Detection and prevalence of multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae strains isolated from poultry farms in Blitar, Indonesia
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Abstract. Permatasari DA, Witaningrum AM, Wibisono FJ, Effendi MH. 2020. Detection and prevalence of multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae strain isolated from poultry farms in Blitar, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 21: 4642-4647. Antibiotics are commonly used as therapy and disease control in humans and animals. However, the widespread use of antibiotics may also trigger the rise of antibiotic resistance. Therefore, the aim of this study was to study the occurrence of Multidrug-Resistant (MDR) of Klebsiella pneumoniae from poultry farms in Blitar. Chicken cloacal swabs were collected from 63 poultry farms (32 broilers and 31 layers) were taken randomly, using total samples 160 broilers and 155 layers. The collected swab samples were inoculated on MacConkey agar medium for isolation and identification. Single colonies were isolated after primary positive cultures and identified by using the IMViC test and TSIA. 28 (8.88%) out of samples were positive for Klebsiella pneumoniae. The antimicrobial confirmation test showed that 53.57% of the K. pneumoniae isolates were Multi-Drug Resistance (MDR) bacteria. The percentage of MDR bacteria against different antibiotics included ampicillin 75%, Erythromycin 42.86%, Tetracycline 35.72%, Sulfamethoxazole 32.14% and Streptomycin 21.4%. This study confirms that the percentage of resistant isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae from 5 antimicrobial agents of broiler chicken is higher than layer chicken. The presence of multidrug-resistant bacteria is a threat to public health and livestock. The impact of these conditions leaves a limited treatment option as chicken farmers in Indonesia still using antibiotics without veterinarian supervision.
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References
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Al-Ammiri HH, Abd-Allh AH, and Hamid M. 2016. Isolation and identification of aerobic bacteria detected from sheep infected with pneumonia. Adv. Environ. Biol. 10(5): 214-219.
Arya LK, Kumar M, Priya P, Saurabh K, and Kumari N. 2020. Isolation and identification of Klebsiella pneumoniae from a milk sample. Indian Vet. Journal 97 (01) : 15-17.
Brahmachari SK, Misri J, Vijayakumar K, George VI, Chakraborty P, and Bhalla S.. 2013. Report of the committee on antibiotic use and resistance in food animals. New Delhi, India. The Public Health Foundation of India.
Brower CH, Mandal S, Hayer S, Sran M, Zehra A, Patel SJ, Kaur R, Chatterjee L,Mishra S, Das BR, Singh P, Singh R, Gill JPS, and Laxminarayan. 2017. The prevalence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing multidrug-resistant escherichia coli in poultry chickens and variation according to farming practices in Punjab, India. Environmental Health Perspectives Vol. 125 : 7.
Center for Disease Dynamics, Economics & Policy (CDDEP). 2015. State of the world’s antibiotics, 2015. Washington, DC:CDDEP. https://cddep.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/swa_edits_9.16.pdf [accessed 26 August 2020].
CLSI. 2017. Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing. 27th ed. CLSI supplement M100. Wayne, PA: Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute, US.
Conan A, Goutard FL, Sorn S, Vong S. 2012. Biosecurity measures for backyard poultry in developing countries: a systematic review. BMC veterinary research 8: 240.
Davis GS and Price LB. 2016. Recent research examining links among Klebsiella pneumoniae from food, food animals, and human extraintestinal infections. Current Environmental Health vol. 3(2) : 128–135.
Dierikx CM, Van der Goot JA, Smith HE, Kant A, Mevius DJ. 2013. Presence of esbl/ampc -producing escherichia coli in the broiler production pyramid: a descriptive study. Plos One Vol. 8:11.
ECDC/EFSA/EMA. 2017. ECDC/EFSA/EMA second joint report on the integrated analysis of the consumption of antimicrobial agents and occurrence of antimicrobial resistance in bacteria from humans and food-producing animals. EFSA Journal Vol 15 : 7.
