Genetic diversity and agronomic morphological characteristics of 22 hybrid purple sweet corn genotypes
Article Sidebar
Abstract Views: 323
File Views: 16
Main Article Content
Abstract
Abstract. Todingrante AT, Ritonga AW, Marwiyah S. 2025. Genetic diversity and agronomic morphological characteristics of 22 hybrid purple sweet corn genotypes. Biodiversitas 26: 4124-4136. Purple sweet corn (Zea mays var. saccharata) is a nutritionally valuable crop known for its high anthocyanin content, which functions as a potent antioxidant. This study aimed to assess the genetic diversity and agronomic performance of 22 hybrid genotypes of purple sweet corn developed by Institut Pertanian Bogor. Field trials were conducted at the Pasir Kuda Experimental Station using a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. Eighteen quantitative and fifteen qualitative traits were evaluated to estimate genetic variability, heritability, and phenotypic expression. Analysis of variance indicated significant genotypic differences for the majority of traits. Broad-sense heritability estimates ranged from 8.24% (leaf width) to 96.99% (silking date), with high heritability observed for ear diameter (57.08%), ear weight with husk (66.40%), and Productivity (67.68%). The genotypic and phenotypic coefficients of variation revealed substantial genetic diversity across genotypes. Correlation analysis demonstrated that ear weight with husk (r = 0.68) and ear weight without husk exhibited strong and significant positive correlations with overall yield, highlighting their importance as effective selection criteria in breeding programs. Additional yield-contributing traits such as ear length, ear diameter, and number of kernel rows also showed positive associations with productivity, reinforcing their utility in selecting superior genotypes. Cluster analysis grouped the genotypes based on morphological and agronomic similarities. Genotype G19 showed exceptional performance, with a high yield (18.55 tons ha?¹) and deep kernel pigmentation, making it a promising candidate for future breeding. These results provide valuable insights for developing high-yielding, anthocyanin rich purple sweet corn cultivars with enhanced agronomic performance and nutritional quality.
Article Details
Issue
Section
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
References
Abe A, Adelegan CA. 2019. Genetic variability, heritability and genetic advance in shrunken-2 super-sweet corn (Zea mays L. saccharata) populations. J Plant Breed Crop Sci 11 (4): 100-105. DOI: 10.5897/JPBCS2018.0799.
Aisah AR, Fitrahtunnisa, Hipi A. 2021. Morphological characteristics and resistance to the pest of local corn variety of “Jago Leke” genetic resources in West Nusa Tenggara. IOP Conf Ser: Earth Environ Sci 911: 012008. DOI: 10.1088/1755-1315/911/1/012008.
Alam MA, Rahman M, Ahmed S, Jahan N, Khan MA-A, Islam MR, Alsuhaibani AM, Gaber A, Hossain A. 2022. Genetic variation and genotype by environment interaction for agronomic traits in maize (Zea mays L.) hybrids. Plants 11: 1522. DOI: 10.3390/plants11111522.
Anirban A, Hong HT, O’Hare TJ. 2023. Profiling and quantification of anthocyanins in purple-pericarp sweetcorn and purple-pericarp maize. Molecules 28 (6): 2665. DOI: 10.3390/molecules28062665.
Anjum F, Khan SA, Muhammad R, Jamal Y, Durrishahwar, Shah JA, Ullah H. 2024. Evaluation of yellow maize candidate population for yield and associated traits. Sarhad J Agric 40 (4): 1241-1246. DOI: 10.17582/journal.sja/2024/40.4.1241.1246.
Cai T, Ge-Zhang S, Song M. 2023. Anthocyanins in metabolites of purple corn. Front Plant Sci 14: 1154535. DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1154535.
