australis in Western Australia. Marine Ecology Progress Series 244: 81–88.
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Short FT, Davis RC, Kopp BS, Short CA, Burdick DM. 2002. Site-selection model for optimal transplantation of eelgrass Zostera marina in the northeastern US. Marine Ecology Progress Series 227: 253-267.
Short FT, Willy-Escheverria S. 1996. Natural and human-induced disturbance of seagrasses. Environmental Conservation 23: 17-27.
Statton J, Cambridge ML, Dixon KW, Kendrick WA. 2013. Aquaculture of Posidonia australis seedlings for seagrass restoration programs: effect of sediments type and organic enrichment on growth. Restoration Ecology 21: 250-259.
Thom R, Gaeckle J, Buenau K, Borde A, Vavrinec J, Aston L, Woodruff D, Khangaonkar T, Kaldy J. 2018. Eelgrass (Zostera marina L.) restoration in Puget Sound: development of a site suitability assessment process. Restoration Ecology 26: 1066-1074.
Unsworth RFK, Cullen LC. 2010. Recognising the necessity for Indo-Pacific seagrass conservation. Conservation Letter 3: 63-73.
van Katwijk MM, Bos AR, de Jonge VN, Hanssen LSAM, Hermus DCR, de Jong DJ. 2009. Guidelines for seagrass restoration: importance of habitat selection and donor population, spreading of risks, and ecosystem engineering effects. Marine Pollution Bulletin 58: 179-188.
van Katwijk MM, Hermus DCR. 2000. Effects of water dynamics on Zostera marina: transplantation experiment in the intertidal Dutch Wadden Sea. Marine Ecology Progress Series 208: 107-118.
van Katwijk MM, Thorhaug A, Marbá N, Orth RJ, Duarte CM, Kendrick GA, Althuizen IHJ, Balestri E, Bernard G, Cambridge ML. 2016. Global analysis of seagrass restoration: the importance of large-scale planting. Journal of Applied Ecology 53: 567-578.
Waycott M, Duarte CM, Carruthers TJB, Orth RJ, Dennison WC, Olyarnik S, Calladine A, Fourqurean JW, Heck KL, Hughes AR, Kendrick GA, Kenworthy WJ, Short FT, Williams SL. 2009. Accelerating loss of seagrasses across the globe threatens coastal ecosystems. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 106: 12377-12381.
Williams S, Orth RJ. 1998. Genetic diversity and structure of natural and transplanted eelgrass populations in the Chesapeake and Chincoteague Bays. Estuaries 21: 118-128.
Williams SL, Ambo-Rappe R, Sur C, Abbott JM, Limbong SR. 2017. Species richness accelerates marine ecosystem restoration in the Coral Triangle. Proceedings of The National Academy of Sciences of The United States of America 114(45): 11986-11991.
Ambo-Rappe R, Yasir I. 2015. The effect of storage condition on viability of Enhalus acoroides seedlings. Aquatic Botany 127: 57-61.
Barbier EB, Hacker SD, Kennedy C, Koch EW, Stier AC, Silliman BR. 2011. The value of estuarine and coastal ecosystem services. Ecological Monographs 81: 169-193.
Bos AR, van Katwijk MM. 2007. Plant density, hydrodynamic exposure, and mussel beds affect survival of transplanted intertidal eelgrass. Marine Ecology Progress Series 336: 121-129.
Bourque AS, Fourqurean JW. 2014. Effects of common seagrass restoration methods on ecosystem structure in subtropical seagrass meadows. Marine Environmental Research 97: 67-78.
Calumpong HP, Fonseca MS. 2001. Seagrass transplantation and other seagrass restoration methods. In: Short FT, Coles RG (eds.). Global Seagrass Research Methods. Elsevier Science, Netherlands.
Cleary DFR, Renema W. 2007. Relating species traits of foraminifera to environmental variables in the Spermonde Archipelago, Indonesia. Marine Ecology Progress Series 334: 73-82.
Costanza R, d’Arge R, de Groot R, Farber S, Grasso M, Hannon B, Limburg K., Naeem S, O’Neill RV, Paruelo J, Raskin RG, Sutton P, van den Belt M. 1997. The value of the world’s ecosystem services and natural capital. Nature 387: 253-260.
Costanza R, de Groot R, Sutton P, van der Ploeg S, Anderson SJ, Kubiszewski I, Farber S, Turner RK. 2014. Changes in the global value of ecosystem services. Global Environmental Change 26: 152-158.
Cunha AH, Marba NN, van Katwijk MM, Pickerell C, Henriques M, Bernard G, Ferreira MA, Garcia S, Garmendia JM, Manent P. 2012. Changing paradigms in seagrass restoration. Restoration Ecology 20: 427-430.
Duarte CM. 2000. Marine biodiversity and ecosystem services: an elusive link. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 250: 117-131.
Fonseca MS, Kenworthy WJ, Thayer GW. 1998. Guidelines for the conservation and restoration of seagrasses in the United States and adjacent waters. NOAA Coastal Ocean Program Decision Analysis Series No.12. NOAA Coastal Ocean Office, Silver Spring, MD, 222 pp.
Kendrick GA, Waycott M, Carruthers TJB, Cambridge ML, Hovey R, Krauss SL, Lavery PS, Les DH, Lowe RJ, Vidal OM, Ooi JLS, Orth RJ, Rivers DO, Ruiz-Montoya L, Sinclair EA, Statton J, van Dijk JK, Verduin JJ. 2012. The central role of dispersal in the maintenance and persistent of seagrass populations. Bioscience 62: 56–65.
