Morphological evidence of sexual dimorphism in a Continental anole species of southeastern of Mexico
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Abstract. Badillo-Saldaña LM, García-Rosales A, Lara-Tufiño JD, Ramírez-Bautista A. 2019. Morphological evidence of sexual dimorphism in a Continental anole species of southeastern Mexico. Biodiversitas 20: 3347-3351. Intersexual differences (sexual dimorphism; SD) have been observed in many traits of vertebrate and invertebrate species. These differences evolved as a response to ecological factors, such as the display of morphological and behavioral attributes during reproduction, territorial defense, or differential use of resources. However, some species of lizards do not show high SD, as is the case of some slender small body-sized anoles of the Caribbean Islands. Despite extensive knowledge about SD in island anoles, SD has not been evaluated for most mainland species. Therefore, the goal of this study was to evaluate the SD of a small body-sized species (Anolis unilobatus) throughout its distribution in Mexico, making use of eight morphological characteristics and multivariate analyses. The results showed that snout-vent (SVL) and forearm (FAL) lengths of males are larger than those of females. This could be explained by males being more territorial, so larger size will make them more successful in defending their territory from other males. Therefore, the difference in SVL and FAL between males and females of this species could be related to defense of their territory. The differences observed in morphological structures between males and females could thus support the hypothesis of sexual selection.
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References
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Andrews RM, Stamps JA. 1994. Temporal variation in sexual size dimorphism of Anolis limifrons in Panama. Copeia, 1994: 613-622.
Badii, MH, Castillo J, Cortez K, Wong A, Villalpando P. 2007. Análisis de correlación canónica (ACC) e investigación científica. Innovaciones de negocios 4(2): 405-422.
Benabib M. 2009. Los vertebrados y las historias de vida. In: Morrone JJ, Magaña P, ed. Evolución Biologica. Mexico: Universidad Autónoma de México. 167-187.
Berns CM. 2013. The evolution of sexual dimorphism: understanding mechanisms of sexual shape differences. In Sexual dimorphism. IntechOpen.
Butler MA, Schoener TW, Losos JB. 2000. The relationship between sexual size dimorphism and habitat use in Greater Antillean Anolis lizards. Evolution 54(1): 259-272.
Butler MA, Sawyer SA, Losos JB. 2007. Sexual dimorphism and adaptive radiation in Anolis lizards. Nature 447:202205.
Carranza JUAN. 1994. Sistemas de apareamiento y selección sexual. Etología: introducción a la ciencia del comportamiento, 363-406.
Cox RM, Butler MA, John-Alder HB. 2007. The evolution of sexual size dimorphism in reptiles. pp 38-49. In Fairbairn, DJ, Blanckenhorn, WU, Székely T. (Eds.) Sex, size and gender roles: evolutionary studies of sexual size dimorphism. Oxford University Press.
Elstrott J, Irschick DJ. 2004. Evolutionary correlations among morphology, habitat use and clinging performance in Caribbean Anolis lizards. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 83(3): 389-398.
Fitch HS. 1978. Sexual size differences in the genus Sceloporus. University of Kansas Museum of Natural History (Vol. 51, pp. 441–461).
Foster KL, Higham TE. 2014. Context-dependent change in motor control and kinematics during locomotion: modulation and decoupling. Proceeding of the Royal Society B 281.
Gray LN, Barley AJ, Poe S, Thomson RC, Nieto-Montes de Oca A, Wang IJ. 2019. Phylogeography of a widespread lizard complex reflects patterns of both geographic and ecological isolation. Molecular Ecology 28(3): 644-657.
Hernández-Salinas U, Ramírez-Bautista A, Cruz-Elizalde R, Meiri S, Berriozabal-Islas C. 2019. Ecology of the growth of Anolis nebulosus (Squamata: Dactyloidae) in a seasonal tropical environment in the Chamela region, Jalisco, Mexico. Ecology and Evolution 2019:1-11.
Herrel A, McBrayer LD, Larson PM. 2007. Functional basis for sexual differences in bite force in the lizard Anolis carolinensis. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 91(1): 111-119.
