Spatial and depth patterns of reef fish assemblages in Pulau Tenggol, Malaysia and their links to benthic composition
Article Sidebar
Abstract Views: 189
File Views: 165
Main Article Content
Abstract
Abstract. Syafruddin R, Qamarina MFN, Safuan CDM, Yusuf Y, Afiq-Firdaus AM, Bachok Z. 2026. Spatial and depth patterns of reef fish assemblages in Pulau Tenggol, Malaysia and their links to benthic composition. Biodiversitas 27 (1): d270148. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d270148. A total of 142 reef fish species (71 genera, 33 families) were recorded at Pulau Tenggol in the South China Sea, Peninsular Malaysia, based on surveys conducted in May 2024 across five stations and three depth strata (5, 10, and 15 m), yielding 12 station-depth transects. Fish assemblages were surveyed using belt transects, while major benthic categories and Hard coral growth-forms composition were quantified using Coral Video Transects and analyzed with Coral Point Count with Excel extensions (CPCe). Fish indices, including fish density, species richness, Shannon diversity, Simpson diversity, and Pielou’s evenness, showed no significant differences among stations or depths (Kruskal-Wallis test, p>0.05), whereas species composition differed significantly across both spatial and depth gradients (PERMANOVA, p>0.05). Major benthic categories and hard coral growth-forms did not differ significantly with depth (p>0.05) but showed significant variation among stations (p>0.05). Mantel tests indicated that fish assemblage structure was significantly associated with hard coral growth-forms (p≤0.05), while no significant correlation was detected with major benthic categories (p>0.05). Fish density was positively correlated with Acropora staghorn/branching growth-forms (ρ: 0.783, p: 0.004, FDR: 0.047; partial ρ: 0.769, p: 0.006, FDR: 0.073) and negatively correlated with encrusting corals (ρ: -0.790, p: 0.004, FDR: 0.047; partial ρ: -0.775, p: 0.005, FDR: 0.073). Healthy hard coral cover was strongly associated with obligate corallivores (ρ: 0.757, p: 0.004, FDR: 0.015; partial ρ: 0.716, p: 0.013, FDR: 0.017) and Chaetodontidae (ρ: 0.669, p: 0.017, FDR: 0.035; partial ρ: 0.616, p: 0.044, FDR: 0.027). Overall, coral health and growth-form complexity were stronger predictors of reef fish assemblage structure than major benthic categories.
Article Details
Issue
Section
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
References
Afiq-Firdaus AM, Safuan CDM, Shafie S, Izhar LI, Awalludin EA, Ahmad MF, Johari NAM, Bachok Z. 2023. Current status of coral reef fish abundances at Pulau Bidong and Nearby Islands, South China Sea using stereo-diver operated video system. Ocean Sci J 58 (2): 16. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12601-023-00110-5.
Allen GR, Swainston R, Ruse J. 2020. A Field Guide to Tropical Reef Fishes of the Indo-Pacific. Tuttle Publishing, Tokyo.
Aulia ED, Hadi TA, Edrus IN. 2021. Coral reef benthic composition and its influence on reef fish communities in Buton Islands. IOP Conf Ser Earth Environ Sci 860 (1): 012005. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/860/1/012005.
Baird AH, Pratchett MS, Reimer JD. 2025. In situ observations confirm that the wrought-iron butterflyfish Chaetodon daedalma is a facultative corallivore. J Fish Biol 106 (4): 1237-1239. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfb.16031.
Barton PS, Cunningham SA, Manning AD, Gibb H, Lindenmayer DB, Didham RK. 2013. The spatial scaling of beta diversity. Glob Ecol Biogeogr 22 (6): 639-647. https://doi.org/10.1111/geb.12031.
Bayley DTI, Mogg AOM, Purvis A, Koldewey HJ. 2019. Evaluating the efficacy of small-scale marine protected areas for preserving reef health: A case study applying emerging monitoring technology. Aquat Conserv Mar Freshw Ecosyst 29 (12): 2026-2044. https://doi.org/10.1002/aqc.3215.