Effendi MH, Bintari IG, Aksono EB, and Hermawan IP. 2018. Detection of blatem gene of klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from swab of food- producing animals in East Java. Tropical Animal Science Journal 41(3) : 174-178.
Effendi MH, Harijani N, Yanestria SM. Hastutiek P. 2018. Identification of shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli in raw milk samples from dairy cows in Surabaya, Indonesia. Philippine J Vet Med 55: 109-114.
Effendi MH, Harijani N, Budiarto, Triningtya NP, Tyasningsih W, and Plumeriastuti H. 2019. Prevalence of pathogenic escherichia coli isolated from subclinical mastitis in East Java Province, Indonesia. Indian Vet. J. 2019;96(03): 22-25.
El-Mansi M, Anderson KJ, Inche CA, Knowles LK, Platt DJ. 2000. Isolation and curing of the Klebsiella pneumoniae large indigenous plasmid using sodium dodecyl sulphate. Res. Microbiol. 151 : 201-208.
Exner M, Bhattacharya S, Christiansen B, Gebel J, Goroncy-Bermes P, Hartemann P, Heeg P, Ilschner C, Kramer A, Larson E, Merkens W, Mielke M, Oltmanns, Ross B, Rotter M, Schmithausen RM, Sonntag H, and Trautmann M. 2017. Antibiotic resistance: what is so special about multidrug-resistant gram-negative bacteria? GMS Hyg. Infect. Control 12 : 5.
Fard B. 2004. The effect of colistin sulfate in feed on the controlling of Salmonella enteritidis contamination in a broiler farm. Arch. Razi Inst 58(1): 105-111.
Fielding BC, Mnabisa A, Gouws PA, and Morris T. 2012. Antimicrobial-resistant Klebsiella species isolated from free-range chicken samples an informal settlement. Arch. Med. Sci 8(1): 39-42.
Food and Agriculture Organization. 2008. Poultry production and the environment a review. Animal Production and Health Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome.
Ganguly NK, Arora NK, Chandy SJ, Fairoze MN, Gill JP, Gupta U, Hossain S, Joglekar S, Joshi PC, Kakkar M, Kotwani A, Rattan A, Sudarshan, Thomas K, Wattal C, Easton A, and Laxminarayan R. 2011. Rationalizing antibiotic use to limit antibiotic resistance in India. Indian J Med Res 134(3) :281–294.
Geta K, Kebede A, and Chemedissa M. 2019. Antibiotic susceptibility test of bacteria isolated from fruit juices sold in cafes and restaurants of Debre-Markos Town, North Western Ethiopia. WNOFNS 24 : 365-371.
Guardabassi L, Schwarz S, Lloyd DH. 2004. Pet animals as reservoirs of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 54.321–332. https://doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkh332
Hayati M, Indrawati A, Mayasari NLOI, Istiyaningsih I, and Atikah N. 2019. Molecular detection of extended-spectrum ?-lactamase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates of chicken origin from East Java, Indonesia. Veterinary World Vol. 12 : 14.
Kar D, Bandyopadhyay S, Bhattacharyya D, Samanta I, Mahanti A, Nanda PK, Mondal B, Dandapat P, Das AK, Dutta TK, Bandyopadhyay S, and Singh RK. 2015. Molecular and phylogenetic characterization of multidrug resistant extended spectrum beta-lactamase producing Escherichia coli isolated from poultry and cattle in Odisha, India. Infect Genet Evol 29: 82–90.
Karanika S, Karantanos T, Arvanitis M, Grigoras C, Mylonakis E. Fecal colonization with extended-spectrum beta-lactamase–producing enterobacteriaceae and risk factors among healthy individuals: a systematic review and metaanalysis. Clin. Infect. Dis. 63. 2016; 310–318. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciw283
Kempf, I, Jouy E, Granier SA, Chauvin C, Sanders P, and Salvat G. 2015. Impact of antibiotic use in the swine industry, by Mary D. Barton. Curr. Opin. Microbiol 19 : 137–138.
