Extraction and characterization of gelatin from Lates niloticus and potential industrial applications
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Abstract. Kiplagat CS, Onyari JM, Mulaa F, Wabomba J. 2017. Extraction and characterization of gelatin from Lates niloticus and potential industrial applications. Biofarmasi J Nat Prod Biochem 15: 53-64. This research aims to extract and characterize gelatin from Lates niloticus (Nile perch) scales, then blend it with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA). Hydrolysis of the scales was done using a crude alkaline protease harvested from a bacterium, Bacillus cereus strain wwcp 1, obtained from Lake Bogoria. The lyophilized solution yielded 16.3% of gelatin powder calculated from the dry weight of the scales. The sample was characterized using infrared spectroscopy and showed peaks at 3442 cm-1, 1653 cm-1, and ~ 1590 cm-1 corresponding to Amide A, Amide I, and Amide II bands, respectively. The amino acid analysis shows that glycine was the most abundant amino acid (21.7%), followed by a proline (14.6%) and alanine (11.8%). Isoleucine, Histidine, and Tyrosine were the least abundant (1.8, 1.4, and 0.9%, respectively). Polyvinyl alcohol-gelatin blend films of various compositions ranging from 10% to 90% PVA were prepared using the solution casting method. Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and Thermo-gravimetric Analysis (TGA) tests showed the films had glass transition, melting, and thermal decomposition onset temperatures intermediate between those of the respective individual polymers (PVA and gelatin). The thermal stability of the films reduced with the increase in the amount of the less thermally stable constituent. Lastly, potential applications of the prepared blend films were investigated. Batch experiments to assess the potential of the polymer blend films as an adsorbent material were done using Methylene Blue dye. The films were found to adsorb up to 64% of the dye, and the percentage of dye removal varied with the initial concentration of the dye and contact time.
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References
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unicorn leatherjacket (Aluterus monoceros) as influenced by acid
pretreatment and extraction time. Food Hydrocoll 25: 381-388. DOI:
10.1016/j.foodhyd.2010.07.004
Akagündüz Y, Mosquera M, Giménez B, Alemán A, Montero P, GómezGuillén MC. 2014. Sea bream bones and scales as a source of gelatin
and ACE inhibitory peptides. LWT - Food Sci. Technol 55: 579-585.
DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2013.10.026
Amiza MA, Wan Maizatul Shima WM, Nor Hayati I, Nizaha Juhaida M.
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(Rachycentron canadum) skin and its physicochemical characteristics
as compared to bovine gelatin. International Food Research Journal
22(1).
Avena-Bustillos RJ, Olsen CW, Olson DA, Chiou B, Yee E, Bechtel PJ,
McHugh TH. 2006. Water vapor permeability of mammalian and fish
gelatin films. J Food Sci 71: E202-E207. DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-
3841.2006.00016.x
Chiellini E, Cinelli P, Fernandes EG, Kenawy E-RS, Lazzeri A. 2001.
Gelatin-based blends and composites. morphological and thermal
mechanical characterization. Biomacromolecules 2: 806-811. DOI:
10.1021/bm015519h
DinçEr MT, AğçAy ÖY, Sargin H, Bayram H. 2015. Functional
properties of gelatin recovered from scales of farmed sea bass
(Dicentrarchus labrax). Turk J Vet Anim Sci 39: 102-109. DOI:
10.3906/vet-1406-68
Djabourov M, Leblond J, Papon P. 1988. Gelation of aqueous gelatin
solutions. I. Structural investigation. J Phys 49: 319-332.
Elsergany RN. 2014. What is the difference between Tm and Tg for the
crystalline state of a drug?
https://www.researchgate.net/post/What_is_the_difference_between_
Tm_and_Tg_for_the_crystalline_state_of_a_drug
Gao X, Tang K, Liu J, Zheng X, Zhang Y. 2014. Compatibility and
properties of biodegradable blend films with gelatin and poly(vinyl
alcohol). J Wuhan Univ Technol- Mater Sci Ed 29: 351-356. DOI:
10.1007/s11595-014-0920-9
Gomez-Guillen MC, Turnay J, Fernandez-Diaz M, Ulmo N, Lizarbe MA,
Montero P. 2002. Structural and physical properties of gelatin
extracted from different marine species; a comparative study. Food
Hydrocoll 16: 25-34.
