Herbivore insects and predatory arthropods in freshwater swamp rice field in South Sumatra, Indonesia sprayed with bioinsecticides of entomopathogenic fungi and abamectin
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Abstract. Herlinda S, Prabawati G, Pujiastuti Y, Susilawati, Karenia T, Hasbi, Irsan C. 2020. Herbivore insects and predatory arthropods in freshwater swamp rice field in South Sumatra, Indonesia sprayed with bioinsecticides of entomopathogenic fungi and abamectin. Biodiversitas 21: 3755-3768. Herbivore insect population and predatory arthropods in rice field may be effected by the application entomopathogenic fungi or synthetic insecticide. The objective of this research was to analyze individual quantity of herbivore insects and predatory arthropod inhabiting freshwater swamp rice fields treated with bioinsecticides and abamectin (commercial insecticide). This research was conducted in the freshwater swamp rice field located in Village Pelabuhan Dalam, Sub District Pemulutan, District Ogan Ilir, and South Sumatra. The experiment was arranged in a Completely Randomized Block Design consisted of four plots of treatment. The research used the bioinsecticides made from entomopathogenic fungi (Beauveria bassiana, Metarhizium anisopliae, and Cordyceps military), and abamectin. Sampling to collect arthropods inhabiting rice canopy was also conducted using an entomological net in the study locations. This research found 12 families of herbivore insects with 22 species dominated by Nilaparvata lugens and Leptocorisa acuta and 32 species of spider belonged to eight families dominated by Tetragnatha virescens and Oxyopes matiensis. The species diversity of spider was higher in the plots of the bioinsecticide compared to that of the abamectin. Predatory insects found belonged to 14 species belonged to eight families dominated by species of Ophionea nigrofasciata, Verania discolor, and Paedorus fuscipe. The abundance of predatory insects in plots sprayed with the bioinsecticides was higher compared to that of the abamectin plot. The abundance and species diversity of predatory arthropod sprayed with bioinsecticide of B. bassiana, M. anisopliae, and C. militaris did not decrease, while the population of herbivore insect tended to decrease.
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References
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Azod F, Shahidi NS, Mahdian K, Smagghe G. 2016. Lethal and sublethal effects of spirotetramat and abamectin on predatory beetles Menochilus sexmaculatus via prey Agonoscena pistaciae exposure, important for integrated pest management in pistachio orchards. Belgian J. Zoology, 146(2): 113–122.
Baehaki SE, Surahmat EC, Susetyo A, Senn R. 2017. Toxicity and persistence of insecticides to rove beetle Paederus fuscipes and wolf spider Lycosa pseudoannulata using semi field method. J. Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences 4(9): 331–337.
Bai SH, Ogbourne S. 2016. Chemosphere eco-toxicological effects of the avermectin family with a focus on abamectin and ivermectin. Chemosphere 154: 204–214.
Barrion A, Litsinger J. 1995. Riceland spiders of South and Southeast Asia. Entomology Division, International Rice Research Institute, Los Banos, Philippines.
Bayissa W, Ekesi S, Mohamed SA, Kaaya GP, Wagacha M, Hanna R, Maniania NK. 2016. Interactions among vegetable infesting aphids, the fungal pathogen Metarhizium anisopliae (Ascomycota: Hypocreales) and the predatory coccinellid Cheilomenes lunata (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). J. Biocontrol Science and Technology26(2): 274-290.
Chaubey SN, Yadav PR. 2017. Studies on habit and habitat, external morphology, feeding capacity and prey preference of jumping spider Menemerus semilimbatus (Simon). Journal of Experimental Zoology 20(2): 729-732.
Chinniah C, Ravikumar A, Kalyanasundaram M, Parthiban P. 2016. Field evaluation of Metarhizium anisopliae liquid formulation (Bio- Magic®) against brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens Stal on rice. J. Biopesticides 9(2): 211–219.
Chitgar MG, Hajizadeh J, Ghadamyari M, Karimi MA, Hoda H. 2017. Effect of sublethal concentration of Beauveria bassiana fungus on demographic and some biochemical parameters of predatory bug, Andrallus spinidens Fabricius (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) in laboratory conditions. Trakia J. Sciences 15(2): 160–167.
Emami F, Alichi M, Minaei K. 2013. Interaction between the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana (Ascomycota: Hypocreales) and the parasitoid wasp, Aphidius colemani Viereck (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). J. Entomological and Acarological Research 45(4):14–17.
