Enhancement of ovarian maturation in bronze featherback Notopterus notopterus through pregnant mare serum gonadotropin for sustainable aquaculture and conservation
Article Sidebar
Abstract Views: 256
File Views: 225
Main Article Content
Abstract
Abstract. Muslim, Pitriani E, Oktarina S, Khotimah NN. 2026. Enhancement of ovarian maturation in bronze featherback Notopterus notopterus through pregnant mare serum gonadotropin for sustainable aquaculture and conservation. Biodiversitas 27 (1): d270121. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d270121. The bronze featherback Notopterus notopterus is a freshwater fish of high economic value whose population is declining due to overfishing and habitat destruction. This study evaluated the effectiveness of pregnant mare serum gonadotropin in inducing ovarian maturation in N. notopterus, addressing reproductive challenges that hinder its domestication and conservation. A total of 45 female fish (mean weight 50-55 g and total length 18-20 cm) at the second stage of ovarian maturity were injected intramuscularly with pregnant mare serum gonadotropin doses of 0, 1.0, 1.25, and 1.5 mL kg⁻¹ body weight. Observations were conducted for nine days with parameters including Ovi-Somatic Index (IOS), Hepato-Somatic Index (IHS), oocyte diameter, fecundity, cholesterol levels, and ovarian maturity level. The results indicated that pregnant mare serum gonadotropin significantly influenced IOS, oocyte diameter, fecundity, and ovarian maturity level (ANOVA, P<0.05; post-hoc LSD test), whereas it showed no significant effect on IHS and cholesterol levels (p>0.05). A dose of 1.5 mL kg⁻¹ produced the highest IOS, oocyte diameter, and fecundity values (378 eggs), as well as ovarian maturity levels up to stage V (mature). This study provides that hormonal induction using pregnant mare serum gonadotropin effectively stimulates ovarian development in N. notopterus, offering a biological solution to reproductive challenges that limit domestication success. By enhancing spawning success rates, reducing dependence on wild-caught broodstock, and enabling the establishment of captive breeding protocols, this hormonal induction technique offers practical tools for ex-situ conservation and directly contributes to biodiversity protection by supporting the long-term sustainability of N. notopterus populations. These findings show that aquaculture-based reproductive management supports SDG 14 by promoting sustainable use of aquatic resources. Hormonal induction serves as a bridge between reproductive biotechnology and conservation, helping restore freshwater biodiversity through domestication-based recovery strategies.
Article Details
Issue
Section
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
References
Abinaya M, Baskaralingam V. 2023. Molecular cloning and induction of Vitellogenesis. In: Baskaralingam V, Vanichviriyakit R (eds). Vitellogenin in Fishes-Diversification, Biological Properties, and Future Perspectives. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1021/es010186h
Acevedo-Rodriguez A, Kauffman AS, Cherrington BD, Borges CS, Roepke TA, Laconi M. 2018. Emerging insights into hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis regulation and interaction with stress signalling. J Neuroendocrinol 30 (10): e12590. https://doi.org/10.1111/jne.12590.
Alonso-Fernández, Alexandre, Fran SR. 2012. Relationship between energy allocation and reproductive strategy in Trisopterus luscus. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 416-417: 8-16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jembe.2012.02.001.
Arias A, Quiroz A, Santander N, Morselli E. 2022. Implications of high-density cholesterol metabolism for oocyte biology and female fertility. Front Cell Dev Biol 10: 941539. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcell.2022.941539.
Ath-Thar MHF, Gustiano R, Sundari S, Kurniawan K, Prakoso VA, Kusmini II. 2021. Pregnant mare’s serum gonad hormones and anti- dopamine treatments on the maturation of snakehead (Channa striata). AACL Bioflux 14 (1): 173-180.
Awal MR, Attia KA, Khanom M, Rahman MA, Islam MS, Mohammed AA, Hafez YM, Mahmud Y, Bhadra A. 2025. Evaluation of biometric and breeding biology of the striped snakehead Channa striata in the haor region: Conservation and effective management. Aquac Fish Fish 5 (2): e70058. https://doi.org/10.1002/aff2.70058.