Jiang L. 2013. Preparation of fish-scale gelatins by mild hydrolysis and
their characterization. J Polym Env 21: 564-567.
Johnston-Banks F. 1990. Gelatin in Food Gels. Elsevier Applied Science,
London.
Jongjareonrak A, Benjakul S, Visessanguan W, Tanaka M. 2006. Skin
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compositions and effect of microbial transglutaminase on gel
properties. Food Hydrocoll 20: 1216-1222. DOI:
10.1016/j.foodhyd.2006.01.006
Karayannakidis PD, Zotos A. 2014. Fish processing byproducts as a
potential source of gelatin: A review. J Aquat Food Prod Technol
150527093845000. DOI: 10.1080/10498850.2013.827767
Karim AA, Bhat R. 2009. Fish gelatin: properties, challenges, and
prospects as an alternative to mammalian gelatins. Food Hydrocoll
23: 563-576. DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2008.07.002
Khiari Z, Rico D, Martin-Diana BA, Barry-Ryan C. 2011. The extraction
of gelatin from mackerel (Scomber scombrus) heads with the use of
different organic acids. J Fish Sci 5: 52-63.
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Effect of extraction temperature on functional properties and
antioxidative activities of gelatin from shark skin. Food Bioprocess
Technol 5: 2646-2654. DOI: 10.1007/s11947-010-0427-0
Mahmoodani F, Ardekani VS, Fern SS. 2014. Optimization of extraction
and physicochemical properties of gelatin from pangasius catfish
(Pangasius sutchi) skin. Sains Malaysiana 43: 995-1002.
Mendieta-Taboada O, Sobral PJ, Carvalho RA, Habitante AM. 2008.
Thermomechanical properties of biodegradable films based on blends
of gelatin and poly(vinyl alcohol). Food Hydrocoll 22: 1485-1492.
Muyonga J, Cole CG, Duodu K. 2004a. Extraction and physico-chemical
characterisation of Nile perch (Lates niloticus) skin and bone gelatin.
Food Hydrocoll 18: 581-592. DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2003.08.009
Muyonga J H, Cole C G B, & Duodu K G. 2004b. Characterisation of acid
soluble collagen from skins of young and adult Nile perch (Lates
niloticus). Food Chemistry 85(1): 81-89. DOI:
10.1016/j.foodchem.2003.06.0
Nik Aisyah NM, Nurul H, Azhar ME, Fazilah A. 2014. Poultry as an
alternative source of gelatin. Health Environ J 5: 37-49.
Nikoo M, Xu X, Benjakul S, Xu G, Ramirez-Suarez JC, Ehsani A,
Kasankala LM, Duan X, Abbas S. 2011. Characterization of gelatin
from the skin of farmed Amur sturgeon (Acipenser schrenckii). Int
Aquat Res 3: 135-145.
Onyari JM, Huang SJ. 2009. Synthesis and properties of novel polyvinyl
alcohol-lactic acid gels. J Appl Polym Sci 113: 2053-2061.
Pawde SM, Deshmukh K, Parab S. 2008. Preparation and characterization
of poly(vinyl alcohol) and gelatin blend films. J Appl Polym Sci 109:
1328-1337. DOI: 10.1002/app.28096
Peesan M, Supaphol P, Rujiravanit R. 2005. Preparation and
characterization of hexanoyl chitosan/polylactide blend films.
Carbohydr Polym 60: 343-350. DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2005.01.008
Sarbon NM, Badii F, Howell NK. 2013. Preparation and characterisation
of chicken skin gelatin as an alternative to mammalian gelatin. Food
Hydrocoll 30: 143-151.