Bogdan EE, Dingeldein AL, Bertrand D, White W. 2020. Risk-sensitive foraging does not explain condition-dependent choices in settling reef fish larvae. PeerJ 8: e8333. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.8333.
Burns JHR, Delparte D, Gates RD, Takabayashi M. 2015. Utilizing underwater three-dimensional modeling to enhance ecological and biological studies of coral reefs. Intl Arch Photogramm Remote Sensing Spat Inform Sci XL-5/W5: 61-66. https://doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-XL-5-W5-61-2015.
Caldwell ZR, Zgliczynski BJ, Williams GJ, Sandin SA. 2016. Reef fish survey techniques: Assessing the potential for standardizing methodologies. PLoS One 11 (4): e0153066. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0153066.
Cardoso SC, Soares MC, Oxenford HA, Côté IM. 2009. Interspecific differences in foraging behaviour and functional role of caribbean parrotfish. Mar Biodivers Records 2: e148. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1755267209990662.
Carpenter GE, Chequer AD, Weber S, Mass T, Goodbody-Gringley G. 2022. Light and photoacclimatization drive distinct differences between shallow and mesophotic coral communities. Ecosphere 13 (8): e4200. https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.4200.
Casey JM, Baird AH, Brandl SJ. 2017. A test of trophic cascade theory: Fish and benthic assemblages across a predator density gradient on coral reefs. Oecologia 183 (1): 161-175. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-016-3753-8.
Charendoff JA, Edwards CB, Pedersen NE, Petrovic V, Zgliczynski B, Sandin SA, Smith JE. 2023. Variability in composition of parrotfish bite scars across space and over time on a central pacific atoll. Coral Reefs 42 (4): 905-918. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00338-023-02392-6.
Chen CT, Carlotti F, Harmelin-Vivien M. 2022a. Diet and trophic interactions of mediterranean planktivorous fishes. Mar Biol 169 (9): 119. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-022-04103-1.
Chen YY, Jennions M, Fox RJ. 2022b. Foraging microhabitat preferences of invertivorous fishes within tropical macroalgal meadows: Identification of canopy specialists. Coral Reefs 41 (5): 1511-1522. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00338-022-02298-9.
Chong-Seng KM, Mannering TD, Pratchett MS, Bellwood DR, Graham NAJ. 2012. The influence of coral reef benthic condition on associated fish assemblages. PLoS One 7 (8): e42167. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0042167.
Clarke K, Green R. 1988. Statistical design and analysis for a “biological effects” study. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 46: 213-226. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps046213.
Coker DJ, Nowicki JP, Graham NAJ. 2017. Influence of coral cover and structural complexity on the accuracy of visual surveys of coral reef fish communities. J Fish Biol 90 (6): 2425-2433. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfb.13298.
Cole AJ, Pratchett MS, Jones GP. 2008. Diversity and functional importance of coral-feeding fishes on tropical coral reefs. Fish and Fisheries 9 (3): 286-307. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-2979.2008.00290.x.
Darling ES, Graham NAJ, Januchowski-Hartley FA, Nash KL, Pratchett MS, Wilson SK. 2017. Relationships between structural complexity, coral traits, and reef fish assemblages. Coral Reefs 36 (2): 561-575. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00338-017-1539-z.
Dees P, Frob F, Arellano-Nava B, Johns DG, Heinze C. 2025. A novel multispecies approach for the detection of regime shifts in a plankton community-a case study in the North Sea. Ocean Sci 21 (5): 2397-2417. https://doi.org/10.5194/os-21-2397-2025.
Delevaux JMS, Jupiter SD, Stamoulis KA. 2018. Scenario planning with linked land-sea models inform where forest conservation actions will promote coral reef resilience. Sci Rep 8 (1): 12465. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-29951-0.
Dwirama PR, Suryanti A, Kurniawan D. 2018. Responses of herbivorous fishes on coral reef cover in outer island Indonesia (Study case: Natuna Island). E3S Web Conf 47: 04009. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20184704009.
