[Retracted] Inventory of wild animals along the Bengkunat-Sanggi Road in Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park, Lampung Province, Indonesia

##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.main##

GUNARDI DJOKO WINARNO
YOB CHARLES
CHARLES ANTONIO

Abstract

Abstract. Winarno GD, Charles Y, Antonio C. 2024. Inventory of wild animals along the Bengkunat-Sanggi Road in Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park, Lampung Province, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 25: 2917-2924. The quality of the West Sumatra route Bengkunat-Sanggi in Indonesia has significantly improved since 2005, what was originally a dirt road became an asphalt road, leading to an increase in its utilization by various types of vehicles such as motorbikes, sedans, jeeps, buses, and trucks. This condition has an impact on wildlife activities along the road. The sound of vehicles and lights turning on at night can attract animals to move towards the road, which can endanger these animals. On the other hand, lots of vehicles crossing the road can cause animals to run far away because they are disturbed, so it is thought that the animal's movement area will also change. This study aims to explore the effects of road construction on wildlife presence, with a specific emphasis on endangered species like tigers, elephants, and rhinoceroses near the Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park (BBSNP), Indonesia. Camera traps are currently being employed to record animals living in the vicinity of roads, including those that have fallen victim to vehicle collisions. The division of wildlife habitats by roads poses a substantial threat to their survival and functionality. The presence of traffic roads has been linked to an increase in accidents involving animals attempting to cross the road. Some animals appear to be disturbed by the noise generated by vehicles, leading to a reduction in their home range. Initial monitoring results at the onset of road construction indicated a higher presence of threats wild animals, specifically tiger (Panthera tigris subsp. sumatrae Pocock, 1929), Sumatran elephant (Elephas maximus subsp. sumatranus Temminck, 1847) and Sumatran rhino (Dicerorhinus sumatrensis G.Fischer, 1814). To safeguard the wildlife along the Sanggi Bengkunat Road, a comprehensive approach involving all stakeholders and ensuring orderly behavior of drivers while navigating the road is imperative.

##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.details##

References
Agha M, Batter T, Bolas EC, Collins AC, Gomes RD, Monteza CM, Preckler S, Sollmann R. 2018. A review of wildlife camera trapping trends across Africa. Afr J Ecol 56 (4): 694-701. DOI: 10.1111/aje.12565.
Ahumada JA, Silva CE, Gajapersad K, Hallam C, Hurtado J, Martin E, McWilliam A, Mugerwa B, O'Brien T, Rovero F. 2011. Community structure and diversity of tropical forest mammals: Data from a global camera trap network. Philos Trans R Soc B: Biol Sci 366 (1578): 2703-2711. DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2011.0115.
Awaliah ATS, Sari DB, Winarno GD. 2018. Palatabilitas Badak Sumatera (Dicerorhinus sumatrensis) di Suaka Rhino Sumatera. Sylva Lestari 6 (3): 64-72. DOI: 10.23960/jsl3664-72. [Indonesian]
Beirne C, Sun C, Tattersall ER, Burgar JM, Fisher JT, Burton AC. 2021. Multispecies modelling reveals potential for habitat restoration to re-establish boreal vertebrate community dynamics. J Appl Ecol 58 (12): 2821-2832. DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.14020.
Bischof R, Milleret C, Dupont P, Chipperfield J, Tourani M, Ordiz A, de Valpine P, Turek D, Royle JA, Gimenez O. 2020. Estimating and forecasting spatial population dynamics of apex predators using transnational genetic monitoring. Proceed Natl Acad Sci USA 117 (48): 30531-30538. DOI.10.1073/pnas.2011383117.
Boston K. 2016. The potential effects of forest roads on the environment and mitigating their impacts. Curr For Rep 2: 215-222. DOI: 10.1007/s40725-016-0044-x.
Braz VS, França FGR. 2016. Impacto do atropelamento de vertebrados do Parque Nacional da Chapada dos Veadeiros no Brasil Central. Biota Neotropica 16 (1): e0182. DOI: 10.1590/1676-0611-BN-2014-0182. [Portuguese]
Brum TR, Santos-Filho M, Canales GR, Ignacio RA. 2017. Effects of roads on the vertebrates diversity of the Indigenous Territory Paresi and its surrounding. Braz J Biol 78:125-132. DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.08116.