Firouzbakht H, Zibaee A, Hoda H, Sohani MM. 2015. Virulence determination of Beauveria bassiana isolates on a predatory Hemipteran, Andrallus spinidens Fabricius (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae). Acta Phytopathologica et Entomologica Hungarica 50(1): 115–125.
Gholamzadeh-Chitgar M, Hajizadeh J, Ghadamyari M, Karimi-Malati A, Hoda H. 2017. Effect of sublethal concentration of Beauveria bassiana fungus on demographic and some biochemical parameters of predatory bug, Andrallus spinidens Fabricius (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) in laboratory conditions. Trakia Journal of Sciences 15(2), 160–167.
Girish VP, Balikai RA.2015. Efficacy of botanicals, biopesticides and insecticide molecules against ear head bug, Leptocorisa acuta (Thunberg) in paddy and their effect on yield. J. Exp. Zool. India 18(2): 943–946.
Gullan PJ, Cranston PS. 2014. The Insects: An Outline of Entomology (The 5th Edition). J Wiley & Sons, Ltd., London, UK.
Gustianingtyas M, Herlinda S, Suwandi, Suparman, Hamidson H, Hasbi, Setiawan A, Verawaty M, Elfita, Arsi. 2020.Toxicity of entomopathogenic fungal culture filtrate of lowland and highland soil of South Sumatra (Indonesia) against Spodoptera litura larvae. Biodiversitas 21(5): 1839-1849.
Hanif KI, Herlinda S, Irsan C, Pujiastuti Y, Prabawati G, Hasbi, Karenina T. 2020. The impact of bioinsecticide overdoses of Beauveria bassiana on species diversity and abundance of not targeted arthropods in South Sumatra (Indonesia) freshwater swamp paddy. Biodiversitas 21(5): 2124-2136.
Heinrichs EA, Nwilene FE, Stout M, Hadi BAR, Freitas T. 2017. Rice Insect Pests and Their Management. Burleigh Dodds Science Publishing, London England.
Herlinda S, Yudha S, Thalib R, Khodijah, Suwandi, Lakitan B, Verawaty M. 2018. Species richness and abundance of spiders inhabiting rice in fresh swamps and tidal lowlands in South Sumatra, Indonesia. J ISSAAS 24: 82-93.
Herlinda S, Karenina T, Irsan C, Pujiastuti Y. 2019a. Arthropods inhabiting flowering non-crop plants and adaptive vegetables planted around paddy fields of freshwater swamps of South Sumatra, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 20: 3328-3339.
Herlinda S, Yusticia SR, Irsan C, Asmara B, Hadi R. 2019b. Abundance of arthropods inhabiting canopy of rice cultivated using different planting methods and varieties. J Biopest. 12: 7-18.
Humber, R.A. 2012. Identification of entomopathogenic fungi. In: Lacey, L.A., editor. Manual of Techniques in Invertebrate Pathology. Academic Press: London,UK.
Ivantsova EA, Novochadov VV, Onistratenko NV, Postnova MV. 2017. Ecological aspects of phytosanitary optimization of arid agrobiocenoses of the south of Russia. Bulg. J. Agric. Sci. 23(5): 834–842.
Karenina T, Herlinda S, Irsan C, Pujiastuti Y. 2019. Abundance and species diversity of predatory arthropods inhabiting rice of refuge habitats and synthetic insecticide application in freshwater swamps in South Sumatra, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 20: 2375-2387.
Kavallieratos NG, Athanassiou GG, Kontodimas MM, Aountala K, Demetrius C. 2015. Evaluation of the entomopathogenic fungi Beauveria bassiana, Metarhizium anisopliae, and Isaria fumosorosea for control of Sitophilus oryzae. J. Food Protection 77(1): 87–93.
Kin PK, Azmi WA, Kamarudin N, Ali SRA, Moslim R. 2017. The Occurrence of entomopathogenic fungi on mineral and peat soils in Peninsular Malaysia. American Journal of Agricultural and Biological Sciences 12(1): 1-12.
Kryukov VY, Yaroslavtseva ON, Dubovskiy IM, Tyurin MV, Kryukova NA, Glupov VV. 2014. Insecticidal and immunosuppressive effect of Ascomycete Cordyceps militaris on the Larvae of the Colorado Potato Beetle Leptinotarsa decemlineata. Ecology 41:296–303.