Azadi MA, Islam MA, Nasiruddin M, Quader MF. 1995. Reproductive biology of Notopterus notopterus (Pallas) in Kaptai Reservoir, Bangladesh. Bangladesh J Zool 23 (2): 215-220.
Barneche DR, Robertson DR, White CR, Marshall DJ. 2018. Fish reproductive-energy output increases disproportionately with body size. Science 360: 642-645. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aao6868.
Bassi G, Sidhu SK, Mishra S. 2022. The intracellular cholesterol pool in steroidogenic cells plays a role in basal steroidogenesis. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 220: 106099. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsbmb.2022.106099.
Byambaragchaa M, Choi S-H, Joo H-E, Kim S-G, Kim Y-J, Park G-E, Kang M-H, Min K-S. 2021. Specific biological activity of Equine Chorionic Gonadotropin (ECG) glycosylation sites in cells expressing Equine Luteinizing Hormone/CG (ELH/CG) receptor. Dev Reprod 25 (4): 199-211. https://doi.org/10.12717/dr.2021.25.4.199.
Cahyono TD, Zairin Jr M, Carman O. 2019. Stimulation of gonad maturation in mullet fish Mugil dussumieri using MT, E2, HCG, and Ovaprim hormone. Jurnal Akuakultur Indonesia 18 (1): 9-22. https://doi.org/10.19027/jai.18.1.9-22.
Chen Y, Yang J, Yao B, Zhi D, Luo L, Zhou Y. 2022. Endocrine disrupting chemicals in the environment: Environmental sources, biological effects, remediation techniques, and perspective. Environ Pollut 310: 119918. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119918.
Chong RS-M. 2022. Endocrine disruption in fish. In: Kibenge FSB, Baldisserotto B, Chong RS-M (eds). Aquaculture Pathophysiology. Volume I: Finfish Diseases. Academic Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-812211-2.00065-2.
Combarnous Y, Nguyen TMD. 2019. Comparative overview of the mechanisms of action of hormones and endocrine disruptor compounds. Toxics 7 (1): 5. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics7010005.
Cortese D, Diaz C, Beldade R, Killen SS, Scholz Z, Mills SC. 2024. Environmental change mediates plasticity in offspring traits through maternal effects in a coral reef fish. Sci Total Environ 957: 177630. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.177630.
Dahlia, Ardiansyah, Sari AP, Mega DAU, Jabbar FBA. 2023. Gonad development and 17β-estradiol profile in the blood serum of female koi (Cyprinus carpio) broodstock stimulated with male koi pheromones. AACL Bioflux 16 (3): 1569-1576.
Du Z-Y, Monroig Ó, Rodríguez C, Garrido D, Tocher DR. 2025. Lipid metabolism in fish and shellfish. In: Kumar V (eds). Nutrition and Physiology of Fish and Shellfish. Feed Regulation, Metabolism and Digestion. Academic Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-90873-3.00011-7.
Ein H, Retnoaji B, Widiyanto S. 2024. The use of OODEV® in improving the reproductive performance of male yellow rasbora fish Rasbora lateristriata (Bleeker, 1854). J Aquac Fish Health 13 (2): 272-281. https://doi.org/10.20473/jafh.v13i2.46975.
El Sayed R, El Jamal L, El Iskandarani S, Kort J, Salam MA, Assi H. 2019. Endocrine and targeted therapy for hormone-receptor-positive, HER2-Negative advanced breast cancer: insights to sequencing treatment and overcoming resistance based on clinical trials. Front Oncol 9: 510. https://doi.org/10.3389/fonc.2019.00510.
Engdaw F, Geremew A. 2024. Broodstock nutrition in Nile tilapia and its implications on reproductive efficiency. 2024. Front Aquac 3: 1281640. https://doi.org/10.3389/faquc.2024.1281640.
Evans-Powell RT, Hesp SA, Denham A, Beckley LE. 2024. Implications of big, old, fat, fecund, female fish (BOFFFFs) for the reproductive potential of a demersal teleost stock. Fish Res 272: 106934. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fishres.2023.106934.
Ferdinand BR, Candida XV, Suganthi AS, Padua JC. 2023. Functional aspects of vitellogenin in oogenesis and its regulatory mechanism. In: Baskaralingam V, Vanichviriyakit R (eds). Vitellogenin in Fishes- Diversification, Biological Properties, and Future Perspectives. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-5340-0_6.
