Development of phenotypic markers and contrast genotype candidates of target minerals related to cassava
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Abstract. Pratama SN, Sudarsono, Ardie W, Khumaida N, Sukma D. 2021. Development of phenotypic markers and contrast genotype candidates of target minerals related to cassava. Biodiversitas 22: 3049- 3056. Cassava leaves have various macro and micro-nutrients with varying levels, such as magnesium, iron, and zinc. The differences in genotypes of cassava may result in different mineral content in cassava leaves. This study aims to determine the estimator phenotypic markers and contrast genotype candidate selection related to target minerals. This study used a one-factor treatment composed of 12 cassava genotypes and arranged in a randomized block design (RBD) which each treatment was repeated 3 times. The observation was conducted on the leaves' qualitative and quantitative characters such as plant growth, leaf morphology, and leaf mineral content characters. The observation was performed at 3 and 6 months after planting. The results showed that the quantitative and qualitative characters that could be used as estimator for mineral content in cassava leaves are the Soil Plant Analysis Development (SPAD)- Chlorophyll value and leaf color. Genotypes G6-1-15-4-3, G6-2-15-1-1, G6-2-15-3-3 (lowest) and Malang (G4D0), G4D1-222, G3D2-413 (highest) could be categorized as contrast genotypes based on SPAD-value and mineral content. The strong positive correlation between Mg and Fe content with SPAD suggested that SPAD is a possible marker for high Mg and Fe content in leaves. Adversely, a weak relationship between SPAD and Zn content in leaves showed that SPAD is a weak marker for Zn content in leaves. Further research related to molecular markers development can be carried out based on these results.
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References
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Dada OA, Oworu OO. 2010. Mineral and nutrient leaf composition of two cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) cultivars defoliated at varying phenological phases. Notulae Scientia Biologicae 2(4): 44-48.
Djaafar TF, Rahayu S. 2003. Ubi Kayu dan Olahannya. Penerbit Kanisius, Yogyakarta, ID.
Efendi R, Suwardi, Syafruddin, Zubachtirodin. 2012. Penentuan takaran pupuk nitrogen pada tanaman jagung hibrida berdasarkan klorofil meter dan bagan warna daun. Penelitian Pertanian Tanaman Pangan 31(1): 27-34.
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Fasuyi AO. 2005. Nutrient composition and processing effects on cassava leaf (Manihot esculenta Crantz) antinutrients. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition 4(1): 37-42.
Farhat N, Elkhouni Zorrig W, Smaoui A, Abdelly C, Rabhi M. 2016. Effects of magnesium deffficiency on photosynthesis and carbohydrate partitioning. Acta Physiol Plant 38: 145
Fukuda WMG, Guevara CL, Kawuki R, Ferguson ME. 2010. Selected morphological and agronomic descriptors for the characterization of cassava. Ibadan (NG): International Institute of Tropical Agriculture
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Hidayah F, Santosa S, Putri RE. 2019. Model prediksi hasil panen berdasarkan pengukuran non-destruktif nilai klorofil tanaman padi. Agritech 39(4): 289-297
Jamil SS, Bujang A. 2016. Nutrient and antinutrient composition of different variety of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) leaves. Jurnal Teknologi Science & Engineering 78(6-6): 59-63
Kandoliya RU, Sakarvadiya HL, Kunjadia BB. 2018. Effect of zinc and iron application on leaf chlorophyll, carotenoid, grain yield and quality of wheat in calcareous soil of saurashtra region. International Journal of Chemical Studies 6(4): 2092-2096
Laenggeng AH, Dhafir F. 2014. Kandungan gizi dua jenis varietas singkong singkong (Manihot esculenta) berdasarkan umur panen di desa siney kecamatan tinombo selatan kabupaten parigi moutong. Jurnal e-Jipbiol 2(3): 1-14.
Lakitan B. 2007. Dasar-dasar Fisiologi Tumbuhan Cetakan Pertama. PT Raja Grafindo Persaja, Jakarta (ID).
Liferdi. 2007. Diagnosis status hara menggunakan analisis daun untuk menyusun rekomendasi pemupukan pada tanaman manggis. Skripsi. Institut Pertanian Bogor, Bogor.