Lami F, Masetti A, Neri U, Lener M, Staiano G, Arpai S, Burgio G. 2016. Diversity of Coccinellidae in ecological compensation areas of Italy and overlap with maize pollen shedding period. Bulletin of Insectology 69(1): 49–57.
Lee SJ, Yu JS, Nai YS, Parker BL, Skinner M, Kim JS. 2015. Beauveria bassiana sensu lato granules for management of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens in rice. BioControl 60(2): 263–270.
Li M, Lin H, Li S, Xu A, Feng M. 2012. Efficiency of entomopathogenic fungi in the control of eggs of the brown planthopper Nilaparvata lugens Stål (Homopera: Delphacidae). AJMR. 6(44): 7162–7167.
Li M, Li S, Xu A, Lin H, Chen D, Wang H. 2014. Selection of Beauveria isolates pathogenic to adults of Nilaparvata lugens. J. Insect Science 14(1): 1–12.
Liu SF, Wang GJ, Nong XQ, Liu B, Wang MM, Li SL, Cao GC, Zhang ZH. 2017. Entomopathogen Metarhizium anisopliae promotes the early development of peanut root. Plant Protect Sci. 53(2): 101–107.
Lopez DC, Zhu-Salzman K, Ek-Ramos MJ, Sword GA. 2014. The entomopathogenic fungal endophytes Purpureocillium lilacinum (formerly Paecilomyces lilacinus) and Beauveria bassiana negatively affect cotton aphid reproduction under both greenhouse and field conditions. PLoS ONE 9(8): 1-8.
Ma T, Wang H, Liang S, Xiao Q, Cao P, Chen X, Niu Y, He Y, Sun Z, Wen X, Wang C. 2019. Effects of soil-treatment with fungal biopesticides on pupation behaviors, emergence success and fitness of tea geometrid, Ectropis grisescens (Lepidoptera: Geometridae). J. Asia-Pacific Entomology 22(1):208–214.
Magurran AE. 2004. Measuring Biological Diversity. Blackwell Science, Oxford.
Mweke A, Akutse KS, Ulrichs C, Fiaboe KKM, Maniania NK, Ekesi S. 2019. Efficacy of aqueous and oil formulations of a specific Metarhizium anisopliae isolate against Aphis craccivora Koch, 1854 (Hemiptera: Aphididae) under field conditions. J Appl Entomol. 143(10): 1182-1192.
Prabawati G, Herlinda S, Pujiastuti Y. 2019. The abundance of canopy arthropods in South Sumatra (Indonesia) freshwater swamp main and ratooned rice applied with bioinsecticides and synthetic insecticide. Biodiversitas 20: 2921-2930.
Preetha G, Stanley J, Suresh S, Samiyappan R. 2010. Risk assessment of insecticides used in rice on miridbug, Cyrtorhinus lividipennis Reuter, the important predator of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens (Stal). Chemosphere 80(5): 498–503.
Rachmawati R, Kinoshita H, Nihira T. 2018. Production of insect toxin beauvericin from entomopathogenic fungi Cordyceps militaris by heterologous expression of global regulator. Agrivita 40(1): 177-184.
Safitri A, Herlinda S, Setiawan A. 2018. Entomopathogenic fungi of soils of freshwater swamps, tidal lowlands, peatlands, and highlands of South Sumatra, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 19: 2365-2373.
Salachna A, Olearczyk Z. 2020. Assessment of the ecological potential of the So?a River Cascade on the basis of the selected biological indicators. Journal of Ecological Engineering 21: 81–87.
Scorsetti AC, Pelizza, S, Fogel MN, Vianna F, Schneider MI. 2017. Interactions between the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana and the Neotropical predator Eriopis connexa (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae): Implications in biological control of pest. J. Plant Protection Research 57(4):389?395.
Seiedy M, Heydari S, Tork M. 2015. Orientation of Hippodamiavariegata (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) to healthy and Beauveria bassiana-infected Aphis fabae (Hemiptera: Aphididae) in an olfactometer system. Turkish Journal of Zoology 39: 53-58.
Shrestha B, Tanaka E, Hyun MW, Han JG, Kim CS, Jo JW, Han SK, Oh J, Sung GH. 2016. Coleopteran and lepidopteran hosts of the entomopathogenic genus Cordyceps sensu lato. J. Mycology 2016: 1–14.