Fahlevy K, Kusuma YF, Andika W. 2018. Assessing fish community structure at two different coral reef depths around Seribu Islands, Jakarta. Jurnal Ilmu Kelautan Kepulauan 1 (1): 15-29. https://doi.org/10.33387/jikk.v1i1.678.
Favoretto F, Mascarenas-Osorio I, Leon-Deniz L. 2020. Being isolated and protected is better than just being isolated: A case study from the Alacranes Reef, Mexico. Front Mar Sci 7: 583056. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2020.583056.
Ferreira SB, Burns JHR, Fukunaga A. 2025. 3D habitat complexity and coral morphology modulate reef fish functional structure in a Marine National Park. Ecol Evol 15 (9): e71992. https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.71992.
Froese R, Pauly D. 2024. FishBase. www.fishbase.org.
Fukunaga A, Kosaki RK, Pascoe KH, Burns JHR. 2020. Fish assemblage structure in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands is associated with the architectural complexity of coral reef habitats. Diversity 12 (11): 430. https://doi.org/10.3390/d12110430.
Fulton C, Bellwood D. 2002. Patterns of foraging in Labrid Fishes. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 226: 135-142. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps226135.
Gonzalez-Rivero M, Harborne AR, Herrera-Reveles A. 2017. Linking fishes to multiple metrics of coral reef structural complexity using three-dimensional technology. Sci Rep 7 (1): 13965. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-14272-5.
Guerra AS, Van Wert JC, Haupt AJ. 2023. Differences in the behavior and diet between shoaling and solitary surgeonfish (Acanthurus triostegus). Ecol Evol 13 (1): e9686. https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.9686.
Hall AE, Kingsford MJ. 2021. Habitat type and complexity drive fish assemblages in a tropical seascape. J Fish Biol 99 (4): 1364-1379. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfb.14843.
Heenan A, Williams ID, Acoba T, DesRochers A, Kosaki RK, Kanemura T, Nadon MO, Brainard RE. 2017. Long-term monitoring of coral reef fish assemblages in the Western central pacific. Sci Data 4 (1): 170176. https://doi.org/10.1038/sdata.2017.176.
Helder NK, Burns JHR, Green SJ. 2022. Intra-habitat structural complexity drives the distribution of fish trait groups on coral reefs. Ecol Indic 142: 109266. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2022.109266.
Heyns-Veale ER, Bernard ATF, Richoux NB. 2016. Depth and habitat determine assemblage structure of South Africa’s warm-temperate reef fish. Mar Biol 163 (7): 158. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-016-2933-8.
Irigoyen AJ, Rojo I, Calo A, Trobbiani G, Sanchez-Carnero N, Garcia-Charton JA. 2018. The “Tracked Roaming Transect” and distance sampling methods increase the efficiency of underwater visual censuses. PLoS One 13 (1): e0190990. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0190990.
Iskandar R, Soemarno, Kusuma Z, Wiadnya DGR. 2020. Coral reef condition with Chaetodontidae fish as the indicators in the waters of the Samber Gelap Island of Kotabaru, South Kalimantan. Russian J Agric Socio-Economic Sci 107 (11): 81-89. https://doi.org/10.18551/rjoas.2020-11.10.
Jankowski M, Graham N, Jones G. 2015. Depth gradients in diversity, distribution and habitat specialisation in coral reef fishes: Implications for the depth-refuge hypothesis. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 540: 203-215. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps11523.
Kendall M, Miller T, Pittman S. 2011. Patterns of scale-dependency and the influence of map resolution on the seascape ecology of reef fish. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 427: 259-274. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps08945.
Komyakova V, Jones GP, Munday PL. 2018. Strong effects of coral species on the diversity and structure of reef fish communities: A multi-scale analysis. PLoS One 13 (8): e0202206. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202206.
Komyakova V, Munday PL, Jones GP. 2013. Relative importance of coral cover, habitat complexity and diversity in determining the structure of reef fish communities. PLoS One 8 (12): e83178. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0083178.
Kornder NA, Cappelletto J, Mueller B. 2021. Implications of 2D versus 3D surveys to measure the abundance and composition of benthic coral reef communities. Coral Reefs 40 (4): 1137-1153. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00338-021-02118-6.
