Biodiversity and conservation status of flora and fauna in Magetan, East Java, Indonesia: A focus on rare and protected species of mammals, birds and plants
Article Sidebar
Abstract Views: 847
File Views: 203
Main Article Content
Abstract
Abstract. Astirin OP, Pitoyo A, Hidayat A, Astuti AY, Rahmawati WM, Nurcahyo RW. 2025. Biodiversity and conservation status of flora and fauna in Magetan, East Java, Indonesia: A focus on rare and protected species of mammals, birds and plants. Biodiversitas 26: 1606-1617. Indonesia is recognized for its high level of species endemicity across its islands, but this biodiversity is under significant threat due to high loss rates. Magetan District, East Java Province, Indonesia comprises 8% of protected areas, located adjacent to Mount Lawu, which harbor substantial biodiversity. This study aims to assess the diversity, distribution and protection status of wildlife in Magetan, based on the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) and the Minister of Environment and Forestry Regulation of the Republic of Indonesia, especially for mammals, birds and plants. The research utilized a combination of methods, including the collection of biodiversity data from 2013 to 2022, interviews with relevant stakeholders, and field observations. The findings identified three mammalian species and one plant listed under CITES Appendix I. Additionally, 19 wild animal species and one plant species were found to be rare and protected under the government regulation. Among these, five species belong to the mammal group, while 14 species are avifauna group. The highest concentrations of these protected species were observed in the Panekan and Plaosan Sub-districts, highlighting the importance of these two areas for conservation. Conservation strategies are required to protect these animals and plants by avoiding deforestation and habitat restoration. Other conservation strategies are by enforcing laws, addressing human-wildlife conflicts, raising awareness, and conducting regular monitoring. The study provides critical insights for conservation policy development and biodiversity documentation, specifically for Magetan District.
Article Details
Issue
Section
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
References
Ahmed SK. 2024. How to choose a sampling technique and determine sample size for research: A simplified guide for researchers. Oral Oncol Rep 12: 100662. DOI: 10.1016/j.oor.2024.100662.
Apriando T. 2014. Diklaim punah, Pakar Meyakini Harimau Jawa Akan Ditemukan Kembali. Mongabay. [Indonesian]
As’ary M, Setiawan Y, Rinaldi D. 2023. Analysis of changes in habitat suitability of the Javan Leopard (Panthera pardus melas, Cuvier 1809) on Java Island, 2000-2020. Diversity 15 (4): 529. DOI: 10.3390/d15040529.
Astirin OP, Sugiyarto, Nugraha S. 2019. Studi identifikasi keanekaragaman hayati pada habitat Jalak Lawu, wilayah Lereng Gunung Lawu, Kabupaten Magetan. J Pengelolaan Lingkungan Berkelanjutan 3 (1): 244-257. DOI: 10.36813/jplb.3.1.244-257. [Indonesian]
Ayeni AO, Aborisade AG, Onuminya TO, Soneye ASO, Ogundipe OT. 2023. Urban development in Africa and impact on biodiversity. Curr Landsc Ecol Rep 8: 73-89. DOI: 10.1007/s40823-023-00086-x.
Belsoy J, Korir J, Yego J. 2012. Environmental impacts of tourism in protected areas. J Environ Earth Sci 2 (10): 64-73.
Benítez-López A, Alkemade R, Schipper AM, Ingram DJ, Verweij PA, Eikelboom JAJ, Huijbregts MAJ. 2017. The impact of hunting on tropical mammal and bird populations. Science 356 (6334): 180-183. DOI: 10.1126/science.aaj1891.
Bennett NJ, Roth R, Klain SC et al. 2017. Conservation social science: Understanding and integrating human dimensions to improve conservation. Biol Conserv 205: 93-108. DOI: 10.1016/j.biocon.2016.10.006.
Budiharta S, Widyatmoko D, Irawati, Wiriadinata H, Rugayah, Partomihardjo T, Ismail, Uji T, Keim AP, Wilson KA. 2011. The processes that threaten Indonesian plants. Oryx 45 (2): 172-179. DOI: 10.1017/S0030605310001092.
Cabernard L, Pfister S, Hellweg S. 2024. Biodiversity impacts of recent land-use change driven by increases in agri-food imports. Nat Sustain 7: 1512-1524. DOI: 10.1038/s41893-024-01433-4.
Cepic M, Bechtold U, Wilfing H. 2022. Modelling human influences on biodiversity at a global scale-A human ecology perspective. Ecol Modell 465: 109854. DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2021.109854.
Clifford CC, Heffernan JB. 2018. Artificial aquatic ecosystems. Water 10 (8): 1096. DOI: 10.3390/w10081096.
Da Silva LB. 2022. Teamwork: Psittacids (Aves, Psittaciformes) disperse and help other birds disperse large diaspores. Ornithol Res 30: 247-252. DOI: 10.1007/s43388-022-00106-0.
