Diversity and bio-indicators of tropical urban lichens in Jakarta, Indonesia
Article Sidebar
Abstract Views: 278
File Views: 276
Main Article Content
Abstract
Abstract. Ristanto RH, Alhady M, Saputra RA, Darmawan E. 2025. Diversity and bio-indicators of tropical urban lichens in Jakarta, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 26: 5505-5514. Lichens are highly sensitive to air quality changes, making them effective bioindicators for assessing pollution in urban areas. This study analyzed the diversity, dominance, and evenness indices of lichens across urban forests in Jakarta, Indonesia. Sampling was conducted using the cruise and purposive methods, with each administrative city represented by one urban forest park. A total of 18 lichen species were identified, dominated by Bacidia viridifarinosa (35,257 individuals). Penjaringan City Forest showed the highest diversity (H’: 1.295), dominance (D: 0.667), and evenness (J’: 0.723), indicating relatively good air quality. In contrast, Pondok Kelapa (H’: 0.142; D: 0.062; J’: 0.205) and Srengseng Sawah (H’: 0.251; D: 0.071; J’: 0.140) were dominated by a single crustose species tolerant to pollution. Although Gelora Bung Karno Forest had more species, one foliose species dominated, suggesting an imbalance. Overall, lichen distribution patterns reflected high air pollution levels in Jakarta, influenced by temperature, pH, and light intensity. These findings confirm that lichen community compositions can reflect air quality gradients and serve as an effective and economic tool to monitor the environment in urban areas. Air pollution can have a serious impact on public health, requiring public education and implementation of curriculum in schools through environmental education.
Article Details
Issue
Section
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
References
Almer, J., & Werth, S. (2024). Effects of organic substrates on growth rate parameters of a boreal cyanolichen. The Lichenologist, 56(6), 393–400. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0024282924000227
Anwari, W. (2021). Keanekaragaman Lichen di pusat Pendidikan Konservasi Alam Bodogol sebagai Media Pembelajaran Biologi Berupa E-booklet. Repository Universitas Pakuan.
Armstrong, R. A. (2015). Lichen Growth and Lichenometry. In Recent Advances in Lichenology (pp. 213–227). Springer India. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-2181-4_10
Atni, O. K., Munir, E., Siregar, E. S., & Saleh, M. N. (2024). Lichen diversity and taxonomy in Bukit Barisan Grand Forest Park, North Sumatra, Indonesia. Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity, 25(4). https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d250431
Belguidoum, A., Haichour, R., Lograda, T., & Ramdani, M. (2022). Biomonitoring of air pollution by lichen diversity in the urban area of Setif, Algeria. Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity, 23(2). https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d230240
Bhagarathi, L. K., Maharaj, G., DaSilva, P. N., & Subramanian, G. (2022). A review of the diversity of lichens and what factors affect their distribution in the neotropics. GSC Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 20(2), 027–063. https://doi.org/10.30574/gscbps.2022.20.3.0348
Chaparro, M. A. E. (2021). Airborne Particle Accumulation And Loss in Pollution-Tolerant Lichens nd its Magnetic Quantification. Environmental Pollution, 288, 117807. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117807
Conti, M. E., & Cecchetti, G. (2001). Biological monitoring: lichens as bioindicators of air pollution assessment — a review. Environmental Pollution, 114(3), 471–492. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0269-7491(00)00224-4
Delves, J., Lewis, J. E. J., Ali, N., Asad, S. A., Chatterjee, S., Crittenden, P. D., Jones, M., Kiran, A., Prasad Pandey, B., Reay, D., Sharma, S., Tshering, D., Weerakoon, G., van Dijk, N., Sutton, M. A., Wolseley, P. A., & Ellis, C. J. (2023). Lichens as spatially transferable bioindicators for monitoring nitrogen pollution. Environmental Pollution, 328, 121575. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121575
Fahmi, M. H., Siregar, E. S., & Aththorick, T. A. (2024). Types of lichen at Tenggulun Restoration Station, Leuser Ecosystem Area (LEA), Aceh Tamiang, Aceh Province, Indonesia. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 1352(1), 012064. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1352/1/012064
Gupta, V., Gupta, N., Nayaka, S., & Lavania, S. (2025). Delineating biomonitoring potential of two crustose lichens Bacidia convexula and B. submedialis through elemental accumulation and microstructural parameters. The Nucleus, 68(1), 35–49. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13237-024-00468-4
Hermawan, E. (2015). Fenomena urban heat island (uhi) pada beberapa kota besar di indonesia sebagai salah satu dampak perubahan lingkungan global. Citra Widya Edukasi, 7(1), 33–45.
Kamaluddin, Hano’e, E. M. Y., & Pardosi, L. (2022). Keanekaragaman Lumut Kerak (Lichenes)di Area KakiGunung Mutis. Jurnal Pro-Life, 9(3), 515–532.