Ladds MA, Sibanda N, Arnold R, Dunn MR. 2018. Creating functional groups of marine fish from categorical traits. PeerJ 6: e5795. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.5795.
Lee JN, Norizam MM, Yusuf Y. 2020. Coral reefs health: View from benthic and fish populations. In: Bachok Z, Md-Nor A, Md-Repin I (eds). Post COVID-19 Marine Life Status. Department of Fisheries Malaysia, Putrajaya, Malaysia.
Leray M, Alldredge AL, Yang JY. 2019. Dietary partitioning promotes the coexistence of planktivorous species on coral reefs. Mol Ecol 28 (10): 2694-2710. https://doi.org/10.1111/mec.15090.
Longo GO, Ferreira CEL, Floeter SR. 2014. Herbivory drives large-scale spatial variation in reef fish trophic interactions. Ecol Evol 4 (23): 4553-4566. https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.1310.
Loong S, Taira D, Chan YKS. 2025. Covariations of coral, macroalgal, macroinvertebrate and fish communities in an urbanised tropical reef environment. Coral Reefs 2025: 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00338-025-02723-9.
MacNeil MA, Graham NAJ, Polunin NVC. 2009. Hierarchical drivers of reef fish metacommunity structure. Ecology 90 (1): 252-264. https://doi.org/10.1890/07-0487.1.
Majekova M, Paal T, Plowman NS. 2016. Evaluating functional diversity: Missing trait data and the importance of species abundance structure and data transformation. PLoS One 11 (2): e0149270. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0149270.
Menard A, Turgeon K, Roche DG, Binning SA, Kramer DL. 2012. Shelters and their use by fishes on fringing coral reefs. PLoS One 7 (6): e38450. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0038450.
Michael P, Hyndes G, Vanderklift M, Verges A. 2013. Identity and behaviour of herbivorous fish influence large-scale spatial patterns of macroalgal herbivory in a coral reef. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 482: 227-240. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps10262.
Mihalitsis M, Hemingson CR, Goatley CHR, Bellwood DR. 2021. The role of fishes as food: A functional perspective on predator-prey interactions. Funct Ecol 35 (5): 1109-1119. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2435.13779.
Mihalitsis M, Morais RA, Bellwood DR. 2022. Small predators dominate fish predation in coral reef communities. PLoS Biol 20 (11): e3001898. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3001898.
Mirbach CE, Brandl SJ. 2016. Ontogenetic shifts in the social behaviour of pairing coral reef Rabbitfishes (Siganidae). Mar Biol Res 12 (8): 874-880. https://doi.org/10.1080/17451000.2016.1203952.
Mou-Tham G, Kulbicki M, Gilbert A, Tuahine J, Andrefouet S. 2018. Assembly rules of fish communities in Tuamotu Archipelago Atoll Lagoons: The case of Fangatau, a lagoon dominated by giant clam habitats. Mar Biodiver 48 (4): 2215-2224. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12526-017-0708-1.
Nanami A. 2023. Broad-scale spatial distribution and microhabitat-scale substrate association of seven angelfish species (Family Pomacanthidae) in an Okinawan coral reef. Environ Biol Fish 106 (9): 1851-1863. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10641-023-01461-7.
Oren A, Berman O, Neri R. 2023. Three-dimensional-printed coral-like structures as a habitat for reef fish. J Mar Sci Eng 11 (4): 882. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse11040882.
Pereira PHC, Macedo CH, Nunes JDACC, Marangoni LFDB, Bianchini A. 2018. Effects of depth on reef fish communities: Insights of a “Deep Refuge Hypothesis” from southwestern atlantic reefs. PLoS One 13 (9): e0203072. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0203072.
Pinnegar JK. 2018. Why the damselfish Chromis chromis is a key species in the mediterranean rocky littoral-a quantitative perspective. J Fish Biol 92 (3): 851-872. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfb.13551.