Hierlihy CA, García-Collazo R, Chavez-Tapia CB, Mallory FF. 2013. Sexual dimorphism in the lizard Sceloporus siniferus: support for the intraspecific niche divergence and sexual selection hypotheses. Salamandra 49:1-6.
Johnson MA, Kricher BK, Castro DJ. 2018. The evolution of androgen receptor expression and behavior in Anolis lizard forelimb muscles. Journal of Comparative Physiology Animal 204: 71-79.
Köhler G. 2014. Characters of external morphology used in Anolis taxonomy: Definition of terms, advice on usage, and illustrated examples. Zootaxa 3774: 201–257. doi: 10.11646/zootaxa.3774.3.1
Lee JC. 1996. The Amphibians and Reptiles of the Yucatán Peninsula. Comstock Publishing Associates, a division of Cornell University Press, U.S.A.
Losos JB, Marks JC, Schoener TW. 1993. Habitat use and ecological interactions of an introduced and a native species of Anolis lizard on Grand Cayman. Oecologia 95: 525–532.
Losos JB, Creer DA, Glossip D, Goellner R, Hampton A, Roberts G, Haskell N, Taylor P, Ettling J. 2000. Evolutionary implications of phenotypic plasticity in the hindlimbs of the lizard Anolis sagrei. Evolution 54(1): 301-305.
Losos JB. 2009. Lizards in an evolutionary tree: ecology and adaptive radiation of anoles. University of California Press, Berkely, California. 528 pp.
Márquez C, Mora JM, Bolaños F, Rea S. 2005. Aspectos de la biología poblacional en el campo de Anolis aquaticus, Sauria: Polychridae en Costa Rica. Ecología Aplicada 4(1-2): 59-69.
McEvoy J, While GM, Sinn DL, Wapstra E. 2013. The role of size and aggression in intrasexual male competition in a social lizard species, Egernia whitii. Behavioral ecology and sociobiology 67(1): 79-90.
Michael DR, Banks SC, Piggott MP, Cunningham RB, Crane M, MacGregor C, McBurney L, Lindenmayer DB. 2014. Geographical variation in body size and sexual size dimorphism in an Australian lizard, Boulenger's skink (Morethia boulengeri). PloS one 9(10): e109830
Mori E, Mazza G, Lovari S. 2017. Sexual Dimorphism. Encyclopedia of Animal Cognition and Behavior (J. Vonk, and T. Shakelford, eds). Springer International Publishing, Switzerland.
Perry G. 1996. The evolution of sexual dimorphism in the lizard Anolis polylepis (Iguania): evidence from intraspecific variation in foraging behavior and diet. Canadian Journal of Zoology 74:1238-1245.
Pincheira-Donoso D, Hunt J. 2015. Fecundity selection theory: concepts and evidence. 2015. Biological Review 2015: 000-000
Ramírez-Bautista A. 1995. Demografía y reproducción de la lagartija arborícola Anolis nebulosus de la región de Chamela, Jalisco. Tesis doctoral. Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México.
Ramírez-Bautista A, Vitt LJ. 1997. Reproduction in the lizard Anolis nebulosus (Polychrotidae) from the Pacific coast of Mexico. Herpetologica: 423-431.
Ramírez-Bautista A, Benabib M. 2001. Perch height of the arboreal lizard Anolis nebulosus (Sauria: Polichrotidae) from a tropical dry forest of Mexico: effect of the reproductive season. Copeia 2001:187-193.
Ramírez-Bautista A, Luría-Manzano R, Cruz-Elizalde R, Pavón NP, Wilson DL. 2015. Variation in reproduction and sexual dimorphism in the long-tailed spiny lizard, Scelopors siniferus, from the southern Pacific coast of Mexico. Salamandra, 51(2): 73-82.
Ramírez-Bautista A, Hernández-Salinas U, Cruz-Elizalde R, Lozano A, Rodríguez-Romero FDJ. 2016. Sexual dimorphism and reproductive traits over time in Sceloporus aeneus (Squamata: Phrynosomatidae), based on a population in the Transmexican Volcanic Belt, Mexico. Salamandra: 52, 197-203.