Koch, N. M., Matos, P., Branquinho, C., Pinho, P., Lucheta, F., Martins, S. Ma. de A., & Vargas, V. Ma. F. (2019). Selecting lichen functional traits as ecological indicators of the effects of urban environment. Science of The Total Environment, 654, 705–713. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.11.107
Kumari, B., Sharma, G. K., Vaish, A., Kumar, P., & Ansari, M. J. (2024). Conservation of Lichens. In Chemistry, Biology and Pharmacology of Lichen (pp. 91–111). Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781394190706.ch8
Kusmoro, J., Noer, I. S., Jatnika, M. F., Permatasari, R. E., & Partasasmita, R. (2018). Lichen diversity in geothermal area of Kamojang, Bandung, West Java, Indonesia and its potential for medicines and dyes. Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity, 19(6), 2335–2343. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d190643
Loppi, S. (2019). May the Diversity of Epiphytic Lichens Be Used in Environmental Forensics? Diversity, 11(3), 36. https://doi.org/10.3390/d11030036
Madjeni, H. D., Bullu, N. I., & Hendrik, A. C. (2020). Keanekaragaman Lumut Kerak (lichen) sebagai Bioindikator Pencemaran Udara di Taman Wisata Alam Camplong Kabupaten Kupang. Indigenous Biologi?: Jurnal Pendidikan Dan Sains Biologi, 2(2), 65–72. https://doi.org/10.33323/indigenous.v2i2.37
Mafaza, H., Murningsih, M., & Jumari, J. (2019). Keanekaragaman jenis lichen di kota semarang. Life Science, 8(1), 10–16. https://doi.org/10.15294/lifesci.v8i1.29985
Moreno-Palacios, M., Torres-Benítez, A., Soto-Medina, E., Sánchez, M., Divakar, P. K., Pereira, I., & Gómez-Serranillos, M. P. (2024). Corticolous Lichen Communities and Their Bioindication Potential in an Urban and Peri-Urban Ecosystem in the Central Region of Colombia. Land, 13(7), 932. https://doi.org/10.3390/land13070932
Nascimbene, J., & Marini, L. (2015). Epiphytic lichen diversity along elevational gradients: biological traits reveal a complex response to water and energy. Journal of Biogeography, 42(7), 1222–1232. https://doi.org/10.1111/jbi.12493
Osyczka, P., & My?liwa-Kurdziel, B. (2023). The pattern of photosynthetic response and adaptation to changing light conditions in lichens is linked to their ecological range. Photosynthesis Research, 157(1), 21–35. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11120-023-01015-z
Panggabean, Damayani., Hasairin, A., & Hasruddin. (2020). Mengenal lichens sebagai bioindikator pencemaran udara (kim 1 mabar, taman beringin dan t-garden).
Phinney, N. H., Gauslaa, Y., Palmqvist, K., & Esseen, P. (2021). Macroclimate Drives Growth of Hair Lichens In Boreal Forest Canopies. Journal of Ecology, 109(1), 478–490. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.13522
Ramadhanti, Z. N., Inggit Amellia Harnum, Nadia Riza Pratiwi, Zahra Wihanifa Putri, Mieke Miarsyah, & Annisa Wulan Agus Utami. (2021). Inventarisasi Liken di Kawasan Kebun Raya Bogor. Proceeding of Biology Education, 4(1), 120–129. https://doi.org/10.21009/pbe.4-1.11
Ramdani, M., Adjiri, F., & Lograda, T. (2019). Relationship between lichen diversity and air quality in urban region in bourdj bou arriridj, algeria. Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity, 20(8). https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d200831
Rimanda, F. W. (2025). Lichen Sebagai Bioindikator Kualitas Udara di Wonosalam dan Krian. Environmental Pollution Journal, 4(3), 1075–1084. https://doi.org/10.58954/epj.v4i3.225
Rohim, Musthofa, M. H., Noerdin, I., & Supriatna, A. (2024). Morfologi Tipe Thalus Lichen Sebagai Bioindikator Pencemaran Udara di Taman Bundaran Cibiru Desa Cipadung Kecamatan Cibiru Kota Bandung. Jurnal Ilmu Komputer Dan Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam, 2(4), 96–104.
Roziaty, E. (2016). Review: kajian lichen: morfologi, habitat, dan bioindikator kualitas udara ambien akibat polusi kendaraan bermotor. Bioeksperimen: Jurnal Penelitian Biologi, 2(1), 54. https://doi.org/10.23917/bioeksperimen.v2i1.1632
Roziaty, E., Santhyami, S., Kusumadhani, A. I., & Asy’ari, M. I. B. (2021). Keanekaragaman Lichen Sebagai Bioindikator Kualitas Udara Di Kawasan Kota Surakarta, Jawa Tengah. Bioeksperimen: Jurnal Penelitian Biologi, 7(2), 66–73. https://doi.org/10.23917/bioeksperimen.v7i2.16523
Sampe, D. A. F., Awuy, J. M.-D., Sekar, T. K. M., Wijaya, S. F., Ananda, A. Z., Marella, D. T., Tampubolon, P. M., & Lestari, R. (2020). Pilot study of air quality index assessment of nitrogen pollutant using lichen as bioindicators in Jakarta and Depok, Indonesia. E3S Web of Conferences, 211, 02014. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202021102014
Sett, R., & Kundu, M. (2016). Epiphytic Lichens: Their Usefulness as Bio-indicators of Air Pollution . Donnish Journal of Research in Environmental Studies , 3(3), 17–24.
Stanton, D. E., Ormond, A., Koch, N. M., & Colesie, C. (2023). Lichen Ecophysiology In a Changing Climate. American Journal of Botany, 110(2). https://doi.org/10.1002/ajb2.16131
Tumur, A., Mamut, R., & Seaward, M. R. D. (2025). Diversity and Elevational Levels of Lichens in Western Tianshan National Nature Reserve in Xinjiang, China. Diversity, 17(2), 102. https://doi.org/10.3390/d17020102
Varela, Z., López-Sánchez, G., Yáñez, M., Pérez, C., Fernández, J. A., Matos, P., Branquinho, C., & Aboal, J. R. (2018). Changes in epiphytic lichen diversity are associated with air particulate matter levels: the case study of urban areas in chile. Ecological Indicators, 91, 307–314. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2018.04.023
Widodo, G. A., Kartikasari, D., Ichyaiddina, A. N., & Pitaloka, D. (2023). Keragaman Lichen di Kawasan Wisata Alam Kandung Kabupaten Tulungagung. RADIKULA: Jurnal Ilmu Pertanian, 2(01), 47–59. https://doi.org/10.33379/radikula.v2i01.2911