Plass-Johnson JG, Teichberg M, Bednarz VN. 2018. Spatio-temporal patterns in the coral reef communities of the Spermonde Archipelago, 2012-2014, II: Fish assemblages display structured variation related to benthic condition. Front Mar Sci 5: 36. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2018.00036.
Podani J, Ricotta C, Schmera D. 2013. A general framework for analyzing beta diversity, nestedness and related community-level phenomena based on abundance data. Ecol Complex 15: 52-61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecocom.2013.03.002.
Pratchett MS, Hoey AS, Wilson SK, Messmer V, Graham NA. 2011. Changes in biodiversity and functioning of reef fish assemblages following coral bleaching and coral loss. Diversity 3 (3): 424-452. https://doi.org/10.3390/d3030424.
Putra RD, Kasman K, Wibowo K. 2024. The diversity and abundance of the family Chaetodontidae and its relationship with live coral cover in the Spermonde Islands, Makassar. J Sustain Sci Manag 19 (1): 113-126. https://doi.org/10.46754/jssm.2024.01.010.
Putra RD. 2023. The assemblage of carnivore fish composition (Lutjanidae, Lethrinidae, Haemulidae and Serranidae) of a thousand islands, Jakarta, Indonesia. BIO Web Conf 70: 03010. https://doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20237003010.
Randazzo-Eisemann A, Molina-Hernandez AL, Alvarez-Filip L, Garza-Perez JR. 2024. Strong linkage between parrotfish functions and habitat characteristics. PLoS One 19 (12): e0315179. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0315179.
Rani C, Haris A, Faizal A. 2023. Dynamics of herbivorous fish and its role in controlling algal coverage in coral reef restoration area affected by the bleaching phenomenon in 2016. Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan IPA 9 (4): 2207-2216. https://doi.org/10.29303/jppipa.v9i4.3065.
Richardson LE, Graham NAJ, Hoey AS. 2017. Cross-scale habitat structure driven by coral species composition on tropical reefs. Sci Rep 7 (1): 7557. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-08109-4.
Richardson LE, Heenan A, Delargy AJ. 2023. Local human impacts disrupt depth-dependent zonation of tropical reef fish communities. Nat Ecol Evol 7 (11): 1844-1855. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-023-02201-x.
Robinson JPW, McDevitt-Irwin JM, Dajka J. 2020. Habitat and fishing control grazing potential on coral reefs. Funct Ecol 34 (1): 240-251. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2435.13457.
Rogers A, Blanchard JL, Mumby PJ. 2014. Vulnerability of coral reef fisheries to a loss of structural complexity. Curr Biol 24 (9): 1000-1005. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2014.03.026.
Safuan CDM, Talaat WIAW, Aziz N. 2022. Assessment of coral health status using Two-Dimensional Coral Health Index (2D-CHI): A preliminary study in Pulau Perhentian Marine Park, Malaysia. Reg Stud Mar Sci 55: 102543. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rsma.2022.102543.
Safuan M, Boo WH, Siang HY, Chark LH, Bachok Z. 2015. Optimization of coral video transect technique for coral reef survey: Comparison with intercept transect technique. Open J Mar Sci 5 (4): 379-397. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojms.2015.54031.
Sarkar IH, Bhattacharyya J, Pal S. 2020. Herbivore harvesting and alternative steady states in coral reefs. Applications of Mathematics 66 (2): 233-268. https://doi.org/10.21136/am.2020.0338-19.
Scott ME, Tebbett SB, Whitman KL. 2022. Variation in abundance, diversity and composition of coral reef fishes with increasing depth at a Submerged Shoal in the Northern Great Barrier Reef. Rev Fish Biol Fish 32 (3): 941-962. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11160-022-09716-9.
Seguin R, Mouillot D, Cinner JE. 2022. Towards process-oriented management of tropical reefs in the anthropocene. Nat Sustain 6 (2): 148-157. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-022-00981-x.
Sheppard CE, Williams GJ, Exton DA, Keith SA. 2023. Co-occurrence of herbivorous fish functional groups correlates with enhanced coral reef benthic state. Glob Ecol Biogeogr 32 (3): 435-449. https://doi.org/10.1111/geb.13638.