Kristianingtyas, L., Effendi, M. H., Tyasningsih, W., Kurniawan, F. 2020. Genetic Identification of blactx-M Gene and blatem Gene on Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase (ESBL) Producing Escherichia Coli from Dogs. Indian Vet. J. 97 (01) : 17-21.
Laube H, Friese A, Salviati CV, Guerra B, Ka?sbohrer A, Kreienbrock L, and Roesler U. 2013. Longitudinal monitoring of extended-spectrum-beta-lactamase/AmpC- producing Escherichia coli at German broiler chicken fattening farms. Appl Environ Microbiol 79 : 4815–4820.
Levy S. 2014. Reduced antibiotic use in livestock: How Denmark tackled resistance. Environ Health Perspect 122(6) : 160–165.
Lynch JP, Clark NM, Zhanel GG. 2013. Evolution of antimicrobial resistance among Enterobacteriaceae (focus on extended spectrum ?-lactamases and carbapenemases). Expert Opin. Pharmacother. 14. 199–210. https://doi.org/10.1517/14656566.2013.763030
Masruroh CA, Sudarwanto MB, and Latif H. 2016. The Occurence of extended spectrum B-Lactamase-producing Escherichia coli from broiler feces in Bogor. JSV 34: 42-49.
McEwen SA and FedorkaCray PJ. 2002. Antimicrobial use and resistance in animals. Clinical infectious diseases 34 Suppl 3: 93-106.
Nahar A, Siddiquee M, Nahar S, Anwar KS, Ali SI, Islam S. 2014. Multidrug-resistant Proteus Mirabilis isolated from chicken droppings in commercial poultry farms: Bio-security concern and emerging public health threat in Bangladesh. Journal Biosafety and Health Education Vol. 2 : 2.
Navon-Venezia S, Kondratyeva K, and Carattoli. 2017. Klebsiella pneumoniae: a major worldwide source and shuttle for antibiotic resistance. FEMS Microbiology Reviews Vol. 41:3.
Okonko IO, Soleye FA, Amusan TA, Ogun AA, Ogunnusi TA, Ejembi J. 2009. Incidence of multi-drug resistance (MDR) organisms in Abeokuta, Southwestern Nigeria. Global J Pharmacol. 3: 69-80.
Pitout JD, and Laupland KB. 2008. Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae: an emerging public-health concern. Lancet Infect Dis. 8(3):159–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(08)70041-0
Pomba C, Rantala M, Greko C, Baptiste KE, Catry B, van Duijkeren E. 2017. Public health risk of antimicrobial resistance transfer from companion animals. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 72. 957-968. https://doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkw481
Putra, A. R. S., Effendi, M.H., Koesdarto, S., and Tyasningsih, W. 2019. Molecular Identification of Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamase (ESBL) Producing Escherichia coli Isolated From Dairy Cows in East Java Province, Indonesia. Indian Vet. J. 96 (10) : 26-30.
Putra, A.R. Effendi, M.H. Koesdarto, S. Suwarno, S. Tyasningsih, W. and Estoepangestie, A.T. 2020. Detection of the extended spectrum ?-lactamase produced by Escherichia coli from dairy cows by using the Vitek-2 method in Tulungagung regency, Indonesia. Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Sciences, 34 (1): 203-207.
Rahmahani J, Salamah, Mufasirin, Tyasningsih W Effendi MH. 2020. Antimicrobial Resistance Profile of Escherichia coli From Cloacal Swab of Domestic Chicken In Surabaya Traditional Market. Biochem. Cell. Arch. 20(1): 2993-2997.
Rashed N, Aftab U, Azizul H, Saurab KM, Mrityunjoy A, and Majibur, R. 2013. Microbiological study of vendor and packed fruit juices locally available in Dhaka city, Bangladesh. Int. Food Res. J. 20(2): 1011-1015.