Froehlich HE, Gentry RR, Halpern BS. 2017. Conservation aquaculture: Shifting the narrative and paradigm of aquaculture’s role in resource management. Biol Conserv 215: 162-168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2017.09.012.
Ganesh CB. 2021. The stress - reproductive axis in fish: The involvement of functional neuroanatomical systems in the brain. J Chem Neuroanat 112: 101904. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jchemneu.2020.101904.
Grande M, Murua H, Zudaire I, Arsenault-Pernet EJ, Pernet F, Bodin N. 2016. Energy allocation strategy of skipjack tuna Katsuwonus pelamis during their reproductive cycle. J Fish Biol 89 (5): 2434-2448. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfb.13125.
Guerra-García JM, Martínez-Pita I, Šegvić-Bubić T, Manchado M, Arechavala-Lopez P, Calado R, Marchio E, Gentry R, Tlusty MF, Rhyne A, Moreno P, Béjar J, del Carmen Alonso M, García-Rosado E, Jiménez-Prada P. 2023. Aquaculture and conservation. In: Espinosa F (eds). Coastal Habitat Conservation: New Perspectives and Sustainable Development of Biodiversity in the Anthropocene. Academic Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-85613-3.00003-7.
Gupta G, Kumar M, Rani S, Mohanta B. 2021. Vitellogenesis and their endocrine control in fishes. In: Sundaray JK, Rather MA, Kumar S, Agarwal D (eds). Recent updates in molecular Endocrinology and Reproductive Physiology of Fish. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-8369-8_2.
Gupta S, Kumar A, Bhojyawal V, Agrahari K, Chand P. 2024. Induced breeding in fishes: An overview. In: Futuristic Trends in Agriculture Engineering and Food Sciences. IIP Series, Karnataka, India. https://doi.org/10.58532/v3bcag18p1ch2.
Gupta S, Kumar D. 2024. Challenges, resilience, and adaptation. In: Kumar D, Gupta S, Hasan W, Hussain B, Ansari MJ, Singh S (eds). Rhizosphere Revolution: Unveiling the Secrets of Insect Pheromones in Soil Health and Vermicompost Production. CRC Press, London.
Hadj-Hammou J, Cinner JE, Barneche DR, Caldwell IR, Mouillot D, Robinson JPW, Schiettekatte NMD, Siqueira AC, Taylor BM, Graham NAJ. 2024. Global patterns and drivers of fish reproductive potential on coral reefs. Nat Commun 15 (1): 6105. https://doi.org/10.1038/S41467-024-50367-0.
Htun-Han M. 1978. The reproductive biology of the dab Limanda limanda (L.) in the North Sea: Gonosomatic index, hepatosomatic index and condition factor. J Fish Biol 13 (3): 369-378. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.1978.tb03445.x.
Huff, Trevor, Boyd B, Jialal I. 2023. Physiology, cholesterol. StatPearls, March. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/books/NBK470561/.
Hutagalung RA, Anggoro S, Suryanti S, Muskananfola MR. 2024. Length-weight relationship and condition factor Channa marulioides (Bleeker, 1851) in Kapuas River - West Kalimantan as a conservation aquatic resources effort. J Aquac Fish Health 13 (1): 34-45. https://doi.org/10.20473/jafh.v13i1.49252.
Hutagalung RA, Widodo MS, Faqih AR. 2015. Evaluation of PMSG (Oodev®) application on hepatosomatic and gonadosomatic index of snakehead fish. Jurnal Akuakultur Indonesia 14 (1): 24-29. https://doi.org/10.19027/jai.14.24-29.
Hutagalung RA. 2019. The effect of dose Pregnant Mare Serum Gonadotropin (PMSG) hormone on egg diameter and egg fecundity of Channa striata. J Aquac Dev Environ 2 (2): 103-109. https://doi.org/10.31002/jade.v2i2.1881.
Ishwarya R, Tamilmani G, Jayakumar R. 2023. Biological activities of vitellogenin and its mechanism. In: Baskaralingam V, Vanichviriyakit R (eds). Vitellogenin in Fishes- Diversification, Biological Properties, and Future Perspectives. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-5340-0_16.
