Volatile compound profiles and cytotoxicity in essential oils from rhizome of Curcuma aeruginosa and Curcuma zanthorrhiza
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Abstract. Fitria R, Seno DSH, Priosoeryanto BP, Hartanti, Nurcholis W. 2019. Volatile compound profiles and cytotoxicity in essential oils from rhizome of Curcuma aeruginosa and Curcuma zanthorrhiza. Biodiversitas 20: 2943-2948. Cancer becomes one of the uncontagious diseases that occupy the top position in the cause of human death under 70 years in the world. Breast cancer is the most widely experienced cancer by women. The aim of this study was to obtain cytotoxic activity essential oil of Curcuma aeruginosa and Curcuma zanthorrhiza as antiproliferative substance of cancer cells and to analyze volatile profile of C. aeruginosa and C. zanthorrhiza essential oils. The essential oils were obtained from rhizomes of C. aeruginosa and C. zanthorrhiza by using hydrodistillation method. Volatile compositions of essential oils were analyzed using gas chromatography and mass spectrophotometry (GC/MS). The cytotoxic activities of the essential oil samples were evaluated using brine shrimp lethality test and against MCF-7 (Michigan Cancer Foundation-7) and Vero cells. The essential oils of C. aeruginosa, and C. zanthorrhiza showed cytotoxic activities to brine shrimp and MCF-7. Cytotoxic activity presented in essential oil from C. aeruginosa and C. zanthorrhiza showed lower activity compared with Doxorubicin. The major compounds of C. aeruginosa were tropolone (18.1%), eucalyptol (17.9%), and curcumol (5.7%), whereas C. zanthorrhiza were xanthorrhizol (26.8%), b-curcumene (17.0%), ar-curcumene (15.0%), and germacrone (5.4%).
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References
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Arslan FT, Basbakkal Z, Kantar M. 2013. Quality of life and chemotherapy-related symptoms of Turkish cancer children undergoing chemotherapy. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 14: 1761-8.
Bray F, Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Siegel RL, Torre LA, Jemal A. 2018. Global cancer statistics 2018 : Globocan estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin 68: 394-424.
Bruton L, Lazo JS, Parker KL. 2005. Goodman & Gilman’s The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics 11th Ed. Mc Graw Hill: Lange, New York.
Carnesecchi S, Langley K, Exinger F, Gosse F, Raul F. 2002. Geraniol, a component of plant essential oils, sensitizes human colonic cancer cells to 5- Fluorouracil treatment. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 301: 625-630.
Cassel E, Vargas R. 2013. Experiments and modelling of the Cymbopogon nardus essential oil extraction by steam distillation. J Mex chem soc 50: 126-129.
Castro HG, Perini VB, Leal AB, Santos GR, Castro T. 2010. Avaliação do teor e composição do oleo essencial de Cymbopogon nardus (l.) em diferentes epocas de colheita. Revis Ciênc Agronô 41: 308-314.
Cheah YH, Azimahtol HL, Abdullah NR. 2006. Xanthorrhizol exhibits antiproliferative activity on MCF-7 breast cancer cells via apoptosis induction. Anticancer Res 26: 4527-34.
Cheah YH, Nordin FJ, Tee TT, Azimahtol HL, Abdullah NR, Ismail Z. 2008. Antiproliferative property and apoptotic effect of xanthorrhizol on MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. Anticancer Res 28: 3677-89.
Cristani M, D'arrigo M, Mandalari G, Castelli F, Sarpietro MG, Micieli D. et al. 2007. Interaction of four monoterpenes contained in essential oils with model membranes: implications for their antibacterial activity. J Agric Food Chem 55: 6300–6308.
Dahham SS, Tabana YM, Iqbal MA, Ahamed MB, Ezzat MO, Majid AS. 2015. The anticancer, antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of the Sesquiterpene ?-Caryophyllene from the essential Oil of Aquilaria crassna. J Mol 20:11808–11829.
Davis NM, Sokolosky M, Stadelman K. 2014. Deregulation of the EGFR/ PI3K /PTEN /Akt / mTORCH1 pathway in breast cancer: possibilities for therapeutic intervention. Oncotarget 5: 4603-4650.
Dine J, Deng CX. 2013. Mouse models of BRCA1 and their application to breast cancer research. Cancer Metastasis Rev 32: 25-37.