Riwu, K.H.P., Effendi, M.H., Rantam, F.A. 2020. A Review of Extended Spectrum ?-Lactamase (ESBL) Producing Klebsiella pneumoniae and Multidrug Resistant (MDR) on Companion Animals. Sys Rev Pharm. 11(7):270-277.
Stock I and Wiedemann B. 2001. Natural antibiotic susceptibility of Klebsiella pneumoniae, K. oxytoca, K. planticola, K. ornithinolytica and K. terrigena strains. J. Med. Microbiol 50(5): 396-406.
Struve C, Bojer M, and Krogfelt KA. 2009. Identification of a conserved chromosomal region encoding Klebsiella pneumoniae type 1 and type 3 fimbriae and assessment of the role of fimbriae in pathogenicity. Infection and immunity 77(11):50 16-24.
Thyagarajan D, Barathi M, and Sakthivadivu R. 2014. Risk mitigation of poultry industry pollutants and waste for environ- mental safety. Glob. J. Sci. Front. Res. Agric. Vet 14(1): 1-10.
Vasilakopoulou A,Karakosta P, Vourli S, Tarpatzi A, Varda P, Kostoula M, Antoniadou A, and Pournaras S. 2020. Gastrointestinal carriage of vancomycin-resistant Enterococci and Carbapenem-resistant gram-negative bacteria in an endemic setting: prevalence, risk factors, and outcomes. Frontiers in Public Health 8 : 55.
Watts JL. 2013. Performance standards for antimicrobial disk and dilution susceptibility tests for bacteria isolated from animals: Approved Standard Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute.
Wu F, Ying Y, Yin M, Jiang Y, Wu C, Qian C, Chen Q, Shen K, Cheng C, Zu L, Li K, Xu T, Bao Q, and Lu J. 2019. Molecular characterization of a multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae strain R46 isolated from a rabbit. International Journal of Genomics Vol. 2019 : 12.
Wibisono, F.J. Sumiarto, B., Untari, T., Effendi, M.H., Permatasari, D.A., Witaningrum. A.M. 2020. The Presence of Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamase (ESBL) Producing Escherichia coli On Layer Chicken Farms In Blitar Area, Indonesia. BIODIVERSITAS, 21 (6): 2667-2671.
Wibisono, F.J., Sumiarto, B., Untari, T., Effendi, M.H., Permatasari, D.A., Witaningrum, A.M. 2020. CTX Gene of Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamase (ESBL) Producing Escherichia coli on Broilers in Blitar, Indonesia. Sys Rev Pharm. 11(7): 396-403.
Widodo, A., Effendi, M.H., Khairullah, A.R. 2020. Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Eschericia coli from livestock. Sys Rev Pharm 11(7): 382-392.
Arief RA, Darmawan RD, Sunandar, Widyastuti MDW, Nugroho E, Jatikusumah A, Putra AAG, Basuno E, Karuniawati A, Suwandono A, Wiliyanto I, Suandy I, and Latif H. 2016. The use of antibiotics in laying hens in Central Java, Indonesia. Konferensi Ilmiah Vet. Nasional 14(1): 22-25.
Al-Ammiri HH, Abd-Allh AH, and Hamid M. 2016. Isolation and identification of aerobic bacteria detected from sheep infected with pneumonia. Adv. Environ. Biol. 10(5): 214-219.
Arya LK, Kumar M, Priya P, Saurabh K, and Kumari N. 2020. Isolation and identification of Klebsiella pneumoniae from a milk sample. Indian Vet. Journal 97 (01) : 15-17.
Brahmachari SK, Misri J, Vijayakumar K, George VI, Chakraborty P, and Bhalla S.. 2013. Report of the committee on antibiotic use and resistance in food animals. New Delhi, India. The Public Health Foundation of India.
Brower CH, Mandal S, Hayer S, Sran M, Zehra A, Patel SJ, Kaur R, Chatterjee L,Mishra S, Das BR, Singh P, Singh R, Gill JPS, and Laxminarayan. 2017. The prevalence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing multidrug-resistant escherichia coli in poultry chickens and variation according to farming practices in Punjab, India. Environmental Health Perspectives Vol. 125 : 7.