Lamb JB, van de Water JAJM, Bourne DG, Altier C, Hein MY, Fiorenza EA, Abu N, Jompa J, Harvell CD. 2017. Seagrass ecosystems reduce exposure to bacterial pathogens of humans, fishes, and invertebrates. Science 355: 731-733.
Lee K, Park JI. 2008. An effecting transplanting technique using shells for restoration of Zostera marina habitats. Marine Pollution Bulletin 56: 1015-1021.
Marion SR, Orth RJ. 2010. Innovative techniques for large-scale seagrass restoration using Zostera marina (eelgrass) seeds. Restoration Ecology 18: 514-526.
Nakaoka M. 2002. Predation on seed of seagrasses Zostera marina and Zostera caulescens by a tanaid crustacean Zeuxosp. Aquatic Botany 72: 99-106.
Orth RJ, Heck Jr KL, Tunbridge DJ. 2002. Predation on seeds of the seagrass Posidonia australis in Western Australia. Marine Ecology Progress Series 244: 81–88.
Orth RJ, Curruthers TJB, Dennison WC, Duarte CM, Fourqurean JW, Heck Jr KL, Hughes AR, Kendrick GA,Kenworthy WJ, Olyarnik S, Short FT, Waycott M, Williams SL. 2006a. A global crisis for seagrass ecosystems. BioScience 56: 987-996.
Orth RJ, Harwell MC, Inglis GJ. 2006b. Ecology of seagrasses seeds and seagrass dispersal processes. In: Larkum AWD, Orth RJ, Duarte CM (eds.) Seagrasses: biology, ecology and conservation . Springer, The Netherlands.
Orth RJ, Luckenbach ML, Marion SR, Moore KA,Wilcox DJ. 2006c. Seagrass recovery in the Dermarva Coastal Bays, USA. Aquatic Botany 84: 26-36.
Orth RJ, Kendrick GA, Marion SR. 2007. Posidonia australis seed predation in seagrass habitat of Two Peoples Bay, Western Australia. Aquatic Botany 86: 83-85.
Paling EI, Fonseca M, van Katwijk MM, van KeulenM. 2009. Seagrass restoration. In: Perillo GME, Wolanski E, Cahoon DR, Brinson MM (eds.) Coastal wetlands: an integrated ecosystem approach. Elsevier, Amsterdam.
Phillips RC. 1980. Transplanting methods. In: Phillips RC, McRoy CP (eds.) Handbook of seagrass biology: an ecosystem perspective. Garland, New York.
Selig ER, Turner WR, Troëng S, Wallace BP, Halpern BS, Kaschner K, Lascelles BG, Carpenter KE, Mittermeier RA. 2014. Global priorities for marine biodiversity conservation. Plos ONE 9(1):e82898.
Short FT, Davis RC, Kopp BS, Short CA, Burdick DM. 2002. Site-selection model for optimal transplantation of eelgrass Zostera marina in the northeastern US. Marine Ecology Progress Series 227: 253-267.
Short FT, Willy-Escheverria S. 1996. Natural and human-induced disturbance of seagrasses. Environmental Conservation 23: 17-27.
Statton J, Cambridge ML, Dixon KW, Kendrick WA. 2013. Aquaculture of Posidonia australis seedlings for seagrass restoration programs: effect of sediments type and organic enrichment on growth. Restoration Ecology 21: 250-259.
Thom R, Gaeckle J, Buenau K, Borde A, Vavrinec J, Aston L, Woodruff D, Khangaonkar T, Kaldy J. 2018. Eelgrass (Zostera marina L.) restoration in Puget Sound: development of a site suitability assessment process. Restoration Ecology 26: 1066-1074.
Unsworth RFK, Cullen LC. 2010. Recognising the necessity for Indo-Pacific seagrass conservation. Conservation Letter 3: 63-73.
van Katwijk MM, Bos AR, de Jonge VN, Hanssen LSAM, Hermus DCR, de Jong DJ. 2009. Guidelines for seagrass restoration: importance of habitat selection and donor population, spreading of risks, and ecosystem engineering effects. Marine Pollution Bulletin 58: 179-188.
van Katwijk MM, Hermus DCR. 2000. Effects of water dynamics on Zostera marina: transplantation experiment in the intertidal Dutch Wadden Sea. Marine Ecology Progress Series 208: 107-118.
van Katwijk MM, Thorhaug A, Marbá N, Orth RJ, Duarte CM, Kendrick GA, Althuizen IHJ, Balestri E, Bernard G, Cambridge ML. 2016. Global analysis of seagrass restoration: the importance of large-scale planting. Journal of Applied Ecology 53: 567-578.
Waycott M, Duarte CM, Carruthers TJB, Orth RJ, Dennison WC, Olyarnik S, Calladine A, Fourqurean JW, Heck KL, Hughes AR, Kendrick GA, Kenworthy WJ, Short FT, Williams SL. 2009. Accelerating loss of seagrasses across the globe threatens coastal ecosystems. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 106: 12377-12381.
Williams S, Orth RJ. 1998. Genetic diversity and structure of natural and transplanted eelgrass populations in the Chesapeake and Chincoteague Bays. Estuaries 21: 118-128.
Williams SL, Ambo-Rappe R, Sur C, Abbott JM, Limbong SR. 2017. Species richness accelerates marine ecosystem restoration in the Coral Triangle. Proceedings of The National Academy of Sciences of The United States of America 114(45): 11986-11991.
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