See SF, Hong PK, Ng KL, Wan Aida WM, Babji AS. 2010.
Physicochemical properties of gelatins extracted from skins of
different freshwater fish species. Int Food Res J 17: 809-816.
Shee A. 2011. Comparative Adsorption of Methylene Blue and Congo
Red Dyes Onto Coconut Husks, Mangrove and Polylactide Blended
Films. [Thesis]. University of Nairobi, Department of Chemistry,
Nairobi.
Shoulders MD, Raines RT. 2009. Collagen structure and stability. Annu
Rev Biochem 78: 929-958. DOI:
10.1146/annurev.biochem.77.032207.120833
Silva GGD, Sobral PJA, Carvalho RA, Bergo PVA, Mendieta-Taboada O,
Habitante AMQB. 2008. Biodegradable films based on blends of
gelatin and poly (vinyl alcohol): Effect of PVA type or concentration
on some physical properties of films. J Polym Environ 16: 276-285.
DOI: 10.1007/s10924-008-0112-9
Singh P, Benjakul S, Maqsood S, Kishimura H. 2011. Isolation and
characterisation of collagen extracted from the skin of striped catfish
(Pangasianodon hypophthalmus). Food Chem 124: 97-105. DOI:
10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.05.111
Tavakolipour H. 2011. Extraction and evaluation of gelatin from silver
carp waste. World J Fish Mar Sci 3: 10-15.
Vanin FM, Sobral PJ, Menegalli FC, Carvalho RA, Habitante AM. 2005.
Effects of plasticizers and their concentrations on thermal and
functional properties of gelatin-based films. Food Hydrocoll 19: 807-
905.
Wang F, Guo E, Song E, Zhao P, Liu J. 2010. Structure and properties of
bone-like- nanohydroxyapatite/ gelatin/polyvinyl alcohol composites.
Adv Biosci Biotechnol 01: 185-189. DOI: 10.4236/abb.2010.13026
Wangtueai S, Noomhorm A. 2009. Processing optimization and
characterization of gelatin from lizardfish (Saurida spp.) scales. LWT
- Food Sci Technol 42: 825-834. DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2008.11.014
Wanyonyi WC. 2011. Biosorption Of Organic Dyes From Aqueous
Solution Using Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) From Lake
Victoria. [Thesis]. University of Nairobi, Nairobi.
Wanyonyi WC, Onyari JM, Shiundu PM, Mulaa FJ. 2014. Enzymatic
decolorization of malachite green dye by a newly isolated Bacillus
cereus strain wwcp1. IOSR J Environ Sci Toxicol Food Technol
(IOSR-JESTFT) 2 (12): 58- 64.
Zhang S, Li L. 2009. Materials Characterization Techniques. CRC Press,
Boca Raton, Florida.
unicorn leatherjacket (Aluterus monoceros) as influenced by acid
pretreatment and extraction time. Food Hydrocoll 25: 381-388. DOI:
10.1016/j.foodhyd.2010.07.004
Akagündüz Y, Mosquera M, Giménez B, Alemán A, Montero P, GómezGuillén MC. 2014. Sea bream bones and scales as a source of gelatin
and ACE inhibitory peptides. LWT - Food Sci. Technol 55: 579-585.
DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2013.10.026
Amiza MA, Wan Maizatul Shima WM, Nor Hayati I, Nizaha Juhaida M.
2015. Optimization of gelatin extraction conditions from Cobia
(Rachycentron canadum) skin and its physicochemical characteristics
as compared to bovine gelatin. International Food Research Journal
22(1).
Avena-Bustillos RJ, Olsen CW, Olson DA, Chiou B, Yee E, Bechtel PJ,
McHugh TH. 2006. Water vapor permeability of mammalian and fish
gelatin films. J Food Sci 71: E202-E207. DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-
3841.2006.00016.x
Chiellini E, Cinelli P, Fernandes EG, Kenawy E-RS, Lazzeri A. 2001.