Marishka DT. 2017. Evaluasi karakter agronomi 20 klon ubi kayu (Manihot esculenta Crantz) di desa muara putih natar lampung selatan. Skripsi. Universitas Lampung, Lampung.
Masniah, Yusuf. 2013. Potensi ubi kayu sebagai pangan fungsional. Prosiding Seminar Hasil Penelitian Tanaman Aneka Kacang dan Umbi. Balai Pengkajian Teknologi Pertanian, Kupang.
Matana YS, Mashud N. 2015. Respons pemupukan N, P, K, dan Mg terhadap kandungan unsur hara tanah dan daun pada tanaman muda kelapa sawit. B. Palma 16(1): 25-31.
Mokemiabeka S., Dhellot J, Kobawila SC, Diakabana P, Loukombo RNT, Koumou AGN, Louembe,D. 2011. Softeting and mineral content of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) leaves during the fermentation to produce ntoba mbodi. Advace Journal of Food Science and Technology 3(6): 418-432.
Noerwijati K. 2013. Keragaman klon-klon ubi kayu dengan potensi hasil umbi dan pati tinggi sebagai bahan baku industri. Prosiding Seminar Hasil Penelitian Tanaman Aneka Kacang dan Umbi, Balitkabi Litbang Pertanian, Malang.
Oresegun A, Fagbenro A, Ilona P, Bernard E. 2016. Nutritional dan anti-nutritional composition of cassava leaf protein concentrate from six cassava varieties for use in aqua feed. Cogent Food Science and Technology 2: 1147323.
Palupi NS, Zakaria FR, Prangdimurti E. 2007. Evaluasi nilai biologis vitamin dan mineral. s3.amazonnews.com [16 November 2020].
Putri DI, Sunyoto, Yuliadi E, Utomo SD. 2013. Keragaman karakter agronomi klon-klon F1 ubi kayu (Manihot esculenta Crantz) keturunan tetua betina UJ3, CMM 25-27, dan mentik urang. Jurnal Agroteknologi Tropika 1(1):1-7.
Sadeghzadeh B. 2013. A review of zinc nutrition and plant breeding. Journal Soil Science and Plant Nutrition 13(4).
Sandro MS. 2015. Pengaruh suhu terhadap kandungan kalsium pada daun singkong (Manihot esculenta Crantz) secara spektrofotometri serapan atom. Skripsi. Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan.
Setyani YH, Anwar S, Slamet W. 2013. Karakteristik fotosintetik dan serapan fosfor hijauan alfafa (Madicago sativa) pada tinggi pemotongan dan pemupukan nitrogen yang berbeda. Animal Agricultural Journal 2(1): 86-96
Subekti, Asih IP, Setyani S., Nurainy F. 2018. Kajian formulasi daun singkong (Manihot esculenta) dan rumput laut (Euchuema cottonii) terhadap sifat sensori dan kimia nori. Semniar Nasional Teknologi Pertanian VII. Politeknik Negeri Lampung, Lampung
Suharja, Sutarno. 2008. Biomassa, kandungan klorofil, dan nitrogen daun dua varietas cabai (Capsicum annum) pada berbagai perlakuan. Nusantara Bioscience 1: 9-16
Suharja, Sutarno. 2009. Biomass, chlorophyll and nitrogen content of leaves of two chili pepper varieties (Capsicum annum) in different fertilization treatments. Nusantara Bioscience 1: 9-16.
Sumenda L, Rampe HL, Mantiri FR. 2011. Analisis kandungan klorofil daun mangga (Mangifera indica) pada tingkat perkembangan daun yang berbeda. Jurnal Bioslogos 1(1): 20-24.
Susanto M, Baskorowati L. 2018. Pengaruh genetik dan lingkungan terhadap pertumbuhan sengon (Falcataria molucanna) ras lahan jawa. Jurnal Bioeksperimen 4(2): 35-41.