Duncan RE, Lau D, El-Sohemy A, Archer MC. 2004. Geraniol and beta-ionone inhibit proliferation, cell cycle progression, and cyclin-dependent kinase 2 activity in MCF-7 breast cancer cells independent of effects on HMG-CoA reductase activity. Biochem Pharmacol 68: 1739-1747.
Estiu G, West N, Mazitschek R. 2010. On the inhibition of histone deacetylase 8. Bioorg Med Chem 18: 4103-10.
Fernandez MA, Santos E. 2011. Ras in cancer and developmental diseases. Genes & cancer J 2: 344-358.
Ghosh K. 2013. Anticancer effect of lemongrass oil and citral on cervical cancer cell lines. Pharmacog Comm 3: 41.
Granger A, Abdullah I, Huebner F. 2008. Histone deacetylase inhibition reduces myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury in mice. FASEB J 22: 3549-60.
Han X, Panj J, Ren D, Cheng Y, Fan P, Lou H. 2017. Naringenin-7-o-glucosidase protects against doxorubicin-induced toxicity in h9c2 cardiomyocites by induction of endogenous antioxidant enzymes. Food Chem Toxicol 46: 3140-3146.
Hanahan D, Weinberg RA. 2000. The hallmarks of cancer. Cell 100: 57-70.
Huang L, Li A, Liao G, Yang F, Yang J, Chen X, et al. 2017. Curcumol triggers apoptosis of p53 mutant triple?negative human breast cancer MDA?MB 231 cells via activation of p73 and PUMA. Oncol Lett 14: 1080–1088.
Huangfu D, Maehr R, Guo W. 2008. Induction of pluripotent stem cells by defined factors is greatly improved by small-molecule compounds. Nat Biotechnol 26: 795-7.
Itani WS, El-Banna SH, Hassan SB, Larsson RL, Gali AM. 2008. Anti-colon cancer components from Lebanese sage (Salvia libanotica) essential oil:mechanistic basis. Cancer Bio and Therapy 7: 1765–1773.
Jackson SP, Bartek J. 2009. The DNA-damage response in human biology and disease. Nature 461: 1071-1078.
Jung M, Russell AJ, Liu B. 2017. A Myc activity signature predicts poor clinical outcomes in myc-associated cancers. Cancer Res 77: 971-981.
Kim A, Jang MH, Lee SJ. 2017. Mutations of the epidermal growth factor receptor gene in triple-negative breast cancer. J breast cancer 20: 150-159.
Koba K, Sanda K, Guyon C, Raynaud C, Chaumont JP. 2009. In vitro cytotoxic activity of Cymbopogon citratus L. and Cymbopogon nardus L. essential oils from Togo. Bangladesh J of Pharm 4: 29-34.
Lemoine M, Younes A. 2010. Histone deacetylase inhibitors in the treatment of lymphoma. Discov Med 10: 462-70.
Lin SC, Lin CC, Lin YH, Supriyatna S, Teng CW. 1995. Protective and therapeutic effects of Curcuma zanthorrhiza on hepatotoxin-induced liver damage. Am J Chin Med 23: 243-254.
Lodish H. 2004. Molecular Cell Biology 5th ed. WH Freeman and Co, New York.
McKenzie DC, Kalda AL. 2013. Effect of upper extremity exercise on secondary lymphedema in breast cancer patients: a pilot study. J Clin Oncol 21:463–6.
Meirow D, Nugent D. 2011. The Effects of radiotherapy and chemotherapy on female reproduction. Hum Reprod Update 7: 535-43.
Meyer BN, Ferrigni NR, Putnam JE, Jacobsen LB, Nichols DE, McLaughin JL. 1982. Brine shrimp: a convenient general bioassay for active plant constituent. Planta Medica 45:31-34.
Moteki H, Hibasami H, Yamada Y. 2002. Specific induction of apoptosis by 1,8-cineole in two human leukemia cell lines, but not a in human stomach cancer cell line. Oncol Rep 9: 757-760.
Murata S, Shiragami R, Kosugi C, Tezuka T, Yamazaki M, Hirano A. 2013. Antitumor effect of 1,8-cineole against colon cancer. Oncol Rep 30: 2647-52.