Dayer AA, Silva-Rodríguez EA, Albert S, Chapman M, Zukowski B, Ibarra JT, Gifford G, Echeverri A, Martínez-Salinas A, Sepúlveda-Luque C. 2020. Applying conservation social science to study the human dimensions of Neotropical bird conservation. Condor 122 (3): duaa021. DOI: 10.1093/condor/duaa021.
Faria D, Morante-Filho JC, Baumgarten J, Bovendorp RS, Cazetta E, Gaiotto FA, Mariano-Neto E, Mielke MS, Pessoa MS, Rocha-Santos L, Santos AS, Soares LASS, Talora DC, Vieira EM, Benchimol M. 2023. The breakdown of ecosystem functionality driven by deforestation in a global biodiversity hotspot. Biol Conserv 283: 110126. DOI: 10.1016/j.biocon.2023.110126.
Gomez L. 2021. The illegal hunting and exploitation of porcupines for meat and medicine in Indonesia. Nat Conserv 43: 109-122. DOI: 10.3897/natureconservation.43.62750.
Grunst AS, Grunst ML, Fort J. 2023. Contaminant-by-environment interactive effects on animal behavior in the context of global change: Evidence from avian behavioral ecotoxicology. Sci Total Environ 879: 163169. DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163169.
Hanifah Z. 2013. Kesesuaian penggunaan lahan eksisting pada kawasan hutan lindung di Kecamatan Pankean, Kabupaten Magetan. J Mahasiswa Universitas Negeri Surabaya 2: 133-141. [Indonesian]
Husodo T, Mochtan KP, Shanida SS, Aminuddin SF, Wulandari I, Putra IS, Megantara EN. 2020. Avian diversity in geothermal power plant areas: Case studies in Kamojang, Darajat, and Gunung Salak, West Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 21 (3): 1049-1059. DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d210327.
Jaureguiberry P, Titeux N, Wiemers M et al. 2022. The direct drivers of recent global anthropogenic biodiversity loss. Sci Adv 8 (45): eabm9982. DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abm9982.
Jung M, Rowhani P, Scharlemann JPW. 2019. Impacts of past abrupt land change on local biodiversity globally. Nat Commun 10 (1): 5474. DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-13452-3.
Keong CY. 2015. Sustainable resource management and ecological conservation of mega-biodiversity: The Southeast Asian Big-3 reality. Intl J Environ Sci Dev 6 (11): 876-882. DOI: 10.7763/ijesd.2015.v6.715.
Kurland J, Pires SF, McFann SC, Moreto WD. 2017. Wildlife crime: A conceptual integration, literature review, and methodological critique. Crime Sci 6: 4. DOI: 10.1186/s40163-017-0066-0.
Malhi Y, Franklin J, Seddon N, Solan M, Turner MG, Field CB, Knowlton N. 2020. Climate change and ecosystems: Threats, opportunities and solutions. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 375 (1794): 20190104. DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0104.
Manfredo MJ, Berl REW, Teel TL, Bruskotter JT. 2021. Bringing social values to wildlife conservation decisions. Front Ecol Environ 19 (6): 355-362. DOI: 10.1002/fee.2356.
Maskun, Assidiq H, Al Mukarramah NH, Bachril SN. 2021. Threats to the sustainability of biodiversity in Indonesia by the utilization of forest areas for national strategic projects: A normative review. IOP Conf Ser: Earth Environ Sci 886: 012071. DOI: 10.1088/1755-1315/886/1/012071.
Mestanza-Ramón C, Henkanaththegedara SM, Duchicela PV, Tierras YV, Capa MS, Mejía DC, Gutierrez MJ, Guamán MC, Ramón PM. 2020. In-situ and ex-situ biodiversity conservation in Ecuador: A review of policies, actions and challenges. Diversity 12 (8): 315. DOI: 10.3390/d12080315.
Mozer A, Prost S. 2023. An introduction to illegal wildlife trade and its effects on biodiversity and society. Forensic Sci Intl: Anim Environ 3: 100064. DOI: 10.1016/j.fsiae.2023.100064.
Muluneh MG. 2021. Impact of climate change on biodiversity and food security: A global perspective—A review article. Agric Food Secur 10: 36. DOI: 10.1186/s40066-021-00318-5.
Munstermann MJ, Heim NA, McCauley DJ, Payne JL, Upham NS, Wang SC, Knope ML. 2022. A global ecological signal of extinction risk in terrestrial vertebrates. Conserv Biol 36 (3): e13852. DOI: 10.1111/cobi.13852.
Mustikasari IA, Withaningsih S, Megantara EN, Husodo T, Parikesit P. 2019. Population and distribution of Sunda porcupine (Hystrix javanica F. Cuvier, 1823) in designated area of Cisokan Hydropower, West Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 20 (3): 762-769. DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d200321.
Nijman V. 2023. Effect of CITES Appendix I listing on illegal pangolin trade as gauged from seizure reports in Indonesia. Eur J Wildl Res 69: 105. DOI: 10.1007/s10344-023-01736-5.