Center for Disease Dynamics, Economics & Policy (CDDEP). 2015. State of the world’s antibiotics, 2015. Washington, DC:CDDEP. https://cddep.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/swa_edits_9.16.pdf [accessed 26 August 2020].
CLSI. 2017. Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing. 27th ed. CLSI supplement M100. Wayne, PA: Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute, US.
Conan A, Goutard FL, Sorn S, Vong S. 2012. Biosecurity measures for backyard poultry in developing countries: a systematic review. BMC veterinary research 8: 240.
Davis GS and Price LB. 2016. Recent research examining links among Klebsiella pneumoniae from food, food animals, and human extraintestinal infections. Current Environmental Health vol. 3(2) : 128–135.
Dierikx CM, Van der Goot JA, Smith HE, Kant A, Mevius DJ. 2013. Presence of esbl/ampc -producing escherichia coli in the broiler production pyramid: a descriptive study. Plos One Vol. 8:11.
ECDC/EFSA/EMA. 2017. ECDC/EFSA/EMA second joint report on the integrated analysis of the consumption of antimicrobial agents and occurrence of antimicrobial resistance in bacteria from humans and food-producing animals. EFSA Journal Vol 15 : 7.
Effendi MH, Bintari IG, Aksono EB, and Hermawan IP. 2018. Detection of blatem gene of klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from swab of food- producing animals in East Java. Tropical Animal Science Journal 41(3) : 174-178.
Effendi MH, Harijani N, Yanestria SM. Hastutiek P. 2018. Identification of shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli in raw milk samples from dairy cows in Surabaya, Indonesia. Philippine J Vet Med 55: 109-114.
Effendi MH, Harijani N, Budiarto, Triningtya NP, Tyasningsih W, and Plumeriastuti H. 2019. Prevalence of pathogenic escherichia coli isolated from subclinical mastitis in East Java Province, Indonesia. Indian Vet. J. 2019;96(03): 22-25.
El-Mansi M, Anderson KJ, Inche CA, Knowles LK, Platt DJ. 2000. Isolation and curing of the Klebsiella pneumoniae large indigenous plasmid using sodium dodecyl sulphate. Res. Microbiol. 151 : 201-208.
Exner M, Bhattacharya S, Christiansen B, Gebel J, Goroncy-Bermes P, Hartemann P, Heeg P, Ilschner C, Kramer A, Larson E, Merkens W, Mielke M, Oltmanns, Ross B, Rotter M, Schmithausen RM, Sonntag H, and Trautmann M. 2017. Antibiotic resistance: what is so special about multidrug-resistant gram-negative bacteria? GMS Hyg. Infect. Control 12 : 5.
Fard B. 2004. The effect of colistin sulfate in feed on the controlling of Salmonella enteritidis contamination in a broiler farm. Arch. Razi Inst 58(1): 105-111.
Fielding BC, Mnabisa A, Gouws PA, and Morris T. 2012. Antimicrobial-resistant Klebsiella species isolated from free-range chicken samples an informal settlement. Arch. Med. Sci 8(1): 39-42.
Food and Agriculture Organization. 2008. Poultry production and the environment a review. Animal Production and Health Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome.
Ganguly NK, Arora NK, Chandy SJ, Fairoze MN, Gill JP, Gupta U, Hossain S, Joglekar S, Joshi PC, Kakkar M, Kotwani A, Rattan A, Sudarshan, Thomas K, Wattal C, Easton A, and Laxminarayan R. 2011. Rationalizing antibiotic use to limit antibiotic resistance in India. Indian J Med Res 134(3) :281–294.
Geta K, Kebede A, and Chemedissa M. 2019. Antibiotic susceptibility test of bacteria isolated from fruit juices sold in cafes and restaurants of Debre-Markos Town, North Western Ethiopia. WNOFNS 24 : 365-371.