Siliceo-Cantero HH, García A, Graham-Reynolds R, Pacheco G, Lister BC. 2016. Dimorphism and divergence in island and mainland Anoles. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 118: 852-872.
Slatkin, M. (1984). Ecological causes of sexual dimorphism. Evolution, 38(3): 622-630.
Valencia-Limón ER, Castro-Franco R, Bustos-Zagal MG. 2014. Dimorfismo sexual y ciclo reproductor de Sceloporus horridus horridus (Wiegmann 1939) (Sauria: Phrynosomatidae). Acta Zoológica Mexicana 30(1): 91-105.
Andrews RM, Stamps JA. 1994. Temporal variation in sexual size dimorphism of Anolis limifrons in Panama. Copeia, 1994: 613-622.
Badii, MH, Castillo J, Cortez K, Wong A, Villalpando P. 2007. Análisis de correlación canónica (ACC) e investigación científica. Innovaciones de negocios 4(2): 405-422.
Benabib M. 2009. Los vertebrados y las historias de vida. In: Morrone JJ, Magaña P, ed. Evolución Biologica. Mexico: Universidad Autónoma de México. 167-187.
Berns CM. 2013. The evolution of sexual dimorphism: understanding mechanisms of sexual shape differences. In Sexual dimorphism. IntechOpen.
Butler MA, Schoener TW, Losos JB. 2000. The relationship between sexual size dimorphism and habitat use in Greater Antillean Anolis lizards. Evolution 54(1): 259-272.
Butler MA, Sawyer SA, Losos JB. 2007. Sexual dimorphism and adaptive radiation in Anolis lizards. Nature 447:202205.
Carranza JUAN. 1994. Sistemas de apareamiento y selección sexual. Etología: introducción a la ciencia del comportamiento, 363-406.
Cox RM, Butler MA, John-Alder HB. 2007. The evolution of sexual size dimorphism in reptiles. pp 38-49. In Fairbairn, DJ, Blanckenhorn, WU, Székely T. (Eds.) Sex, size and gender roles: evolutionary studies of sexual size dimorphism. Oxford University Press.
Elstrott J, Irschick DJ. 2004. Evolutionary correlations among morphology, habitat use and clinging performance in Caribbean Anolis lizards. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 83(3): 389-398.
Fitch HS. 1978. Sexual size differences in the genus Sceloporus. University of Kansas Museum of Natural History (Vol. 51, pp. 441–461).
Foster KL, Higham TE. 2014. Context-dependent change in motor control and kinematics during locomotion: modulation and decoupling. Proceeding of the Royal Society B 281.
Gray LN, Barley AJ, Poe S, Thomson RC, Nieto-Montes de Oca A, Wang IJ. 2019. Phylogeography of a widespread lizard complex reflects patterns of both geographic and ecological isolation. Molecular Ecology 28(3): 644-657.
Hernández-Salinas U, Ramírez-Bautista A, Cruz-Elizalde R, Meiri S, Berriozabal-Islas C. 2019. Ecology of the growth of Anolis nebulosus (Squamata: Dactyloidae) in a seasonal tropical environment in the Chamela region, Jalisco, Mexico. Ecology and Evolution 2019:1-11.
Herrel A, McBrayer LD, Larson PM. 2007. Functional basis for sexual differences in bite force in the lizard Anolis carolinensis. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 91(1): 111-119.
Hierlihy CA, García-Collazo R, Chavez-Tapia CB, Mallory FF. 2013. Sexual dimorphism in the lizard Sceloporus siniferus: support for the intraspecific niche divergence and sexual selection hypotheses. Salamandra 49:1-6.
Johnson MA, Kricher BK, Castro DJ. 2018. The evolution of androgen receptor expression and behavior in Anolis lizard forelimb muscles. Journal of Comparative Physiology Animal 204: 71-79.