Dimaspatti S, Syafi’i M, Afifah L, Rakhman F. 2023. UJi ketahanan beberapa calon varietas jagung manis (Zea mays L. saccharata Sturt) hibrida F1 Unsika terhadap penyakit penting jagung di Purwakarta. Jurnal Agroplasma 10: 206-215. DOI: 10.36987/agroplasma.v10i1.3658. [Indonesian]
Duangpapeng P, Lertrat K, Lomthaisong K, Scott MP, Suriharn B. 2019. Variability in anthocyanins, phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity in the tassels of collected waxy corn germplasm. Agronomy 9 (3): 158. DOI: 10.3390/agronomy9030158.
Fu Z, Chen P, Zhang X et al. 2023. Maize-legume intercropping achieves yield advantages by improving leaf functions and dry matter partition. BMC Plant Biol 23 (1): 438. DOI: 10.1186/s12870-023-04408-3.
Harakotr B, Suriharn B, Lertrat K, Scott MP. 2016. Genetic analysis of anthocyanin content in purple waxy corn (Zea mays L. var. ceratina Kulesh) kernel and cob. Sabrao J Breed Genet 48 (2): 230-239.
Harakotr B, Sutthiluk W, Rithichai P. 2022. Changes on sugar and starch contents during seed development of synergistic sweet corn and implication on seed quality. Intl J Agron 2022 (1): 6550474. DOI: 10.1155/2022/6550474.
Heryanto FSS, Wirnas D, Ritonga AW. 2022. Diversity of twenty-three sweet corn (Zea mays L. saccharata) varieties in Indonesia. Biodiversitas 23 (11): 6075-6081. DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d231164.
Ishartati E, Sufianto, Fadjri IA, Mejaya MJ, Priadi A. 2020. Efek pollen pada persilangan jagung hitam, pulut (Zea mays ceratina), dan manis (Zea mays saccharata) terhadap karakter biji. Gontor Agrotech Sci J 6 (3): 499-515. DOI: 10.21111/agrotech.v6i3.4911.[Indonesian]
Islam MA, Raffi SA, Hossain MA, Hasan AK. 2015. Analysis of genetic variability, heritability and genetic advance for yield and yield associated traits in some promising advanced lines of rice. Progress Agric 26 (1): 26-31. DOI: 10.3329/pa.v26i1.24511.
Jafari F, Wang B, Wang H, Zou J. 2024. Breeding maize of ideal plant architecture for high?density planting tolerance through modulating shade avoidance response and beyond. J Integr Plant Biol 66 (5): 849-864. DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13603.
Jan B, Bhat MA, Bhat TA, Nazir A, Dar KA, Kamran M, Soufan W, Abdelhamid MT, El Sabagh A. 2023. Measuring the influence of seedling age and nutrient sources on the performance of sweet corn (Zea mays L.) under temperate climatic conditions. ACS Omega 8 (21): 18981-18989. DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c01518.
Kaur R, Urvashi, Kaur R, Singh A. 2022. Coloured maize and its unique features. In: Purewal SS, Kaur P, Bangar SP, Sandhu KS, Singh SK, Kaur M (eds). Maize: Nutritional Composition, Processing, and Industrial Uses. CRC Press, Boca Raton.
Khampas S, Lertrat K, Lomthaisong K, Simla S, Suriharn B. 2015. Effect of location, genotype and their interactions for anthocyanins and antioxidant activities of purple waxy corn cobs. Turk J Field Crops 20 (1): 15-23. DOI: 10.17557/.00971.
Khamphasan P, Lomthaisong K, Harakotr B, Scott MP, Lertrat K, Suriharn B. 2020. Combining ability and heterosis for agronomic traits, husk and cob pigment concentration of maize. Agriculture 10 (11): 510. DOI: 10.3390/agriculture10110510.
Koraneeyakijkulchai I, Phumsuay R, Thiyajai P, Tuntipopipat S, Muangnoi C. 2023. Anti-inflammatory activity and mechanism of sweet corn extract on IL-1?-induced inflammation in a human retinal pigment epithelial cell line (ARPE-19). Intl J Mol Sci 24 (3): 2462. DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032462.
Kowalczyk T, Muska?a M, Merecz-Sadowska A, Sikora J, Picot L, Sitarek P. 2024. Anti inflammatory and anticancer effects of anthocyanins in in vitro and in vivo studies. Antioxidants 13 (9): 1143. DOI: 10.3390/antiox13091143.