Sumikarsih E, Herlinda S, Pujiastuti Y. 2019. Conidial density and viability of Beauveria bassiana isolates from Java and Sumatra and their virulence against Nilaparvata lugens at different temperatures. Agrivita 41: 335-349.
Suwandi, Ammar M, Irsan C. 2012. Application of extract compost increased yield and suppressed the diseases of ratoon rice crop in tidal swamp of Banyuasin Regency. Jurnal Lahan Suboptimal 1(2):116–122. [Indonesia]
Zheng P, Xia Y, Xiao G, Xiong C, Hu X, Zhang S, Zheng H, Huang Y, Zhou Y, Wang S, Zhao GP, Liu X, StLeger RJ, Wang C. 2011. Genome sequence of the insect pathogenic fungus Cordyceps militaris, a valued traditional Chinese medicine. Genome Biology 12: 1-21.
Ayudya DR, Herlinda S, Suwandi S. 2019. Insecticidal activity of culture filtrates from liquid medium of Beauveria bassiana isolates from South Sumatra (Indonesia) wetland soil against larvae of Spodoptera litura. Biodiversitas 20: 2101-2109.
Azod F, Shahidi NS, Mahdian K, Smagghe G. 2016. Lethal and sublethal effects of spirotetramat and abamectin on predatory beetles Menochilus sexmaculatus via prey Agonoscena pistaciae exposure, important for integrated pest management in pistachio orchards. Belgian J. Zoology, 146(2): 113–122.
Baehaki SE, Surahmat EC, Susetyo A, Senn R. 2017. Toxicity and persistence of insecticides to rove beetle Paederus fuscipes and wolf spider Lycosa pseudoannulata using semi field method. J. Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences 4(9): 331–337.
Bai SH, Ogbourne S. 2016. Chemosphere eco-toxicological effects of the avermectin family with a focus on abamectin and ivermectin. Chemosphere 154: 204–214.
Barrion A, Litsinger J. 1995. Riceland spiders of South and Southeast Asia. Entomology Division, International Rice Research Institute, Los Banos, Philippines.
Bayissa W, Ekesi S, Mohamed SA, Kaaya GP, Wagacha M, Hanna R, Maniania NK. 2016. Interactions among vegetable infesting aphids, the fungal pathogen Metarhizium anisopliae (Ascomycota: Hypocreales) and the predatory coccinellid Cheilomenes lunata (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). J. Biocontrol Science and Technology26(2): 274-290.
Chaubey SN, Yadav PR. 2017. Studies on habit and habitat, external morphology, feeding capacity and prey preference of jumping spider Menemerus semilimbatus (Simon). Journal of Experimental Zoology 20(2): 729-732.
Chinniah C, Ravikumar A, Kalyanasundaram M, Parthiban P. 2016. Field evaluation of Metarhizium anisopliae liquid formulation (Bio- Magic®) against brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens Stal on rice. J. Biopesticides 9(2): 211–219.
Chitgar MG, Hajizadeh J, Ghadamyari M, Karimi MA, Hoda H. 2017. Effect of sublethal concentration of Beauveria bassiana fungus on demographic and some biochemical parameters of predatory bug, Andrallus spinidens Fabricius (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) in laboratory conditions. Trakia J. Sciences 15(2): 160–167.
Emami F, Alichi M, Minaei K. 2013. Interaction between the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana (Ascomycota: Hypocreales) and the parasitoid wasp, Aphidius colemani Viereck (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). J. Entomological and Acarological Research 45(4):14–17.
Firouzbakht H, Zibaee A, Hoda H, Sohani MM. 2015. Virulence determination of Beauveria bassiana isolates on a predatory Hemipteran, Andrallus spinidens Fabricius (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae). Acta Phytopathologica et Entomologica Hungarica 50(1): 115–125.
Gholamzadeh-Chitgar M, Hajizadeh J, Ghadamyari M, Karimi-Malati A, Hoda H. 2017. Effect of sublethal concentration of Beauveria bassiana fungus on demographic and some biochemical parameters of predatory bug, Andrallus spinidens Fabricius (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) in laboratory conditions. Trakia Journal of Sciences 15(2), 160–167.
Girish VP, Balikai RA.2015. Efficacy of botanicals, biopesticides and insecticide molecules against ear head bug, Leptocorisa acuta (Thunberg) in paddy and their effect on yield. J. Exp. Zool. India 18(2): 943–946.