Nageh AEM, Omar AST, Mohamed F, Mohamed A, Mohammed S. 2018. The potential efficacy of antidepressants and Moringa oleifera in experimentally induced ulcerative colitis in rats. Nat Sci 16: 64-72.
Nugrahaningtyas KKD, Matsjeh S, Wahyuni TD. 2005. Isolasi dan identifikasi senyawa flavonoid dalam rimpang temu ireng (Curcuma aeruginosa RoxB). J Biofarm 3: 32-38.
Nurcholis W, Khumaida N, Syukur M, Bintang M. 2017. Analisis kemiripan 20 aksesi temu ireng (Curcuma aeruginosa Roxb) berdasarkan warna rimpang, hasil ekstrak,dan kandungan fitokimia. J Agron Indonesia 44: 315-321.
Nurcholis W, Munshif AA, Ambarsari L. 2018. Xanthorrhizol contents, ?-glucosidase inhibition, and cytotoxic activities in ethyl acetate fraction of Curcuma zanthorrhiza accessions from Indonesia. Brazil J of Pharmacog 28: 44-49.
Ononye SN. 2013. Towards the development of tropolone natural product derivatives as novel, potent anticancer therapeutics that selectively target histone deacetylase (HDAC) enzymes. [Dissertations]. University of Connecticut, Storrs. [United State]
Ouaissi M, Giger U, Sielezneff I. 2011. Rationale for possible targeting of histone signaling in cancer diseases with a special reference to pancreatic cancer. J Biomed Biotechnol 31: 5939.
Partridge AH, Burstein HJ, Winer EP. 2011. Side effects of chemotherapy and combined chemohormonal therapy in women with early-stage breast cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst Monogr 3: 135-42.
Prayonga P, Barusruxb S, Weerapreeyakul N. 2008. Cytotoxic activity screening of some indigenous Thai plants. Fitoterapia 79: 598–601.
Priosoeryanto BP, Tateyama S, Yamaguchi R, Uchida K. 1994. Antiproliferation and colony forming inhibition activities of recombinant Feline Interferon (rFeIFN) on various cells in vitro. Research in Vet Sci 58:272- 276.
Shapiro CL, Recht A. 2011. Side effects of adjuvant treatment of breast cancer. N Engl J Med 344: 1997-2008.
Shin Y, Lee Y. 2013. Cytotoxic activity from Curcuma zedoaria through mitochondrial activation on ovarian cancer cells. Tox research 29: 257-61.
Somoza JR, Skene RJ, Katz BA. 2004. Structural snapshots of human HDAC8 provides insights into the class I histone deacetylases. J of Struct 12:1325-34.
Sonnenschein C, Soto AM. 2016. Carcinogenesis explained within the context of a theory of organisms. Prog in Biophy and Mol Bio 122: 70-76.
Sriatun, Arianingrum R, Aznam N, Malek SNAb. 2016. Isolation of sesquiterpenes lactone from Curcuma aeruginosa rhizome and the cytotoxic activity against human cancer cell lines. Int J of Pharmacog and Phytochem 8:1168-117.
Stone SC, Vasconcellos FA, Lenardao EJ, do Amaral RC, Jacob RG, Leivas LFP. 2013. Evaluation of potential use of Cymbopogon sp. Essential oils, (R)-citronellal and N-citronellylamine in cancer chemotherapy. IJARNP 6: 11-15.
Sukadan IM. 2008. Aktivitas antibakteri golongan triterpenoid dari biji pepaya (Carisa papaya L). ISSN 34: 1907-9850.
Sun CC, Bodurka DC, Donato ML. 2013. Patient preferences regarding side effects of chemotherapy for ovarian cancer: do they change over time?. Gynecol Oncol 87: 118-28.
Udin Z. 2013. Cytotoxic activity of xanthorrhizol from Curcuma xanthorrhiza RoxB volatile oil toward YMB-1 breast cancer cell. J Kim Terap Indones 15: 23–29.
Uzuner H. 2012. Traditional Chinese medicine research in the post-genomic era: good practice, priorities, challenges and opportunities. JETHPHARM 140: 458-468.
Wang Y, Li J, Guo J, Wang Q, Zhu S, Gao S, et al. 2016. Cytotoxic and antitumor effects of Curzerene from Curcuma longa. J Planta Med 75: 324-331.