Li W, Tan L, Zou Y, Tan X, Huang J, Chen W, Tang Q. 2020. The effects of ultraviolet A/B treatments on anthocyanin accumulation and gene expression in dark-purple tea cultivar ‘Ziyan’ (Camellia sinensis). Molecules 25 (2): 354. DOI: 10.3390/molecules25020354.
Lima DC, de Leon N, Kaeppler SM. 2023. Utility of anthesis-silking interval information to predict grain yield under water and nitrogen limited conditions. Crop Sci 63: 151-163. DOI: 10.1002/csc2.20854.
Liu W, Feng Y, Yu S, Fan Z, Li X, Li J, Yin H. 2021. The flavonoid biosynthesis network in plants. Intl J Mol Sci 22 (23): 12824. DOI: 10.3390/ijms222312824.
Long Y, Zeng Y, Liu X, Yang Y. 2024. Multivariate analysis of grain yield and main agronomic traits in different maize hybrids grown in mountainous areas. Agriculture 14 (10): 1703. DOI: 10.3390/agriculture14101703.
Magar BT, Acharya S, Gyawali B, Timilsena K, Upadhayaya J, Shrestha J. 2021. Genetic variability and trait association in maize (Zea mays L.) varieties for growth and yield traits. Heliyon 7 (9): e07939. DOI: 10.1016/ j.heliyon.2021.e07939.
Mansilla PS, Bongianino NF, Nazar MC, Pérez GT. 2021. Agronomic and chemical description of open-pollinated varieties of opaque-2 and purple maize (Zea mays L.) adapted to semiarid region of Argentina. Genet Resour Crop Evol 68: 2351-2366. DOI: 10.1007/s10722-021-01133-4.
Marwan AP, Munandar A, Anwar A, Syarif A, Hayati PKD. 2022. Variability, heritability, and performance of 28 West Sumatran upland rice cultivars, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 23 (2): 1058-1064. DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d230249.
Monika G, Kim SRM, Kumar PS, Gayathri KV, Rangasamy G, Saravanan A. 2023. Biofortification: A long-term solution to improve global health-A review. Chemosphere 314: 137713. DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.137713.
Mushtaq A, Jabeen A, Yousouf M, Malik MA, Mukhtar T, Amin T, Showkat S, Rafiq A. 2025. Post-harvest quality management of sweet corn: Disorders, losses and preservation strategies. Food Nutr 1 (1): 100007. DOI: 10.1016/j.fnutr.2025.100007.
Niji MS, Ravikesavan R, Ganesan KN, Chitdeshwari T. 2018. Genetic variability, heritability and character association studies in sweet corn (Zea mays L. saccharata). Electron J Plant Breed 9 (3): 1038-1044. DOI: 10.5958/0975-928X.2018.00129.1.
Pamandungan Y, Ogie TB. 2018. Pewarisan sifat warna dan tipe biji jagung Manado kuning. Eugenia 24: 1-8. DOI: 10.35791/eug.24.1.2018.21647. [Indonesian]
Pangestu DA, Sutjahjo SH, Ritonga AW. 2023. Genetic and morphological diversity of various corn lines for the determination of waxy corn (Zea mays var. ceratina) parents. Biodiversitas 24 (10): 879-889. DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d241046
Popet P, Eksomtramage T, Anothai J, Khomphet T. 2022. Correlation and path analysis in commercial tenera oil palms collected from Southern Thailand. Indian J Agric Res 56: 485-488. DOI: 10.18805/ijare.a-631.
Putri DRM, Syukur M, Ritonga AW. 2025. Variability of yield and yield components of 23 hybrid cayenne pepper (Capsicum frutescens) genotypes under shaded and unshaded conditions. Biodiversitas 26 (1): 396-406. DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d260139.