Burton AC, Neilson E, Moreira D, Ladle A, Steenweg R, Fisher JT, Bayne E, Boutin S. 2015. Review: Wildlife camera trapping: A review and recommendations for linking surveys to ecological processes. J Appl Ecol 52 (3): 675-685. DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.12432.
Caires HS, Souza CR, Lobato DNC, Fernandes MNS, Damasceno, JS. 2019. Roadkilled mammals in the Northern Amazon Region and comparisons with roadways in other regions of Brazil. Iheringia Ser Zool 109: e2019036. DOI: 10.1590/1678-4766e2019036.
Candra D. 2016. Breeding program for Sumatran rhinoceros (Dicerorhinus sumatrensis) conservation: Past, present, and future. In: Nurcahyani E, Sumaryo G (eds). Conserving Sumatran Wildlife Haritage for Sustainable Livelihood; Proceeding of Research and Development Center of Environment Institute For Research And Community Service. Universitas Lampung, Lampung, 18-20 October 2016. [Indonesian]
Caravaggi A, Banks PB, Burton AC, Finlay, CMV, Haswell PM, Hayward MW, Rowcliffe MJ, Wood MD. 2017. A review of camera trapping for conservation behaviour research. Remote Sens Ecol Conserv 3 (3): 109-122. DOI: 10.1002/rse2.48.
Caravaggi A, Burton AC, Clark DA, Fisher JT, Grass A, Green S, Hobaiter C, Hofmeester TR, Kalan AK, Rabaiotti, D. 2020. A review of factors to consider when using camera traps to study animal behavior to inform wildlife ecology and conservation. Conserv Sci Pract 2 (8): e239. DOI: 10.1111/csp2.239.
Clare MA, Clarke HJE, Tailing PJ, Cartigny MJB, Pratomo DG. 2016. Preconditioning and triggering of offshore slope failures and turbidity currents revealed by most detailed monitoring yet at a fjord-head delta. Earth Planetary Sci Lett 450: 208-220. DOI: 10.1016/j.epsl.2016.06.021.
Clevenger AP, Chruszcz B, Gunson KE. 2003. Spatial patterns and factors influencing small vertebrate fauna road-kill aggregations. Biol Conserv 109 (1): 15-26. DOI: 10.1016/S0006-3207(02)00127-1.
Cremonesi G, Bisi F, Gaffi L, Zaw T, Naing H, Moe K, Aung Z, Mazzamuto MV, Gagliardi A, Wauters LA. 2021. Camera trapping to assess status and composition of mammal communities in a biodiversity hotspot in Myanmar. Animals 11 (3): 880. DOI: 10.3390/ani11030880.
Dirzo R, Young HS, Galetti M, Ceballos G, Isaac NJB, Collena B. 2014. Defaunation in the Anthropocene. Science 345 (6195): 401-406 DOI: 10.1126/science.1251817.
Fisher JT, Burton AC. 2018. Wildlife winners and losers in an oil sands landscape. Front Ecol Environ 16 (6): 323-328. DOI: 10.1002/fee.1807.
Forman RTT, Alexander LE. 1998. Roads and their major ecological effects. Ann Rev Ecol Syst 29: 207-231. DOI: 10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.29.1.207.
Frey S, Fisher JT, Burton AC, Volpe JP. 2017. Investigating animal activity patterns and temporal niche partitioning using camera trap data: Challenges and opportunities. Remote Sens Ecol Conserv 3 (3): 123 -132. DOI: 10.1002/rse2.60.
Galindo-Aguilar RE, Luna-Olivera BC, Ramírez-Ibáñez M, Lavariega MC. 2022. Spatiotemporal co-occurrence of predators and prey in aneotropical Mammal community in southern Mexico. J Trop Ecol 38 (5): 285 -294. DOI: 10.1017/S0266467422000189.