World Health Organization. 2018. Global Health Observatory. Geneva: World Health Organization; who.int/gho/database/ en/. Accessed July 22, 2019.
Zeng S, Kapur A, Patankar MS, Xiong MP. 2015. Formulation, characterization, and antitumor properties of trans- and cis-citral in the 4T1 breast cancer xenograft mouse model. J pharm Res 32: 2548–2558.
Zhong Z, Chen X, Tan W, Xu Z, Zhou K, Wu T, et al. 2011. Germacrone inhibits the proliferation of breast cancer cell lines by inducing cell cycle arrest and promoting apoptosis. Eur J Pharmacol 667: 50-5.
Zhuang SR, Chen SL, Tsai JH, Huang CC, Wu TC, Liu WS, et al. 2009. Effect of citronellol and the Chinese medical herb complex on cellular immunity of cancer patients receiving chemotherapy/radiotherapy. Phytother Res 23: 785-790.
Arslan FT, Basbakkal Z, Kantar M. 2013. Quality of life and chemotherapy-related symptoms of Turkish cancer children undergoing chemotherapy. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 14: 1761-8.
Bray F, Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Siegel RL, Torre LA, Jemal A. 2018. Global cancer statistics 2018 : Globocan estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin 68: 394-424.
Bruton L, Lazo JS, Parker KL. 2005. Goodman & Gilman’s The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics 11th Ed. Mc Graw Hill: Lange, New York.
Carnesecchi S, Langley K, Exinger F, Gosse F, Raul F. 2002. Geraniol, a component of plant essential oils, sensitizes human colonic cancer cells to 5- Fluorouracil treatment. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 301: 625-630.
Cassel E, Vargas R. 2013. Experiments and modelling of the Cymbopogon nardus essential oil extraction by steam distillation. J Mex chem soc 50: 126-129.
Castro HG, Perini VB, Leal AB, Santos GR, Castro T. 2010. Avaliação do teor e composição do oleo essencial de Cymbopogon nardus (l.) em diferentes epocas de colheita. Revis Ciênc Agronô 41: 308-314.
Cheah YH, Azimahtol HL, Abdullah NR. 2006. Xanthorrhizol exhibits antiproliferative activity on MCF-7 breast cancer cells via apoptosis induction. Anticancer Res 26: 4527-34.
Cheah YH, Nordin FJ, Tee TT, Azimahtol HL, Abdullah NR, Ismail Z. 2008. Antiproliferative property and apoptotic effect of xanthorrhizol on MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. Anticancer Res 28: 3677-89.
Cristani M, D'arrigo M, Mandalari G, Castelli F, Sarpietro MG, Micieli D. et al. 2007. Interaction of four monoterpenes contained in essential oils with model membranes: implications for their antibacterial activity. J Agric Food Chem 55: 6300–6308.
Dahham SS, Tabana YM, Iqbal MA, Ahamed MB, Ezzat MO, Majid AS. 2015. The anticancer, antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of the Sesquiterpene ?-Caryophyllene from the essential Oil of Aquilaria crassna. J Mol 20:11808–11829.
Davis NM, Sokolosky M, Stadelman K. 2014. Deregulation of the EGFR/ PI3K /PTEN /Akt / mTORCH1 pathway in breast cancer: possibilities for therapeutic intervention. Oncotarget 5: 4603-4650.
Dine J, Deng CX. 2013. Mouse models of BRCA1 and their application to breast cancer research. Cancer Metastasis Rev 32: 25-37.
Duncan RE, Lau D, El-Sohemy A, Archer MC. 2004. Geraniol and beta-ionone inhibit proliferation, cell cycle progression, and cyclin-dependent kinase 2 activity in MCF-7 breast cancer cells independent of effects on HMG-CoA reductase activity. Biochem Pharmacol 68: 1739-1747.
Estiu G, West N, Mazitschek R. 2010. On the inhibition of histone deacetylase 8. Bioorg Med Chem 18: 4103-10.
Fernandez MA, Santos E. 2011. Ras in cancer and developmental diseases. Genes & cancer J 2: 344-358.
Ghosh K. 2013. Anticancer effect of lemongrass oil and citral on cervical cancer cell lines. Pharmacog Comm 3: 41.
Granger A, Abdullah I, Huebner F. 2008. Histone deacetylase inhibition reduces myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury in mice. FASEB J 22: 3549-60.