Rabanal-Atalaya M, Medina-Hoyos A. 2022. Purple corn cultivars of high yield and with high content of anthocyanins in the Cajamarca region, Peru. Rev Mex Cienc Agríc 13 (3): 381-392. DOI: 10.29312/remexca.v13i3.2850.
Ritonga AW, Chozin MA, Syukur M, Maharijaya A, Sobir S. 2018. Short Communication: Genetic variability, heritability, correlation, and path analysis in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) under shading condition. Biodiversitas 19 (4): 1527-1531. DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d190445.
Ritonga AW, Mukhlisin M, Sutjahjo SH. 2025. Estimation of genetic parameters and path analysis in sweet-waxy corn (Zea mays var. ceratina). Biodiversitas 26: 879-889. DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d260237.
Romero-Cortes T, Tamayo-Rivera L, Morales-Ovando MA, Burgos JEA, España VHP, Peralta-Gil M, Cuervo-Parra JA. 2022. Growth and yield of purple Kculli corn plants under different fertilization schemes. J Fungi 8 (5): 433. DOI: 10.3390/jof8050433.
Sa’adah FL, Kusmiyati F, Anwar S. 2022. Karakterisasi keragaman dan analisis kekerabatan berdasarkan sifat agronomi jagung berwarna (Zea mays L.). Jurnal Ilmiah Pertanian 19 (2): 126-136. DOI: 10.31849/jip.v19i2.9768. [Indonesian]
Salehi B, Sharifi-Rad J, Cappellini F, Reiner Ž, Zorzan D, Imran M, Sener B, Kilic M, El-Shazly M, Fahmy NM, Al-Sayed E, Martorell M, Tonelli C, Petroni K, Docea AO, Calina D, Maroyi A. 2020. The therapeutic potential of anthocyanins: Current approaches based on their molecular mechanism of action. Front Pharmacol 11: 1300. DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.01300.
Samudin S, Made U, Mustakim, Samsudiar, Ferianti V. 2022. Analisis keragaman genetik dan heritabilitas beberapa kultivar padi gogo lokal. J Agrotech 12 (2): 53-56. DOI: 10.31970/agrotech.v12i2.92. [Indonesian]
Schober P, Boer C, Schwarte LA. 2018. Correlation coefficients: Appropriate use and interpretation. Anesth Analg 126 (5): 1763-1768. DOI: 10.1213/ane.0000000000002864.
Stanfield WD. 1991. Schaum's Outline of Theory and Problem of Genetics. McGraw-Hill Inc, New York.
Tan H, Wang G, Zhao F, Bao F, Han H, Lou X. 2022. Correlation and cluster analysis of agronomic characters of 115 waxy corn varieties. Maize Genom Genet 13 (1): 1-10. DOI: 10.5376/mgg.2022.13.0001.
UPOV. 2009. Maize: Guidelines for the conduct of tests for distinctness, uniformity and stability. International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants, Geneva, Switzerland.
Yang K, Tan J, Zhang Q, Bai T, Zhou S, Hao J, Yu X, Zang Z, Zhang D. 2024. Research on the genetic improvement effects of lodging resistance-related traits in maize core germplasm. Agronomy 15 (1): 17. DOI: 10.3390/agronomy15010017.
Yang Q, Lin G, Lv H, Wang C, Yang Y, Liao H. 2021. Environmental and genetic regulation of plant height in soybean. BMC Plant Biol 21 (1): 63. DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-02836-7.
Zhang F. 2002. Research progress on the flowering interval between male and female spikes of corn. J Hebei Agric Univ Z1: 24-25. [Chinese]
Zhou J, Wu Y, Chen J, Cui M, Gao Y, Meng K, Wu M, Guo X, Wen W. 2023. Maize stem contour extraction and diameter measurement based on adaptive threshold segmentation in field conditions. Agriculture 13 (3): 678. DOI: 10.3390/agriculture13030678.
Zhuang L, Wang C, Hao H, Song W, Guo X. 2024. Maize anthesis-silking interval estimation via image detection under field rail-based phenotyping platform. Agronomy 14 (8): 1723. DOI: 10.3390/agronomy14081723.