Gelatin-based blends and composites. morphological and thermal
mechanical characterization. Biomacromolecules 2: 806-811. DOI:
10.1021/bm015519h
DinçEr MT, AğçAy ÖY, Sargin H, Bayram H. 2015. Functional
properties of gelatin recovered from scales of farmed sea bass
(Dicentrarchus labrax). Turk J Vet Anim Sci 39: 102-109. DOI:
10.3906/vet-1406-68
Djabourov M, Leblond J, Papon P. 1988. Gelation of aqueous gelatin
solutions. I. Structural investigation. J Phys 49: 319-332.
Elsergany RN. 2014. What is the difference between Tm and Tg for the
crystalline state of a drug?
https://www.researchgate.net/post/What_is_the_difference_between_
Tm_and_Tg_for_the_crystalline_state_of_a_drug
Gao X, Tang K, Liu J, Zheng X, Zhang Y. 2014. Compatibility and
properties of biodegradable blend films with gelatin and poly(vinyl
alcohol). J Wuhan Univ Technol- Mater Sci Ed 29: 351-356. DOI:
10.1007/s11595-014-0920-9
Gomez-Guillen MC, Turnay J, Fernandez-Diaz M, Ulmo N, Lizarbe MA,
Montero P. 2002. Structural and physical properties of gelatin
extracted from different marine species; a comparative study. Food
Hydrocoll 16: 25-34.
Jiang L. 2013. Preparation of fish-scale gelatins by mild hydrolysis and
their characterization. J Polym Env 21: 564-567.
Johnston-Banks F. 1990. Gelatin in Food Gels. Elsevier Applied Science,
London.
Jongjareonrak A, Benjakul S, Visessanguan W, Tanaka M. 2006. Skin
gelatin from bigeye snapper and brownstripe red snapper: Chemical
compositions and effect of microbial transglutaminase on gel
properties. Food Hydrocoll 20: 1216-1222. DOI:
10.1016/j.foodhyd.2006.01.006
Karayannakidis PD, Zotos A. 2014. Fish processing byproducts as a
potential source of gelatin: A review. J Aquat Food Prod Technol
150527093845000. DOI: 10.1080/10498850.2013.827767
Karim AA, Bhat R. 2009. Fish gelatin: properties, challenges, and
prospects as an alternative to mammalian gelatins. Food Hydrocoll
23: 563-576. DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2008.07.002
Khiari Z, Rico D, Martin-Diana BA, Barry-Ryan C. 2011. The extraction
of gelatin from mackerel (Scomber scombrus) heads with the use of
different organic acids. J Fish Sci 5: 52-63.
Kittiphattanabawon P, Benjakul S, Visessanguan W, Shahidi F. 2012.
Effect of extraction temperature on functional properties and
antioxidative activities of gelatin from shark skin. Food Bioprocess
Technol 5: 2646-2654. DOI: 10.1007/s11947-010-0427-0
Mahmoodani F, Ardekani VS, Fern SS. 2014. Optimization of extraction
and physicochemical properties of gelatin from pangasius catfish
(Pangasius sutchi) skin. Sains Malaysiana 43: 995-1002.
Mendieta-Taboada O, Sobral PJ, Carvalho RA, Habitante AM. 2008.
Thermomechanical properties of biodegradable films based on blends
of gelatin and poly(vinyl alcohol). Food Hydrocoll 22: 1485-1492.
Muyonga J, Cole CG, Duodu K. 2004a. Extraction and physico-chemical
characterisation of Nile perch (Lates niloticus) skin and bone gelatin.
Food Hydrocoll 18: 581-592. DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2003.08.009
Muyonga J H, Cole C G B, & Duodu K G. 2004b. Characterisation of acid
soluble collagen from skins of young and adult Nile perch (Lates
niloticus). Food Chemistry 85(1): 81-89. DOI:
10.1016/j.foodchem.2003.06.0
Nik Aisyah NM, Nurul H, Azhar ME, Fazilah A. 2014. Poultry as an
alternative source of gelatin. Health Environ J 5: 37-49.