Gullan PJ, Cranston PS. 2014. The Insects: An Outline of Entomology (The 5th Edition). J Wiley & Sons, Ltd., London, UK.
Gustianingtyas M, Herlinda S, Suwandi, Suparman, Hamidson H, Hasbi, Setiawan A, Verawaty M, Elfita, Arsi. 2020.Toxicity of entomopathogenic fungal culture filtrate of lowland and highland soil of South Sumatra (Indonesia) against Spodoptera litura larvae. Biodiversitas 21(5): 1839-1849.
Hanif KI, Herlinda S, Irsan C, Pujiastuti Y, Prabawati G, Hasbi, Karenina T. 2020. The impact of bioinsecticide overdoses of Beauveria bassiana on species diversity and abundance of not targeted arthropods in South Sumatra (Indonesia) freshwater swamp paddy. Biodiversitas 21(5): 2124-2136.
Heinrichs EA, Nwilene FE, Stout M, Hadi BAR, Freitas T. 2017. Rice Insect Pests and Their Management. Burleigh Dodds Science Publishing, London England.
Herlinda S, Yudha S, Thalib R, Khodijah, Suwandi, Lakitan B, Verawaty M. 2018. Species richness and abundance of spiders inhabiting rice in fresh swamps and tidal lowlands in South Sumatra, Indonesia. J ISSAAS 24: 82-93.
Herlinda S, Karenina T, Irsan C, Pujiastuti Y. 2019a. Arthropods inhabiting flowering non-crop plants and adaptive vegetables planted around paddy fields of freshwater swamps of South Sumatra, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 20: 3328-3339.
Herlinda S, Yusticia SR, Irsan C, Asmara B, Hadi R. 2019b. Abundance of arthropods inhabiting canopy of rice cultivated using different planting methods and varieties. J Biopest. 12: 7-18.
Humber, R.A. 2012. Identification of entomopathogenic fungi. In: Lacey, L.A., editor. Manual of Techniques in Invertebrate Pathology. Academic Press: London,UK.
Ivantsova EA, Novochadov VV, Onistratenko NV, Postnova MV. 2017. Ecological aspects of phytosanitary optimization of arid agrobiocenoses of the south of Russia. Bulg. J. Agric. Sci. 23(5): 834–842.
Karenina T, Herlinda S, Irsan C, Pujiastuti Y. 2019. Abundance and species diversity of predatory arthropods inhabiting rice of refuge habitats and synthetic insecticide application in freshwater swamps in South Sumatra, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 20: 2375-2387.
Kavallieratos NG, Athanassiou GG, Kontodimas MM, Aountala K, Demetrius C. 2015. Evaluation of the entomopathogenic fungi Beauveria bassiana, Metarhizium anisopliae, and Isaria fumosorosea for control of Sitophilus oryzae. J. Food Protection 77(1): 87–93.
Kin PK, Azmi WA, Kamarudin N, Ali SRA, Moslim R. 2017. The Occurrence of entomopathogenic fungi on mineral and peat soils in Peninsular Malaysia. American Journal of Agricultural and Biological Sciences 12(1): 1-12.
Kryukov VY, Yaroslavtseva ON, Dubovskiy IM, Tyurin MV, Kryukova NA, Glupov VV. 2014. Insecticidal and immunosuppressive effect of Ascomycete Cordyceps militaris on the Larvae of the Colorado Potato Beetle Leptinotarsa decemlineata. Ecology 41:296–303.
Lami F, Masetti A, Neri U, Lener M, Staiano G, Arpai S, Burgio G. 2016. Diversity of Coccinellidae in ecological compensation areas of Italy and overlap with maize pollen shedding period. Bulletin of Insectology 69(1): 49–57.
Lee SJ, Yu JS, Nai YS, Parker BL, Skinner M, Kim JS. 2015. Beauveria bassiana sensu lato granules for management of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens in rice. BioControl 60(2): 263–270.
Li M, Lin H, Li S, Xu A, Feng M. 2012. Efficiency of entomopathogenic fungi in the control of eggs of the brown planthopper Nilaparvata lugens Stål (Homopera: Delphacidae). AJMR. 6(44): 7162–7167.
Li M, Li S, Xu A, Lin H, Chen D, Wang H. 2014. Selection of Beauveria isolates pathogenic to adults of Nilaparvata lugens. J. Insect Science 14(1): 1–12.