Iskandar A, Carman O, Zairin Jr M, Suprayudi MA, Winarto A, Effendi I, Sudrajat AO. 2023. Domestication of Javaen barb (Puntius orphoides) as Indonesian endemic fish: Breeding the aquaculture commodity candidate to increase seed productivity. IOP Conf Ser: Earth Environ Sci 1221: 012053. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1221/1/012053.
Islam P, Hossain MI, Khatun P, Masud RI, Tasnim S, Anjum M, Islam MZ, Nibir SS, Rafiq K, Islam MA. 2024. Steroid hormones in fish, caution for present and future: A review. Toxicol Rep 13: 101733. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxrep.2024.101733.
Jaillardon L, Kaiser M. 2023. Pathogenesis of the crosstalk between reproductive function and stress in animals - part 2: Prolactin, thyroid, inflammation and oxidative stress. Reprod Domest Anim 58 (S2): 137-143. https://doi.org/10.1111/rda.14445.
Jeng S-R, Thomas P, Pang Y, Dufour S, Lin C-J, Yueh W-S, Chang C-F. 2020. Elevated estradiol-17β levels inhibit final oocyte maturation via G protein-coupled estrogen receptor (Gper) in yellowfin porgy, Acanthopagrus latus. Gen Comp Endocrinol 299: 113587. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ygcen.2020.113587.
Jenkins JA, Bart Jr HL, Bowker JD, Bowser PR, MacMillan JR, Nickum JG, Rachlin JW, Rose JD, Sorensen PW, Warkentine BE, Whitledge GW. 2014. Guidelines for Use of Fishes in Research-Revised and Expanded. Fisheries 39 (9): 415-416. https://doi.org/10.1080/03632415.2014.924408.
Kant KR, Gupta K, Langer S. 2016. Fecundity in fish Puntius sophore and relationship of fecundity with fish length, fish weight and ovary weight from Jammu water bodies J and K (India). Intl J Fish Aquac Sci 6 (2): 99-110.
Khansa AF, Farizky HS, Santanumurti MB, Jamal MT, Sani LMI, Madduppa H, Sari PDW. 2023. First identification DNA barcoding of bronze featherback fish, Notopterus notopterus (Pallas, 1769) (Osteoglossiformes: Notopteridae), in Brantas River, East Java, Indonesia. Genet Aquat Organism 6 (1): ga549. https://doi.org/10.4194/ga549.
Kocerha J, Denslow ND. 2025. Steroidogenic acute regulatory protein in fish. J Endocrinol 265 (1): e240232. https://doi.org/10.1530/joe-24-0232.
Kumar P, Babita M, Kailasam M, Muralidhar M, Hussain T, Behera A, Jithendran KP. 2022. Effect of changing environmental factors on reproductive cycle and endocrinology of fishes. In: Sinha A, Kumar S, Kumari K (eds). Outlook of Climate Change and Fish Nutrition. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-5500-6_25.
Kuokkanen S, Pal L. 2023. Follicle-stimulating hormone (and luteinizing hormone) in ovarian stimulation: Does the dose matter for cycle success? Fertil Steril 119 (2): 166-169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2022.12.019.
Ladisa C, Ma Y, Habibi HR. 2021. Seasonally related metabolic changes and energy allocation associated with growth and reproductive phases in the liver of male goldfish (Carassius auratus). J Proteomics 241: 104237. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jprot.2021.104237.
Ladisa C, Ma Y, Habibi HR. 2022. Metabolic changes during growth and reproductive phases in the liver of female goldfish (Carassius auratus). Front Cell Dev Biol 10: 834688. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcell.2022.834688.
Leão T, Siqueira M, Marcondes S, Franco-Belussi L, De Oliveira C, Fernandes CE. 2021. Comparative liver morphology associated with the hepatosomatic index in five neotropical anuran species. Anat Rec 304 (4): 860-871. https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.24540.
Lema SC, Luckenbach JA, Yamamoto Y, Housh MJ. 2024. Fish reproduction in a warming world: Vulnerable points in hormone regulation from sex determination to spawning. Philos Trans R Soc B 379 (1898): 20220516. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2022.0516.