Ouboter DA, Kadosoe VS, Ouboter PE. 2021. Impact of ecotourism on abundance, diversity and activity patterns of medium-large terrestrial mammals at Brownsberg Nature Park, Suriname. PLoS One 16 (6): e0250390. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0250390.
Peraturan Menteri Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan Republik Indonesia Nomor P.106/MENLHK/SETJEN/KUM.1/12/2018 tentang Perubahan Kedua atas Peraturan Menteri Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan Nomor P.20/MENLHK/SETJEN/KUM.1/6/2018 tentang Jenis Tumbuhan dan Satwa yang dilindungi. Menteri Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan Republik Indonesia, Jakarta. [Indonesian]
Pistanty MA. 2023. Suistanable development goals protect extinction of biodiversity Nepenthes sp. Pratama Medika: Jurnal Kesehatan 1 (2): 69-85. DOI: 10.56480/pratamamedika.v1i2.833. [Indonesian]
Rambe IF, Rambey R, Siregar S. 2021. Species diversity, abundance, and wildlife conservation status in Batang Gadis National Park, North Sumatra, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 22 (11): 5189-5196. DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d221157.
Razafindratsima OH, Raoelinjanakolona NN, Heriniaina RR, Nantenaina RH, Ratolojanahary TH, Dunham AE. 2021. Simplified communities of seed-dispersers limit the composition and flow of seeds in edge habitats. Front Ecol Evol 9: 655441. DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2021.655441.
Romadlon MA, Azzhara F, Nugroho GD, Pitoyo A. 2021. Population, habitat characteristic, and modelling of Endangered Orchid, Paphiopedilum javanicum in Mt. Lawu, Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 22 (4): 1996-2004. DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d220448.
Sanderfoot OV, Bassing SB, Brusa JL, Emmet RL, Gillman SJ, Swift K, Gardner B. 2021. A review of the effects of wildfire smoke on the health and behavior of wildlife. Environ Res Lett 16: 123003. DOI: 10.1088/1748-9326/ac30f6.
Santoro A, Piras F, Yu Q. 2023. Spatial analysis of deforestation in Indonesia in the period 1950-2017 and the role of protected areas. Biodivers Conserv 2023. DOI: 10.1007/s10531-023-02679-8.
Setiawan A. 2022. Keanekaragaman hayati Indonesia: Masalah dan upaya konservasinya. Indones J Conserv 11: 13-21. DOI: 10.15294/ijc.v11i1.34532. [Indonesian]
Sherman J, Voigt M, Ancrenaz M, Wich SA, Qomariah IN, Lyman E, Massingham E, Meijaard E. 2022. Orangutan killing and trade in Indonesia: Wildlife crime, enforcement, and deterrence patterns. Biol Conserv 276: 109744. DOI: 10.1016/j.biocon.2022.109744.
Shivanna KR. 2022. Climate change and its impact on biodiversity and human welfare. Proc Indian Natl Sci Acad 88: 160-171. DOI: 10.1007/s43538-022-00073-6.
Sitam FT, Salgado?Lynn M, Denel A et al. 2023. Phylogeography of the Sunda pangolin, Manis javanica: Implications for taxonomy, conservation management and wildlife forensics. Ecol Evol 13 (8): e10373. DOI: 10.1002/ece3.10373.
Sugiyarto, Nayasilana IN, Aditya. 2020. The suburban forest as a habitat of eagles (Accipitridae): A case study in Gunung Bromo University Forest, Karanganyar, Central Java, Indonesia. IOP Conf Ser: Earth Environ Sci 590: 012007. DOI: 10.1088/1755-1315/590/1/012007.
Sui Z-Y, Yamaguchi N, Liu Y-C, Xue H-R, Sun X, Nyhus P, Luo S-J. 2024. No reliable evidence supports the presence of the Javan tiger: Data issues related to the DNA analysis of a recent hair sample. Oryx 2024: 1-6. DOI: 10.1017/S0030605324001248.
von Rintelen K, Arida E, Häuser C. 2017. A review of biodiversity-related issues and challenges in megadiverse Indonesia and other Southeast Asian countries. Res Ideas Outcomes 3: e20860. DOI: 10.3897/rio.3.e20860.
Wardhana HD, Muttaqin T, Aryanti NA, Kurniawan I. 2022. Potential feeding plants of Javan Langur (Trachypithecus auratus) in the eastern slope of Biru Mountain, Batu City, East Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 23 (8): 4216-4222. DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d230845.
Wirdateti W, Yulianto Y, Raksasewu K, Adriyanto B. 2024. Is the Javan tiger Panthera tigris sondaica extant? DNA analysis of a recent hair sample. Oryx 58 (4): 468-473. DOI: 10.1017/S0030605323001400.
Withaningsih S, Parikesit P, Malik AD, Rahmi MA. 2022. Analysis of the structure and ecological function of an extreme landscape in a tropical region of West Java, Indonesia. Forests 13 (1): 115. DOI: 10.3390/f13010115.