Nikoo M, Xu X, Benjakul S, Xu G, Ramirez-Suarez JC, Ehsani A,
Kasankala LM, Duan X, Abbas S. 2011. Characterization of gelatin
from the skin of farmed Amur sturgeon (Acipenser schrenckii). Int
Aquat Res 3: 135-145.
Onyari JM, Huang SJ. 2009. Synthesis and properties of novel polyvinyl
alcohol-lactic acid gels. J Appl Polym Sci 113: 2053-2061.
Pawde SM, Deshmukh K, Parab S. 2008. Preparation and characterization
of poly(vinyl alcohol) and gelatin blend films. J Appl Polym Sci 109:
1328-1337. DOI: 10.1002/app.28096
Peesan M, Supaphol P, Rujiravanit R. 2005. Preparation and
characterization of hexanoyl chitosan/polylactide blend films.
Carbohydr Polym 60: 343-350. DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2005.01.008
Sarbon NM, Badii F, Howell NK. 2013. Preparation and characterisation
of chicken skin gelatin as an alternative to mammalian gelatin. Food
Hydrocoll 30: 143-151.
See SF, Hong PK, Ng KL, Wan Aida WM, Babji AS. 2010.
Physicochemical properties of gelatins extracted from skins of
different freshwater fish species. Int Food Res J 17: 809-816.
Shee A. 2011. Comparative Adsorption of Methylene Blue and Congo
Red Dyes Onto Coconut Husks, Mangrove and Polylactide Blended
Films. [Thesis]. University of Nairobi, Department of Chemistry,
Nairobi.
Shoulders MD, Raines RT. 2009. Collagen structure and stability. Annu
Rev Biochem 78: 929-958. DOI:
10.1146/annurev.biochem.77.032207.120833
Silva GGD, Sobral PJA, Carvalho RA, Bergo PVA, Mendieta-Taboada O,
Habitante AMQB. 2008. Biodegradable films based on blends of
gelatin and poly (vinyl alcohol): Effect of PVA type or concentration
on some physical properties of films. J Polym Environ 16: 276-285.
DOI: 10.1007/s10924-008-0112-9
Singh P, Benjakul S, Maqsood S, Kishimura H. 2011. Isolation and
characterisation of collagen extracted from the skin of striped catfish
(Pangasianodon hypophthalmus). Food Chem 124: 97-105. DOI:
10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.05.111
Tavakolipour H. 2011. Extraction and evaluation of gelatin from silver
carp waste. World J Fish Mar Sci 3: 10-15.
Vanin FM, Sobral PJ, Menegalli FC, Carvalho RA, Habitante AM. 2005.
Effects of plasticizers and their concentrations on thermal and
functional properties of gelatin-based films. Food Hydrocoll 19: 807-
905.
Wang F, Guo E, Song E, Zhao P, Liu J. 2010. Structure and properties of
bone-like- nanohydroxyapatite/ gelatin/polyvinyl alcohol composites.
Adv Biosci Biotechnol 01: 185-189. DOI: 10.4236/abb.2010.13026
Wangtueai S, Noomhorm A. 2009. Processing optimization and
characterization of gelatin from lizardfish (Saurida spp.) scales. LWT
- Food Sci Technol 42: 825-834. DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2008.11.014
Wanyonyi WC. 2011. Biosorption Of Organic Dyes From Aqueous
Solution Using Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) From Lake
Victoria. [Thesis]. University of Nairobi, Nairobi.
Wanyonyi WC, Onyari JM, Shiundu PM, Mulaa FJ. 2014. Enzymatic
decolorization of malachite green dye by a newly isolated Bacillus
cereus strain wwcp1. IOSR J Environ Sci Toxicol Food Technol
(IOSR-JESTFT) 2 (12): 58- 64.
Zhang S, Li L. 2009. Materials Characterization Techniques. CRC Press,
Boca Raton, Florida.