Li R-X, Chen L-Y, Limbu SM, Qian Y-C, Zhou W-H, Chen L-Q, Luo Y, Qiao F, Zhang M-L, Du Z-Y. 2023. High cholesterol intake remodels cholesterol turnover and energy homeostasis in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Mar Life Sci Technol 5 (1): 56-74. https://doi.org/10.1007/S42995-022-00158-7.
Little DC, Newton RW, Beveridge MCM. 2022. Aquaculture: A rapidly growing and significant source of sustainable food? Status, transitions and potential. Proc Nutr Soc 75 (3): 274-286. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0029665116000665.
Liu T, Huang Y, Lin H. 2021. Estrogen disorders: Interpreting the abnormal regulation of aromatase in granulosa cells (review). Intl J Mol Med 47 (5): 73. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2021.4906.
Lösle M, Lin C-W, Beil-Wagner J, Aebi M, Buch T. 2025. Comparison of pregnant mare serum gonadotropin products with surprising differences in protein content. Sci Rep 15 (1): 6824. https://doi.org/10.1038/S41598-025-90833-3.
Lu Y, Shi C, Jin X, He J, Yin Z. 2022. Domestication of farmed fish via the attenuation of stress responses mediated by the hypothalamus-pituitary-inter-renal endocrine axis. Front Endocrinol 13: 923475. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2022.923475.
Mellisa S, Hasri I, Agung W, Nurfadillah N, Putra DF. 2019. Induction of gonadal maturation in mahseer fish (Tor douronensis) using the PMSG hormone, antidopamin. IOP Conf Ser: Earth Environ Sci 348: 012101. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/348/1/012101.
Memon KH, Memon AM, Ursani TJ, Shaikh AM, Memon SW. 2021. Population parameters and exploitation status of clown knifefish Notopterus chitala (Hamliton, 1822) from Indus River, Pakistan. Pak J Zool 54: 889-899. https://doi.org/10.17582/journal.pjz/20200615120649.
Mohd I, Mushtaq ST. 2025. Aquaculture for improving productivity, income, and nutrition. In: Ahmed I, Ahmad I (eds). Aquaculture: Enhancing Food Security and Nutrition. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-92858-1_18.
Murugananthkumar R, Sudhakumari C-C. 2022. Understanding the impact of stress on teleostean reproduction. Aquac Fish 7 (5): 553-561. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aaf.2022.05.001.
Mushirobira Y, Niida M, Hotta T, Fujinami Y, Soyano K. 2020. Hepatic expression profiles of three subtypes of vitellogenin and estrogen receptor during vitellogenesis in cultured female yellowtail. Gen Comp Endocrinol 299: 113612. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ygcen.2020.113612.
Muslim M, Iskandar A, Oktarina S. 2023. Gonadal maturation of Indonesian leaffish (Pristolepis grootii) using pregnan mare serum gonadotropin and luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone analog. Adv Eng Sci 55 (2): 3471-3478.
Muslim M, Simanjuntak WJ. 2023. Growth and survival of bronze featherback (Notopterus notopterus, Pallas 1769) reared on bucket. Magna Sci Adv Res Rev 9 (1): 101-105. https://doi.org/10.30574/msarr.2023.9.1.0133.
Muslim M, Syaifudin M, Taqwa FH, Saputra MI. 2024. Sexual dimorphism and reproductive biology of bronze featherback (Notopterus notopterus, Pallas 1769) from Kelekar River, Ogan Ilir, South Sumatra, Indonesia. Baghdad Sci J 21 (10): 24. https://doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2024.9997.
Muslim M, Syaifudin M. 2022. Short Communications: Biodiversity of freshwater fish in Kelekar floodplain Ogan Ilir Regency in Indonesia. J Trop Biodivers Biotechnol 7 (1): jtbb67494. https://doi.org/10.22146/jtbb.67494.
Muslim M. 2023. Length-weight relationship and condition factor of Notopterus notopterus (Pallas, 1769) from East Pedamaran Floodplain, Ogan Komering Ilir, South Sumatra, Indonesia. Intl J Adv Multidisc Res Stud 3 (5): 1227-1231.
Oduwole OO, Huhtaniemi IT, Misrahi M. 2021. The roles of luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone and testosterone in spermatogenesis and folliculogenesis revisited. Intl J Mol Sci 22 (23): 12735. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms222312735.