Suwarto. 2012. Menjadikan ubi kayu sebagai sumber ketahanan pangan dan energi di Indonesia. Prosiding Simposium dan Seminar Bersama PERAGI-PERHORTI-PERIPI-HIGI Mendukung Kedaulatan Pangan dan Energi yang Berkelanjutan. IPB International Conventional Center, Bogor.
Tajuddin B. 2010. Ketahanan pangan berbasis cassava. Jurnal Pangan 19(1): 1-13.
Trankner M, Tavakol E, Jakli B. 2018. Functioning of pottasium and magensium in photosynthesis, photosynthate translocation and photoprotection. Institute of Applied Plant Nutrition- Georg-August Univerity Gottingen, Germany.
Tuhenay W. 2018. Pengaruh lama perebusan terhadap kandungan zat besi daun singkong varietas mangi (Manihot esculenta Crantz). Jurnal Mitra Pendidikan 2: 191-204.
Wobeto C, Correa AD, Abreu CMPd, Santos CDd, Pereira HV. 2007. Antinutrient in the cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) leaf powder at three ages of the plant. Food Science and Technology. 27(1): 108-112.
Webeto C, Correa AD, Abreu CMPd, Santo, CDd, Abreu JRd. 2006. Nutrient in the cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) leaf meal at three ages of plant. Cienc. Tecnol. Aliment. Campinas 24(6): 865-869.
Ye,X, Chen,XF, Deng CL, Yang LT, Lai NW, Gao JX, Chen LS. 2019. Magnesium deffeciency effects on pigments, photosynthesis and photosynthetic electron transport of leaves and nutrient of leaf blades and veins in Citrus sinensis seedlings. Plants 8: 389.
Verbruggen N, Hermans C. 2013. Physiological and molecular responses to magnesium nutritional imbalance in plant. Plant Soil 368: 87-99.
Wulandari RT. 2020. Pertumbuhan dan karakterisasi morfologi serta kadar mineral daun beberapa genotipe potensial ubi kayu. Skripsi. Institut Pertanian Bogor. Bogor.
Aditya D. Uji daya hasil dan deskripsi 21 klon ubi kayu (Manihot esculenta Crantz) di desa muara putih natar lampung selatan. Skripsi. Universitas Lampung, Lampung.
Allem AC. 2020. The Origin and Taxonomy of Cassava Chapter One. CIAT EMBRAPA, Recursos Geneticos e Beiotecnologia, Brazil.
Arifin Z. 2008. Beberapa unsur mineral esensial mikro dalam sistem biologi dan metode analisisnya. Jurnal Litbang Pertanian 23(7): 99-105.
Arrohmah. 2007. Studi karakteristik klorofil pada daun sebagai material photodetector organic. Skripsi. Surakarta: Universitas Sebelas Maret.
Bachtiar, Ghulamahdi M. Melati M, Guntoro D, Sutandi A. 2016. Kecukupan hara fosfor pada pertumbuhan dan produksi kedelai dengan budidaya jenuh air di tanah mineral dan gambut. J. II. Tan. Ling. 18(1): 21-27.
Dada OA, Oworu OO. 2010. Mineral and nutrient leaf composition of two cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) cultivars defoliated at varying phenological phases. Notulae Scientia Biologicae 2(4): 44-48.
Djaafar TF, Rahayu S. 2003. Ubi Kayu dan Olahannya. Penerbit Kanisius, Yogyakarta, ID.
Efendi R, Suwardi, Syafruddin, Zubachtirodin. 2012. Penentuan takaran pupuk nitrogen pada tanaman jagung hibrida berdasarkan klorofil meter dan bagan warna daun. Penelitian Pertanian Tanaman Pangan 31(1): 27-34.
Eviati, Sulaeman. 2005. Analisis Kimia Tanah, Tanaman, Air dan Pupuk. Balai Penelitian Tanah Bogor. http://balittanah.litbang.pertanian.go.id/ind/dokumentasi/juknis
/juknis_kimia.pdf [9 November 2020]
Fahmi A, Syamsudin, Utami SNH, Radjagukguk B. 2010. Pengaruh interaksi hara nitrogen dan fosfor terhadap pertumbuhan tanaman jagung (Zea mays L.) pada tanah regosol dan latosol. Berita Biologi 10(3):297-304.