Guardabassi L, Schwarz S, Lloyd DH. 2004. Pet animals as reservoirs of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 54.321–332. https://doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkh332
Hayati M, Indrawati A, Mayasari NLOI, Istiyaningsih I, and Atikah N. 2019. Molecular detection of extended-spectrum ?-lactamase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates of chicken origin from East Java, Indonesia. Veterinary World Vol. 12 : 14.
Kar D, Bandyopadhyay S, Bhattacharyya D, Samanta I, Mahanti A, Nanda PK, Mondal B, Dandapat P, Das AK, Dutta TK, Bandyopadhyay S, and Singh RK. 2015. Molecular and phylogenetic characterization of multidrug resistant extended spectrum beta-lactamase producing Escherichia coli isolated from poultry and cattle in Odisha, India. Infect Genet Evol 29: 82–90.
Karanika S, Karantanos T, Arvanitis M, Grigoras C, Mylonakis E. Fecal colonization with extended-spectrum beta-lactamase–producing enterobacteriaceae and risk factors among healthy individuals: a systematic review and metaanalysis. Clin. Infect. Dis. 63. 2016; 310–318. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciw283
Kempf, I, Jouy E, Granier SA, Chauvin C, Sanders P, and Salvat G. 2015. Impact of antibiotic use in the swine industry, by Mary D. Barton. Curr. Opin. Microbiol 19 : 137–138.
Kristianingtyas, L., Effendi, M. H., Tyasningsih, W., Kurniawan, F. 2020. Genetic Identification of blactx-M Gene and blatem Gene on Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase (ESBL) Producing Escherichia Coli from Dogs. Indian Vet. J. 97 (01) : 17-21.
Laube H, Friese A, Salviati CV, Guerra B, Ka?sbohrer A, Kreienbrock L, and Roesler U. 2013. Longitudinal monitoring of extended-spectrum-beta-lactamase/AmpC- producing Escherichia coli at German broiler chicken fattening farms. Appl Environ Microbiol 79 : 4815–4820.
Levy S. 2014. Reduced antibiotic use in livestock: How Denmark tackled resistance. Environ Health Perspect 122(6) : 160–165.
Lynch JP, Clark NM, Zhanel GG. 2013. Evolution of antimicrobial resistance among Enterobacteriaceae (focus on extended spectrum ?-lactamases and carbapenemases). Expert Opin. Pharmacother. 14. 199–210. https://doi.org/10.1517/14656566.2013.763030
Masruroh CA, Sudarwanto MB, and Latif H. 2016. The Occurence of extended spectrum B-Lactamase-producing Escherichia coli from broiler feces in Bogor. JSV 34: 42-49.
McEwen SA and FedorkaCray PJ. 2002. Antimicrobial use and resistance in animals. Clinical infectious diseases 34 Suppl 3: 93-106.
Nahar A, Siddiquee M, Nahar S, Anwar KS, Ali SI, Islam S. 2014. Multidrug-resistant Proteus Mirabilis isolated from chicken droppings in commercial poultry farms: Bio-security concern and emerging public health threat in Bangladesh. Journal Biosafety and Health Education Vol. 2 : 2.
Navon-Venezia S, Kondratyeva K, and Carattoli. 2017. Klebsiella pneumoniae: a major worldwide source and shuttle for antibiotic resistance. FEMS Microbiology Reviews Vol. 41:3.
Okonko IO, Soleye FA, Amusan TA, Ogun AA, Ogunnusi TA, Ejembi J. 2009. Incidence of multi-drug resistance (MDR) organisms in Abeokuta, Southwestern Nigeria. Global J Pharmacol. 3: 69-80.
Pitout JD, and Laupland KB. 2008. Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae: an emerging public-health concern. Lancet Infect Dis. 8(3):159–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(08)70041-0
Pomba C, Rantala M, Greko C, Baptiste KE, Catry B, van Duijkeren E. 2017. Public health risk of antimicrobial resistance transfer from companion animals. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 72. 957-968. https://doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkw481
Putra, A. R. S., Effendi, M.H., Koesdarto, S., and Tyasningsih, W. 2019. Molecular Identification of Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamase (ESBL) Producing Escherichia coli Isolated From Dairy Cows in East Java Province, Indonesia. Indian Vet. J. 96 (10) : 26-30.