Köhler G. 2014. Characters of external morphology used in Anolis taxonomy: Definition of terms, advice on usage, and illustrated examples. Zootaxa 3774: 201–257. doi: 10.11646/zootaxa.3774.3.1
Lee JC. 1996. The Amphibians and Reptiles of the Yucatán Peninsula. Comstock Publishing Associates, a division of Cornell University Press, U.S.A.
Losos JB, Marks JC, Schoener TW. 1993. Habitat use and ecological interactions of an introduced and a native species of Anolis lizard on Grand Cayman. Oecologia 95: 525–532.
Losos JB, Creer DA, Glossip D, Goellner R, Hampton A, Roberts G, Haskell N, Taylor P, Ettling J. 2000. Evolutionary implications of phenotypic plasticity in the hindlimbs of the lizard Anolis sagrei. Evolution 54(1): 301-305.
Losos JB. 2009. Lizards in an evolutionary tree: ecology and adaptive radiation of anoles. University of California Press, Berkely, California. 528 pp.
Márquez C, Mora JM, Bolaños F, Rea S. 2005. Aspectos de la biología poblacional en el campo de Anolis aquaticus, Sauria: Polychridae en Costa Rica. Ecología Aplicada 4(1-2): 59-69.
McEvoy J, While GM, Sinn DL, Wapstra E. 2013. The role of size and aggression in intrasexual male competition in a social lizard species, Egernia whitii. Behavioral ecology and sociobiology 67(1): 79-90.
Michael DR, Banks SC, Piggott MP, Cunningham RB, Crane M, MacGregor C, McBurney L, Lindenmayer DB. 2014. Geographical variation in body size and sexual size dimorphism in an Australian lizard, Boulenger's skink (Morethia boulengeri). PloS one 9(10): e109830
Mori E, Mazza G, Lovari S. 2017. Sexual Dimorphism. Encyclopedia of Animal Cognition and Behavior (J. Vonk, and T. Shakelford, eds). Springer International Publishing, Switzerland.
Perry G. 1996. The evolution of sexual dimorphism in the lizard Anolis polylepis (Iguania): evidence from intraspecific variation in foraging behavior and diet. Canadian Journal of Zoology 74:1238-1245.
Pincheira-Donoso D, Hunt J. 2015. Fecundity selection theory: concepts and evidence. 2015. Biological Review 2015: 000-000
Ramírez-Bautista A. 1995. Demografía y reproducción de la lagartija arborícola Anolis nebulosus de la región de Chamela, Jalisco. Tesis doctoral. Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México.
Ramírez-Bautista A, Vitt LJ. 1997. Reproduction in the lizard Anolis nebulosus (Polychrotidae) from the Pacific coast of Mexico. Herpetologica: 423-431.
Ramírez-Bautista A, Benabib M. 2001. Perch height of the arboreal lizard Anolis nebulosus (Sauria: Polichrotidae) from a tropical dry forest of Mexico: effect of the reproductive season. Copeia 2001:187-193.
Ramírez-Bautista A, Luría-Manzano R, Cruz-Elizalde R, Pavón NP, Wilson DL. 2015. Variation in reproduction and sexual dimorphism in the long-tailed spiny lizard, Scelopors siniferus, from the southern Pacific coast of Mexico. Salamandra, 51(2): 73-82.
Ramírez-Bautista A, Hernández-Salinas U, Cruz-Elizalde R, Lozano A, Rodríguez-Romero FDJ. 2016. Sexual dimorphism and reproductive traits over time in Sceloporus aeneus (Squamata: Phrynosomatidae), based on a population in the Transmexican Volcanic Belt, Mexico. Salamandra: 52, 197-203.
Siliceo-Cantero HH, García A, Graham-Reynolds R, Pacheco G, Lister BC. 2016. Dimorphism and divergence in island and mainland Anoles. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 118: 852-872.
Slatkin, M. (1984). Ecological causes of sexual dimorphism. Evolution, 38(3): 622-630.
Valencia-Limón ER, Castro-Franco R, Bustos-Zagal MG. 2014. Dimorfismo sexual y ciclo reproductor de Sceloporus horridus horridus (Wiegmann 1939) (Sauria: Phrynosomatidae). Acta Zoológica Mexicana 30(1): 91-105.