Fasuyi AO. 2005. Nutrient composition and processing effects on cassava leaf (Manihot esculenta Crantz) antinutrients. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition 4(1): 37-42.
Farhat N, Elkhouni Zorrig W, Smaoui A, Abdelly C, Rabhi M. 2016. Effects of magnesium deffficiency on photosynthesis and carbohydrate partitioning. Acta Physiol Plant 38: 145
Fukuda WMG, Guevara CL, Kawuki R, Ferguson ME. 2010. Selected morphological and agronomic descriptors for the characterization of cassava. Ibadan (NG): International Institute of Tropical Agriculture
Herlina E, Nuraeni F. 2014. Pengembangan produk pangan fungsional berbasis ubi kayu (Manihot esculenta) dalam menunjang ketahanan pangan. J. Sains Dasar 3(2): 142-148.
Hidayah F, Santosa S, Putri RE. 2019. Model prediksi hasil panen berdasarkan pengukuran non-destruktif nilai klorofil tanaman padi. Agritech 39(4): 289-297
Jamil SS, Bujang A. 2016. Nutrient and antinutrient composition of different variety of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) leaves. Jurnal Teknologi Science & Engineering 78(6-6): 59-63
Kandoliya RU, Sakarvadiya HL, Kunjadia BB. 2018. Effect of zinc and iron application on leaf chlorophyll, carotenoid, grain yield and quality of wheat in calcareous soil of saurashtra region. International Journal of Chemical Studies 6(4): 2092-2096
Laenggeng AH, Dhafir F. 2014. Kandungan gizi dua jenis varietas singkong singkong (Manihot esculenta) berdasarkan umur panen di desa siney kecamatan tinombo selatan kabupaten parigi moutong. Jurnal e-Jipbiol 2(3): 1-14.
Lakitan B. 2007. Dasar-dasar Fisiologi Tumbuhan Cetakan Pertama. PT Raja Grafindo Persaja, Jakarta (ID).
Liferdi. 2007. Diagnosis status hara menggunakan analisis daun untuk menyusun rekomendasi pemupukan pada tanaman manggis. Skripsi. Institut Pertanian Bogor, Bogor.
Marishka DT. 2017. Evaluasi karakter agronomi 20 klon ubi kayu (Manihot esculenta Crantz) di desa muara putih natar lampung selatan. Skripsi. Universitas Lampung, Lampung.
Masniah, Yusuf. 2013. Potensi ubi kayu sebagai pangan fungsional. Prosiding Seminar Hasil Penelitian Tanaman Aneka Kacang dan Umbi. Balai Pengkajian Teknologi Pertanian, Kupang.
Matana YS, Mashud N. 2015. Respons pemupukan N, P, K, dan Mg terhadap kandungan unsur hara tanah dan daun pada tanaman muda kelapa sawit. B. Palma 16(1): 25-31.
Mokemiabeka S., Dhellot J, Kobawila SC, Diakabana P, Loukombo RNT, Koumou AGN, Louembe,D. 2011. Softeting and mineral content of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) leaves during the fermentation to produce ntoba mbodi. Advace Journal of Food Science and Technology 3(6): 418-432.
Noerwijati K. 2013. Keragaman klon-klon ubi kayu dengan potensi hasil umbi dan pati tinggi sebagai bahan baku industri. Prosiding Seminar Hasil Penelitian Tanaman Aneka Kacang dan Umbi, Balitkabi Litbang Pertanian, Malang.
Oresegun A, Fagbenro A, Ilona P, Bernard E. 2016. Nutritional dan anti-nutritional composition of cassava leaf protein concentrate from six cassava varieties for use in aqua feed. Cogent Food Science and Technology 2: 1147323.
Palupi NS, Zakaria FR, Prangdimurti E. 2007. Evaluasi nilai biologis vitamin dan mineral. s3.amazonnews.com [16 November 2020].