Siqueira AC, Morais RA, Bellwood DR, Cowman PF. 2021. Planktivores as trophic drivers of global coral reef fish diversity patterns. Proc Natl Acad Sci 118 (9): e2019404118. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2019404118.
Smale DA, Kendrick GA, Wernberg T. 2010. Assemblage turnover and taxonomic sufficiency of subtidal macroalgae at multiple spatial scales. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 384 (1-2): 76-86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jembe.2009.11.013.
Smallhorn-West PF, Bridge TCL, Munday PL, Jones GP. 2017. Depth distribution and abundance of a coral-associated reef fish: Roles of recruitment and post-recruitment processes. Coral Reefs 36 (1): 157-166. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00338-016-1509-x.
Spyksma AJP, Miller KI, Shears NT. 2022. Diver-generated photomosaics as a tool for monitoring temperate rocky reef ecosystems. Front Mar Sci 9: 953191. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2022.953191.
Streit RP, Hoey AS, Bellwood DR. 2015. Feeding characteristics reveal functional distinctions among browsing herbivorous fishes on coral reefs. Coral Reefs 34 (4): 1037-1047. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00338-015-1322-y.
Suzuki S, Kawai T, Sakamaki T. 2018. Combination of trophic group habitat preferences determines coral reef fish assemblages. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 586: 141-154. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps12378.
Tan CH, Borkhanuddin MH, Jaafar SN, Kamarudin N, Mohd-Noor MRH. 2020. Coral reef benthic communities using coral video transect survey. In: Bachok Z, Md-Nor A, Md-Repin I (eds). Post COVID-19 Marine Life Statu at Marine Park Islands of Terengganu Report. Department of Fisheries Malaysia, Putrajaya, Malaysia.
Tebbett SB, Bellwood DR, Purcell SW. 2018. Sediment addition drives declines in algal turf yield to herbivorous coral reef fishes: Implications for reefs and reef fisheries. Coral Reefs 37 (3): 929-937. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00338-018-1718-6.
Tebbett SB, Bennett S, Bellwood DR. 2024. A Functional Perspective on the Meaning of the Term ‘Herbivore’: Patterns Versus Processes in Coral Reef Fishes. Coral Reefs 43 (2): 219-232. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00338-023-02378-4.
Triki Z, Bshary R. 2019. Fluctuations in coral reef fish densities after environmental disturbances on the Northern Great Barrier Reef. PeerJ 7: e6720. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.6720.
Unsworth RKF, Cullen-Unsworth LC. 2012. An inter-specific behavioural association between a highfin grouper (Epinephelus maculatus) and a reef octopus (Octopus cyanea). Mar Biodivers Rec 5: e97. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1755267212000735.
Valdivia A, Cox CE, Bruno JF. 2017. Predatory fish depletion and recovery potential on caribbean reefs. Sci Adv 3 (3): e1601303. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1601303.
Williams JT, Carpenter KE, Van Tassell JL. 2010. Correction: Biodiversity assessment of the fishes of saba bank atoll, Netherlands Antilles. PLoS One 5: 7ab903dcdaa1. https://doi.org/10.1371/annotation/17094090-8f2d-4f48-8fdb-7ab903dcdaa1.
Wilson MW, Gaines SD, Stier AC, Halpern BS. 2021. Variation in herbivore grazing behavior across caribbean reef sites. Mar Biol 168 (4): 53. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-021-03844-9.
Wu D, Miao L, Song Y. 2025. The distribution, diversity, and indicator species of coral communities under the influence of environmental changes in the subtropical Peninsula of Southern China. Ecol Evol 15 (10): e72212. https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.72212.
Zhu Y, Newman SP, Reid WDK, Polunin NVC. 2019. Fish stable isotope community structure of a Bahamian coral reef. Mar Biol 166 (12): 160. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-019-3599-9.
Zintzen V, Anderson MJ, Roberts CD, Harvey ES, Stewart AL, Struthers CD. 2012. Diversity and composition of demersal fishes along a depth gradient assessed by baited remote underwater stereo-video. PLoS One 7 (10): e48522. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0048522.