Liu SF, Wang GJ, Nong XQ, Liu B, Wang MM, Li SL, Cao GC, Zhang ZH. 2017. Entomopathogen Metarhizium anisopliae promotes the early development of peanut root. Plant Protect Sci. 53(2): 101–107.
Lopez DC, Zhu-Salzman K, Ek-Ramos MJ, Sword GA. 2014. The entomopathogenic fungal endophytes Purpureocillium lilacinum (formerly Paecilomyces lilacinus) and Beauveria bassiana negatively affect cotton aphid reproduction under both greenhouse and field conditions. PLoS ONE 9(8): 1-8.
Ma T, Wang H, Liang S, Xiao Q, Cao P, Chen X, Niu Y, He Y, Sun Z, Wen X, Wang C. 2019. Effects of soil-treatment with fungal biopesticides on pupation behaviors, emergence success and fitness of tea geometrid, Ectropis grisescens (Lepidoptera: Geometridae). J. Asia-Pacific Entomology 22(1):208–214.
Magurran AE. 2004. Measuring Biological Diversity. Blackwell Science, Oxford.
Mweke A, Akutse KS, Ulrichs C, Fiaboe KKM, Maniania NK, Ekesi S. 2019. Efficacy of aqueous and oil formulations of a specific Metarhizium anisopliae isolate against Aphis craccivora Koch, 1854 (Hemiptera: Aphididae) under field conditions. J Appl Entomol. 143(10): 1182-1192.
Prabawati G, Herlinda S, Pujiastuti Y. 2019. The abundance of canopy arthropods in South Sumatra (Indonesia) freshwater swamp main and ratooned rice applied with bioinsecticides and synthetic insecticide. Biodiversitas 20: 2921-2930.
Preetha G, Stanley J, Suresh S, Samiyappan R. 2010. Risk assessment of insecticides used in rice on miridbug, Cyrtorhinus lividipennis Reuter, the important predator of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens (Stal). Chemosphere 80(5): 498–503.
Rachmawati R, Kinoshita H, Nihira T. 2018. Production of insect toxin beauvericin from entomopathogenic fungi Cordyceps militaris by heterologous expression of global regulator. Agrivita 40(1): 177-184.
Safitri A, Herlinda S, Setiawan A. 2018. Entomopathogenic fungi of soils of freshwater swamps, tidal lowlands, peatlands, and highlands of South Sumatra, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 19: 2365-2373.
Salachna A, Olearczyk Z. 2020. Assessment of the ecological potential of the So?a River Cascade on the basis of the selected biological indicators. Journal of Ecological Engineering 21: 81–87.
Scorsetti AC, Pelizza, S, Fogel MN, Vianna F, Schneider MI. 2017. Interactions between the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana and the Neotropical predator Eriopis connexa (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae): Implications in biological control of pest. J. Plant Protection Research 57(4):389?395.
Seiedy M, Heydari S, Tork M. 2015. Orientation of Hippodamiavariegata (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) to healthy and Beauveria bassiana-infected Aphis fabae (Hemiptera: Aphididae) in an olfactometer system. Turkish Journal of Zoology 39: 53-58.
Shrestha B, Tanaka E, Hyun MW, Han JG, Kim CS, Jo JW, Han SK, Oh J, Sung GH. 2016. Coleopteran and lepidopteran hosts of the entomopathogenic genus Cordyceps sensu lato. J. Mycology 2016: 1–14.
Sumikarsih E, Herlinda S, Pujiastuti Y. 2019. Conidial density and viability of Beauveria bassiana isolates from Java and Sumatra and their virulence against Nilaparvata lugens at different temperatures. Agrivita 41: 335-349.
Suwandi, Ammar M, Irsan C. 2012. Application of extract compost increased yield and suppressed the diseases of ratoon rice crop in tidal swamp of Banyuasin Regency. Jurnal Lahan Suboptimal 1(2):116–122. [Indonesia]
Zheng P, Xia Y, Xiao G, Xiong C, Hu X, Zhang S, Zheng H, Huang Y, Zhou Y, Wang S, Zhao GP, Liu X, StLeger RJ, Wang C. 2011. Genome sequence of the insect pathogenic fungus Cordyceps militaris, a valued traditional Chinese medicine. Genome Biology 12: 1-21.
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