Putri DI, Sunyoto, Yuliadi E, Utomo SD. 2013. Keragaman karakter agronomi klon-klon F1 ubi kayu (Manihot esculenta Crantz) keturunan tetua betina UJ3, CMM 25-27, dan mentik urang. Jurnal Agroteknologi Tropika 1(1):1-7.
Sadeghzadeh B. 2013. A review of zinc nutrition and plant breeding. Journal Soil Science and Plant Nutrition 13(4).
Sandro MS. 2015. Pengaruh suhu terhadap kandungan kalsium pada daun singkong (Manihot esculenta Crantz) secara spektrofotometri serapan atom. Skripsi. Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan.
Setyani YH, Anwar S, Slamet W. 2013. Karakteristik fotosintetik dan serapan fosfor hijauan alfafa (Madicago sativa) pada tinggi pemotongan dan pemupukan nitrogen yang berbeda. Animal Agricultural Journal 2(1): 86-96
Subekti, Asih IP, Setyani S., Nurainy F. 2018. Kajian formulasi daun singkong (Manihot esculenta) dan rumput laut (Euchuema cottonii) terhadap sifat sensori dan kimia nori. Semniar Nasional Teknologi Pertanian VII. Politeknik Negeri Lampung, Lampung
Suharja, Sutarno. 2008. Biomassa, kandungan klorofil, dan nitrogen daun dua varietas cabai (Capsicum annum) pada berbagai perlakuan. Nusantara Bioscience 1: 9-16
Suharja, Sutarno. 2009. Biomass, chlorophyll and nitrogen content of leaves of two chili pepper varieties (Capsicum annum) in different fertilization treatments. Nusantara Bioscience 1: 9-16.
Sumenda L, Rampe HL, Mantiri FR. 2011. Analisis kandungan klorofil daun mangga (Mangifera indica) pada tingkat perkembangan daun yang berbeda. Jurnal Bioslogos 1(1): 20-24.
Susanto M, Baskorowati L. 2018. Pengaruh genetik dan lingkungan terhadap pertumbuhan sengon (Falcataria molucanna) ras lahan jawa. Jurnal Bioeksperimen 4(2): 35-41.
Suwarto. 2012. Menjadikan ubi kayu sebagai sumber ketahanan pangan dan energi di Indonesia. Prosiding Simposium dan Seminar Bersama PERAGI-PERHORTI-PERIPI-HIGI Mendukung Kedaulatan Pangan dan Energi yang Berkelanjutan. IPB International Conventional Center, Bogor.
Tajuddin B. 2010. Ketahanan pangan berbasis cassava. Jurnal Pangan 19(1): 1-13.
Trankner M, Tavakol E, Jakli B. 2018. Functioning of pottasium and magensium in photosynthesis, photosynthate translocation and photoprotection. Institute of Applied Plant Nutrition- Georg-August Univerity Gottingen, Germany.
Tuhenay W. 2018. Pengaruh lama perebusan terhadap kandungan zat besi daun singkong varietas mangi (Manihot esculenta Crantz). Jurnal Mitra Pendidikan 2: 191-204.
Wobeto C, Correa AD, Abreu CMPd, Santos CDd, Pereira HV. 2007. Antinutrient in the cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) leaf powder at three ages of the plant. Food Science and Technology. 27(1): 108-112.
Webeto C, Correa AD, Abreu CMPd, Santo, CDd, Abreu JRd. 2006. Nutrient in the cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) leaf meal at three ages of plant. Cienc. Tecnol. Aliment. Campinas 24(6): 865-869.
Ye,X, Chen,XF, Deng CL, Yang LT, Lai NW, Gao JX, Chen LS. 2019. Magnesium deffeciency effects on pigments, photosynthesis and photosynthetic electron transport of leaves and nutrient of leaf blades and veins in Citrus sinensis seedlings. Plants 8: 389.
Verbruggen N, Hermans C. 2013. Physiological and molecular responses to magnesium nutritional imbalance in plant. Plant Soil 368: 87-99.
Wulandari RT. 2020. Pertumbuhan dan karakterisasi morfologi serta kadar mineral daun beberapa genotipe potensial ubi kayu. Skripsi. Institut Pertanian Bogor. Bogor.
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