Pamungkas W, Jusadi D, Zairin Jr. M, Setiawati M, Supriyono E, Imron I. 2019. Induction of ovarian rematuration in striped catfish (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus) using pregnant mare serum gonadotropin hormone in out-of spawning season. AACL Bioflux 12 (3): 767-776.
Pamungkas W, Jusadi D, Zairin M, Setiawati M, Supriyono E, Imron I. 2021. Improved vitellogenesis, reproductive performance and larval quality of striped catfish (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus) induced by the Pregnant Mare’s Serum Gonadotrophin (PMSG) hormone and essential fatty acid diet in out-of-spawning season. AACL Bioflux 14 (4): 2102-2113.
Pelletier MC, Ebersole J, Mulvaney K, Rashleigh B, Gutierrez MN, Chintala M, Kuhn A, Molina M, Bagley M, Lane C. 2020. Resilience of aquatic systems: Review and management implications. Aquat Sci 82: 44. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00027-020-00717-z.
Priyadi A, Permana A, Lukman, Nur B, Rohmy S, Cindelaras S, Ginanjar R, Imlani A, Budi DS. 2025. Artificial fertilization techniques in bronze featherback (Notopterus notopterus): First report and preliminary findings. J Aquac Sci 10 (1): 56-65. https://doi.org/10.20473/joas.v10i1.69474.
Rajakumar A, Senthilkumaran B. 2020. Steroidogenesis and its regulation in teleost-A review. Fish Physiol Biochem 46 (3): 803-818. https://doi.org/10.1007/S10695-019-00752-0.
Ramasubramanian V, Priyadarisini VB. 2023. Vitellogenin: As a hormone. In: Baskaralingam V, Vanichviriyakit R (eds). Vitellogenin in Fishes-Diversification, Biological Properties, and Future Perspectives. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-5340-0_9.
Rapita, Susiana, Kurniawan D, Lestari F, Sabriaty D, Rianti U. 2021. Food habits of belida fish (Notopterus notopterus, Pallas 1769) in Sei Gesek Reservoir, Bintan Regency, Riau Island, Indonesia. IOP Conf Ser: Earth Environ Sci 919: 012003. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/919/1/012003.
Sato T, Miyagawa S, Iguchi T. 2021. Estradiol-17β. In: Ando H, Ukena K, Nagata S (eds). Handbook of Hormones (Second Edition): Comparative Endocrinology for Basic and Clinical Research. Academic Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-820649-2.00255-2.
Sharma L, Ram RN. 2020. The relationship of gonadosomatic index and hepatosomatic index in two different age groups of common carp. Intl J Curr Microbiol Appl Sci 9 (3): 727-732. https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2020.903.087.
Sibiya A, Baskaralingam V. 2023. Previtellogenesis and vitellogenesis. In: Baskaralingam V, Vanichviriyakit R (eds). Vitellogenin in Fishes-Diversification, Biological Properties, and Future Perspectives. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-5340-0_2.
Socha M, Chyb J, Suder A, Bojarski B. 2025. How endocrine disruptors affect fish reproduction on multiple levels: A review. Fish Aquat Life 32 (3): 128-136. https://doi.org/10.2478/aopf-2024-0012.
Somanjaya R, Fuah AM, Rahayu S, Setiadi MA, Abdullah L. 2021. PMSG in ewes: A practical and efficient step for superovulation. IOP Conf Ser: Earth Environ Sci 748: 012010. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/748/1/012010.
Strauss III JF. 2019. Organization of ovarian steroidogenic cells and cholesterol metabolism. In: Leung PCK, Adashi EY (eds). The Ovary (Third Edition). Academic Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-813209-8.00005-4.
Sukendi S, Thamrin T, Putra RM, Yulindra A. 2020. Cultivation technology of bronze featherback (Notopterus notopterus, Pallas 1769) at different stocking densities and types of feed. IOP Conf Ser: Earth Environ Sci 430: 012027. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/430/1/012027.
Sun S, Lv M, Niu H, Luo J. 2024. Influence of repeated estrus synchronization treatment on hormone secretion, growth, and development of dairy goats. Front Vet Sci 10: 1333633. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2023.1333633.