Han X, Panj J, Ren D, Cheng Y, Fan P, Lou H. 2017. Naringenin-7-o-glucosidase protects against doxorubicin-induced toxicity in h9c2 cardiomyocites by induction of endogenous antioxidant enzymes. Food Chem Toxicol 46: 3140-3146.
Hanahan D, Weinberg RA. 2000. The hallmarks of cancer. Cell 100: 57-70.
Huang L, Li A, Liao G, Yang F, Yang J, Chen X, et al. 2017. Curcumol triggers apoptosis of p53 mutant triple?negative human breast cancer MDA?MB 231 cells via activation of p73 and PUMA. Oncol Lett 14: 1080–1088.
Huangfu D, Maehr R, Guo W. 2008. Induction of pluripotent stem cells by defined factors is greatly improved by small-molecule compounds. Nat Biotechnol 26: 795-7.
Itani WS, El-Banna SH, Hassan SB, Larsson RL, Gali AM. 2008. Anti-colon cancer components from Lebanese sage (Salvia libanotica) essential oil:mechanistic basis. Cancer Bio and Therapy 7: 1765–1773.
Jackson SP, Bartek J. 2009. The DNA-damage response in human biology and disease. Nature 461: 1071-1078.
Jung M, Russell AJ, Liu B. 2017. A Myc activity signature predicts poor clinical outcomes in myc-associated cancers. Cancer Res 77: 971-981.
Kim A, Jang MH, Lee SJ. 2017. Mutations of the epidermal growth factor receptor gene in triple-negative breast cancer. J breast cancer 20: 150-159.
Koba K, Sanda K, Guyon C, Raynaud C, Chaumont JP. 2009. In vitro cytotoxic activity of Cymbopogon citratus L. and Cymbopogon nardus L. essential oils from Togo. Bangladesh J of Pharm 4: 29-34.
Lemoine M, Younes A. 2010. Histone deacetylase inhibitors in the treatment of lymphoma. Discov Med 10: 462-70.
Lin SC, Lin CC, Lin YH, Supriyatna S, Teng CW. 1995. Protective and therapeutic effects of Curcuma zanthorrhiza on hepatotoxin-induced liver damage. Am J Chin Med 23: 243-254.
Lodish H. 2004. Molecular Cell Biology 5th ed. WH Freeman and Co, New York.
McKenzie DC, Kalda AL. 2013. Effect of upper extremity exercise on secondary lymphedema in breast cancer patients: a pilot study. J Clin Oncol 21:463–6.
Meirow D, Nugent D. 2011. The Effects of radiotherapy and chemotherapy on female reproduction. Hum Reprod Update 7: 535-43.
Meyer BN, Ferrigni NR, Putnam JE, Jacobsen LB, Nichols DE, McLaughin JL. 1982. Brine shrimp: a convenient general bioassay for active plant constituent. Planta Medica 45:31-34.
Moteki H, Hibasami H, Yamada Y. 2002. Specific induction of apoptosis by 1,8-cineole in two human leukemia cell lines, but not a in human stomach cancer cell line. Oncol Rep 9: 757-760.
Murata S, Shiragami R, Kosugi C, Tezuka T, Yamazaki M, Hirano A. 2013. Antitumor effect of 1,8-cineole against colon cancer. Oncol Rep 30: 2647-52.
Nageh AEM, Omar AST, Mohamed F, Mohamed A, Mohammed S. 2018. The potential efficacy of antidepressants and Moringa oleifera in experimentally induced ulcerative colitis in rats. Nat Sci 16: 64-72.
Nugrahaningtyas KKD, Matsjeh S, Wahyuni TD. 2005. Isolasi dan identifikasi senyawa flavonoid dalam rimpang temu ireng (Curcuma aeruginosa RoxB). J Biofarm 3: 32-38.
Nurcholis W, Khumaida N, Syukur M, Bintang M. 2017. Analisis kemiripan 20 aksesi temu ireng (Curcuma aeruginosa Roxb) berdasarkan warna rimpang, hasil ekstrak,dan kandungan fitokimia. J Agron Indonesia 44: 315-321.
Nurcholis W, Munshif AA, Ambarsari L. 2018. Xanthorrhizol contents, ?-glucosidase inhibition, and cytotoxic activities in ethyl acetate fraction of Curcuma zanthorrhiza accessions from Indonesia. Brazil J of Pharmacog 28: 44-49.