Gardner B, Reppucci J, Lucherini M, Royle JA. 2010. Spatially explicit inference for open populations: Estimating demographic parameters from camera-trap studies. Ecol 91 (11): 3376-3383. DOI: 10.1890/09-0804.1.
Gebresenbet G, Aradom S, Bulitta FS, Hjerpe E. 2011. Vibration levels and frequencies on vehicle and animals during transport. Biosyst Eng 110 (1): 10-19. DOI: 10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2011.05.007.
Hadadi OH, Hartono H, Haryono E. 2015. Analisis potensi habitat dan koridor harimau sumatera di Kawasan Hutan Lindung Bukit Batabuh, Kabupaten Kuantan Singingi, Provinsi Riau. Majalah Geografi Indonesia. 29 (1): 40-50. DOI: 10.22146/mgi.13097. [Indonesian]
Havmøller RG, Payne J, Ramono W, Ellis S, Yoganand K, Long B, Dinerstein E, Williams AC, Putra RH, Gawi J, Talukdar BK, Burgess N. 2015. Will current conservation responses save the Critically Endangered Sumatran rhinoceros (Dicerorhinus sumatrensis)? Oryx 50 (2): 355 -359. DOI: 10.1017/S0030605315000472.
Hels T, Buchwald E. 2021. The effect of road kills on amphibian populations. Biol Conserv 99 (3): 331-340. DOI: 10.1016/S0006-3207(00)00215-9.
Jackson HD, Slotow R. 2002. A review of Afrotropical Nightjar mortality, mainly road kills. Ostrich 73 (3-4): 147-161. DOI: 10.1080/00306525.2002.11446745.
Johnson CN, Balmford A, Brook BW, Buettel JC, Galetti M, Guangchun L, Wilmshurst JM. 2017. Biodiversity losses and conservation responses in the Anthropocene. Science 356 (6335): 270-275. DOI: 10.1126/science.aam9317.
Kemal MG, Hadinoto H, Ikhwan M. 2022. Kepadatan satwa mangsa harimau sumatera (Panthera tigris sumatrae) di Area Konservasi Prof. Sumitro Djojohadikusumo. Jurnal Karya Ilmiah Multidisiplin 2 (2): 135-145. DOI: 10.31849/jurkim.v2i2.9695. [Indonesian]
Lewis JS, Spaulding S, Swanson H, Keeley W, Gramza AR, Vandewoude S, Crooks KR. 2021. Human activity influences wildlife populations and activity patterns: implications for spatial and temporal refuges. Ecosphere 12 (5):1-16. DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.3487.
Lin SHJ, Johnson RE. 2015. A suggestion to improve a day keeps your depletion away: Examining promotive and prohibitive voice behaviors within a regulatory focus and ego depletion framework. Appl Psychol 100 (5): 1381-1397. DOI: 10.1037/apl0000018.
Magioli M, Bovo AAA, Huijser MP, Abra FD, Miotto RA, Andrade VHVP, Nascimento AM, Martins MZA, Ferraz KMPMB. 2019. Short and narrow roads cause substantial impacts on wildlife. Oecol Aust 23: 99-111. DOI: 10.4257/oeco.2019.2301.09.
Maxwell SL, Cazalis V, Dudley N, Hoffmann M, Rodrigues ASL, Stolton S, Visconti P, Woodley S, Kingston N, Lewis E, Maron M, Strassburg BBN, Wenger A, Jonas HD, Venter O, Watson JEM. 2020. Area-based conservation in the twenty-first century. Nature 586 (7828): 217-227. DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2773-z.
Miller RE, Fowler ME. 2015. Rhinoceridae (Rhinoceroses). In: Miller MA, Buss PE (eds). Fowler's Zoo and Wild Animal Medicine. Saunders, London. DOI: 10.1016/B978-1-4557-7397-8.00055-4.
Muslim A, Nurdjali B, Dewantara I. 2015. Habitat and study of feed Sumatran rhino (Dicerorhinus sumatrensis) in West Kutai and Mahakam Ulu East Kalimantan. Jurnal Hutan Lestari 3 (4): 625 -630. DOI: 10.26418/jhl.v3i4.14205.