Susiana S, Kurniawan D, Rianti U, Rapita R, Nugraha DS, Edo E, Rudin K, Aprilyanto B, Wiradinata H, Dialam PK, Rochmady. 2021. Length and weight relationship bronze featherback (Notopterus notopterus, Pallas 1769) in Sei Pulai Reservoir, Bintan Regency, Riau Island. Agrikan: Jurnal Agribisnis Perikanan 14 (2): 353-357. https://doi.org/10.29239/j.agrikan.14.2.353-357. [Indonesian]
Takahashi T, Ogiwara K. 2023. cAMP signaling in ovarian physiology in teleosts: A review. Cellular Signal 101: 110499. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cellsig.2022.110499.
Tave D. 2025. Domestication. In: Conservation Aquaculture. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-71978-3_3.
Thach DT, Cuong BK, Tong HV, Chi VV, Khue NK, Hien NTP, Hai NV, Combarnous Y, Nguyen TMD. 2022. Natural and recombinant equine chorionic gonadotropins past and future in animal reproductive technology. Vet Integr Sci 20 (3): 751-760. https://doi.org/10.12982/vis.2022.058.
Tirpan MB, Tekin K, Cil B, Alemdar H, Inanc ME, Olgac KT, Stelletta C, Daskin A. 2019. The effects of different PMSG doses on estrus behavior and pregnancy rate in angora goats. Animal 13 (3): 564-569. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1751731118001908.
Tomasoa AM, Sudrajat AO, Junior MZ. 2015. Induction of gonadal maturation of eel using pmsg, antidopamine, and estradiol-17β. Jurnal Akuakultur Indonesia 14: 112-121. https://doi.org/10.19027/jai.14.112-121.
Torsabo D, Ishak SD, Noordin NM, Waiho K, Koh ICC, Yazed MA, Abol-Munafi AB. 2024. Optimizing reproductive performance in Pangasius catfish broodstock: A review of dietary and molecular strategies. Vet Anim Sci 25: 100375. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vas.2024.100375.
Vilanova XM, De Briyne N, Beaver B, Turner PV. 2019. Horse welfare during equine Chorionic Gonadotropin (eCG) production. Animals 9 (12): 1053. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani9121053.
Wibowo A, Haryono H, Kurniawan K, Prakoso VA, Dahruddin H, Surbani IL, Muslimin B, Jaya YYP, Sudarsono S, Stuart IG, Ahnelt H, Funge-Smith S, Vasemägi A, Hubert N. 2024. Genetic and morphological evidence of a single species of bronze featherback (Notopterus notopterus) in Sundaland. Glob Ecol Conserv 49: e02786. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gecco.2023.e02786.
Wylie MJ, Ribeiro FF, Fantham W, Puklowski ME, Rebstock R, Shaw N, Mylonas CC, Kato K, Elizur A, Wellenreuther M. 2025. Effects of hormonal treatments on spawning latency and egg production of captive silver trevally (Pseudocaranx georgianus). Aquac Rep 43: 102964. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aqrep.2025.102964.
Yanwirsal H, Bartsch P, Kirschbaum F. 2017. Reproduction and development of the Asian bronze featherback Notopterus notopterus (Pallas, 1769) (Osteoglossiformes, Notopteridae) in captivity. Zoosyst Evol 93 (2): 299-324. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.93.13341.
Zhao D, Li J, Zhu Y. 2024. Oocyte maturation and ovulation. In: Alderman SL, Gillis TE (eds). Encyclopedia of Fish Physiology (Second Edition). Academic Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-90801-6.00153-1.
Zulfadhli, Saputra F, Fujaya Y, Burhanis. 2024. Effect of pregnant mare serum gonadotropin and antidopamine on the gonads of female bileh fish (Rasbora maninjau). IOP Conf Ser: Earth Environ Sci 1329: 012009. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1329/1/012009.
Zulfadhli, Saputra F, Fujaya Y. 2025. Effect of PMSG mormone and essential fatty acids on gonadal maturation of female Bileh fish (Rasbora maninjau). Egypt J Aquat Biol Fish 29 (3): 275-285. https://doi.org/10.21608/ejabf.2025.426709.