Ononye SN. 2013. Towards the development of tropolone natural product derivatives as novel, potent anticancer therapeutics that selectively target histone deacetylase (HDAC) enzymes. [Dissertations]. University of Connecticut, Storrs. [United State]
Ouaissi M, Giger U, Sielezneff I. 2011. Rationale for possible targeting of histone signaling in cancer diseases with a special reference to pancreatic cancer. J Biomed Biotechnol 31: 5939.
Partridge AH, Burstein HJ, Winer EP. 2011. Side effects of chemotherapy and combined chemohormonal therapy in women with early-stage breast cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst Monogr 3: 135-42.
Prayonga P, Barusruxb S, Weerapreeyakul N. 2008. Cytotoxic activity screening of some indigenous Thai plants. Fitoterapia 79: 598–601.
Priosoeryanto BP, Tateyama S, Yamaguchi R, Uchida K. 1994. Antiproliferation and colony forming inhibition activities of recombinant Feline Interferon (rFeIFN) on various cells in vitro. Research in Vet Sci 58:272- 276.
Shapiro CL, Recht A. 2011. Side effects of adjuvant treatment of breast cancer. N Engl J Med 344: 1997-2008.
Shin Y, Lee Y. 2013. Cytotoxic activity from Curcuma zedoaria through mitochondrial activation on ovarian cancer cells. Tox research 29: 257-61.
Somoza JR, Skene RJ, Katz BA. 2004. Structural snapshots of human HDAC8 provides insights into the class I histone deacetylases. J of Struct 12:1325-34.
Sonnenschein C, Soto AM. 2016. Carcinogenesis explained within the context of a theory of organisms. Prog in Biophy and Mol Bio 122: 70-76.
Sriatun, Arianingrum R, Aznam N, Malek SNAb. 2016. Isolation of sesquiterpenes lactone from Curcuma aeruginosa rhizome and the cytotoxic activity against human cancer cell lines. Int J of Pharmacog and Phytochem 8:1168-117.
Stone SC, Vasconcellos FA, Lenardao EJ, do Amaral RC, Jacob RG, Leivas LFP. 2013. Evaluation of potential use of Cymbopogon sp. Essential oils, (R)-citronellal and N-citronellylamine in cancer chemotherapy. IJARNP 6: 11-15.
Sukadan IM. 2008. Aktivitas antibakteri golongan triterpenoid dari biji pepaya (Carisa papaya L). ISSN 34: 1907-9850.
Sun CC, Bodurka DC, Donato ML. 2013. Patient preferences regarding side effects of chemotherapy for ovarian cancer: do they change over time?. Gynecol Oncol 87: 118-28.
Udin Z. 2013. Cytotoxic activity of xanthorrhizol from Curcuma xanthorrhiza RoxB volatile oil toward YMB-1 breast cancer cell. J Kim Terap Indones 15: 23–29.
Uzuner H. 2012. Traditional Chinese medicine research in the post-genomic era: good practice, priorities, challenges and opportunities. JETHPHARM 140: 458-468.
Wang Y, Li J, Guo J, Wang Q, Zhu S, Gao S, et al. 2016. Cytotoxic and antitumor effects of Curzerene from Curcuma longa. J Planta Med 75: 324-331.
World Health Organization. 2018. Global Health Observatory. Geneva: World Health Organization; who.int/gho/database/ en/. Accessed July 22, 2019.
Zeng S, Kapur A, Patankar MS, Xiong MP. 2015. Formulation, characterization, and antitumor properties of trans- and cis-citral in the 4T1 breast cancer xenograft mouse model. J pharm Res 32: 2548–2558.
Zhong Z, Chen X, Tan W, Xu Z, Zhou K, Wu T, et al. 2011. Germacrone inhibits the proliferation of breast cancer cell lines by inducing cell cycle arrest and promoting apoptosis. Eur J Pharmacol 667: 50-5.
Zhuang SR, Chen SL, Tsai JH, Huang CC, Wu TC, Liu WS, et al. 2009. Effect of citronellol and the Chinese medical herb complex on cellular immunity of cancer patients receiving chemotherapy/radiotherapy. Phytother Res 23: 785-790.
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