Mustafa T, Abdullah A, Khairil K. 2019. Analisis habitat gajah Sumatera (Elephas maximus sumatranus) berdasarkan Software Smart di Kecamatan Peunaron Kabupaten Aceh Timur. BIOTIK 6 (1): 1-10. DOI: 10.22373/biotik.v6i1.4041. [Indonesian]
Nardelli F. 2014. The last chance for the Sumatran rhinoceros. Pachyderm 55: 43-53.
Niedballa J, Wilting A, Sollmann R, Hofer, H, Courtiol A. 2019. Assessing analytical methods for detecting spatiotemporal interac- tions between species from camera trapping data. Remote Sens Ecol Conserv 5 (3): 272 -285. DOI: 10.1002/rse2.107.
Paiman A, Anggraini R, Maijunita M. 2018. Faktor kerusakan habitat dan sumber air terhadap populasi harimau sumatera (Panthera tigris sumatrae Pocock, 1929) di Seksi Pengelolaan Taman Nasional (SPTN) Wilayah III Taman Nasional Sembilang. Jurnal Silva Tropika 2 (2): 22-28. DOI: 10.22437/jsilvtrop.v2i2.5231. [Indonesian]
Poole C. 2005. A Final Report to the National Fish and Wildlife Foundation Save the Tiger Fund from the Wildlife Conservation Society. Asia Program Wildlife Conservation Society. https://www.nfwf.org/sites/default/files/finalreports1/4440_initiatives_grants_2004-0103-013.pdf.
Prakash S, Verma AK. 2022. Anthropogenic activities and biodiversity threats. Intl J Biol Innov 4 (1): 94-103. DOI: 10.46505/IJBI.2022.4110.
Purwanto E. 2016. An Anti-encroachment Strategy for the Tropical Rainforest Heritage of Sumatra: Towards New Paradigms. Tropenbos International Indonesia, Yogyakarta. [Indonesian]
Pusparini W, Wibisono HT. 2013. Landscape-level assessment of the distribution of the Sumatran rhinoceros in Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park, Sumatra. Pachyderm 53: 59-65.
Rich LN, Davis CL, Farris ZJ, Miller DA, Tucker JM, Hamel S, Farhadinia MS, Steenweg R, Di Bitetti MS, Thapa K. 2017. Assessing global patterns in mammalian carnivore occupancy and richness by integrating local camera trap surveys. Glob Ecol Biogeogr 26 (8): 918-929. DOI: 10.1111/geb.12600.
Rowcliffe JM, Kays R, Kranstauber B, Carbone C, Jansen PA. 2014. Quantifying levels of animal activity using camera trap data. Methods Ecol Evol 5 (11): 1170-1179. DOI: 10.1111/2041-210X.12278.
Save the Rhino International. 2024. Indonesia: The Sumatran rhino Sanctuary. https://www.savetherhino.org
Talukdar BK. 2012. Asian Rhino Specialist Group Chair Report. Pachyderm 51 (63): 22-26. http://www. rhinoresourcecenter.com/index.php?s=1&act=pdfviewer&id=1350343976&folder=135.
Taylor BD, Goldingay RL. 2010. Roads and wildlife: Impacts, mitigation and implications for wildlife management in Australia. Wildl Res 37 (4): 320 -331. DOI: 10.1071/WR09171.
Tobler MW, Hartley AZ, Carrillo-Percastegui SE, Powell GV. 2015. Spatiotemporal hierarchical modelling of species richness and occupancy using camera trap data. J Appl Ecol 52 (2): 413-421. DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.12399.
White AM, Swaisgood RR, Czekala NM. 2007. Ranging patterns in white rhinoceros, Ceratotherium simum simum: implications for mating strategies. Anim Behav 74 (2): 349-356. DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2006.12.011.
Wittische J, Heckbert S, James PMA, Burton AC, Fisher JT. 2021. Community-level modelling of boreal forest mammal distribution in an oil sands landscape. Sci Total Environ 755: 142500. DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142500.
Yang L, Xu H, Pan S, Chen W, Zeng J. 2024. Identifying the impact of global human activities expansion on natural habitats. J Clean Prod 434: 140247. DOI: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2023.140247.