Putra, A.R. Effendi, M.H. Koesdarto, S. Suwarno, S. Tyasningsih, W. and Estoepangestie, A.T. 2020. Detection of the extended spectrum ?-lactamase produced by Escherichia coli from dairy cows by using the Vitek-2 method in Tulungagung regency, Indonesia. Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Sciences, 34 (1): 203-207.
Rahmahani J, Salamah, Mufasirin, Tyasningsih W Effendi MH. 2020. Antimicrobial Resistance Profile of Escherichia coli From Cloacal Swab of Domestic Chicken In Surabaya Traditional Market. Biochem. Cell. Arch. 20(1): 2993-2997.
Rashed N, Aftab U, Azizul H, Saurab KM, Mrityunjoy A, and Majibur, R. 2013. Microbiological study of vendor and packed fruit juices locally available in Dhaka city, Bangladesh. Int. Food Res. J. 20(2): 1011-1015.
Riwu, K.H.P., Effendi, M.H., Rantam, F.A. 2020. A Review of Extended Spectrum ?-Lactamase (ESBL) Producing Klebsiella pneumoniae and Multidrug Resistant (MDR) on Companion Animals. Sys Rev Pharm. 11(7):270-277.
Stock I and Wiedemann B. 2001. Natural antibiotic susceptibility of Klebsiella pneumoniae, K. oxytoca, K. planticola, K. ornithinolytica and K. terrigena strains. J. Med. Microbiol 50(5): 396-406.
Struve C, Bojer M, and Krogfelt KA. 2009. Identification of a conserved chromosomal region encoding Klebsiella pneumoniae type 1 and type 3 fimbriae and assessment of the role of fimbriae in pathogenicity. Infection and immunity 77(11):50 16-24.
Thyagarajan D, Barathi M, and Sakthivadivu R. 2014. Risk mitigation of poultry industry pollutants and waste for environ- mental safety. Glob. J. Sci. Front. Res. Agric. Vet 14(1): 1-10.
Vasilakopoulou A,Karakosta P, Vourli S, Tarpatzi A, Varda P, Kostoula M, Antoniadou A, and Pournaras S. 2020. Gastrointestinal carriage of vancomycin-resistant Enterococci and Carbapenem-resistant gram-negative bacteria in an endemic setting: prevalence, risk factors, and outcomes. Frontiers in Public Health 8 : 55.
Watts JL. 2013. Performance standards for antimicrobial disk and dilution susceptibility tests for bacteria isolated from animals: Approved Standard Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute.
Wu F, Ying Y, Yin M, Jiang Y, Wu C, Qian C, Chen Q, Shen K, Cheng C, Zu L, Li K, Xu T, Bao Q, and Lu J. 2019. Molecular characterization of a multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae strain R46 isolated from a rabbit. International Journal of Genomics Vol. 2019 : 12.
Wibisono, F.J. Sumiarto, B., Untari, T., Effendi, M.H., Permatasari, D.A., Witaningrum. A.M. 2020. The Presence of Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamase (ESBL) Producing Escherichia coli On Layer Chicken Farms In Blitar Area, Indonesia. BIODIVERSITAS, 21 (6): 2667-2671.
Wibisono, F.J., Sumiarto, B., Untari, T., Effendi, M.H., Permatasari, D.A., Witaningrum, A.M. 2020. CTX Gene of Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamase (ESBL) Producing Escherichia coli on Broilers in Blitar, Indonesia. Sys Rev Pharm. 11(7): 396-403.
Widodo, A., Effendi, M.H., Khairullah, A.R. 2020. Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Eschericia coli from livestock. Sys Rev Pharm 11(7): 382-392.
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