Coral diversity on artificial reef from coconut shells in northern Bali, Indonesia
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EGHBERT ELVAN AMPOU
♥
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0991-1153
GEDE IWAN SETIABUDI
NURYANI WIDAGTI
I NYOMAN DODIK PRASETIA
Abstract
Artificial reef from natural product bioreeftek is very easy to apply and can be found in many tropical coastal areas namely coconut shells with natural coral recruitment. The purpose of this study was to calculate the percentages of coral cover, ratio and clustering. At the two research sites in North Bali, Pemuteran - Napoleon reef, depth 5-6m-reef slope found 13 species of live coral from 9 bioreeftek: Porites sp 32%, Pocillopora damicornis 13%, Seriatopora sp 10%, Acropora palifera, Acropora sp, Goniastrea sp, Favia sp, Pachyseris sp = 6%; Montipora sp - Echinopora sp - Favites sp - Fungia fungites and Leptoseris sp = 3%. At the Lovina - Adirama Temple, depth of 6m-reef flat was found in 14 species from 14 bioreeftek: Acropora palifera 24%, Pocillopora damicornis 21%, Porites sp 7%, Montipora sp 4% - Acropora sp - Pavona sp = 3%, Platygyra sp 2%, Acropora humilis - Millepora = 1%. Cluster Analysis showed all corals on two sites are correlated in percent cover, characteristics, influences and occurrences. Artificial reefs with natural materials such as coconut shells are necessary developed in addressing the degradation of coral reef ecosystem. The added value of bioreeftek is insertion/inserted method of coral.
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References
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Ampou EE. 2010a. Study of Prevalence on Coral Bleaching and Diseases. Ecotrophic J. Environ. Sci. Prodi Magister Ilmu Lingkung. Pasca Sarj. Univ. Udayana Bali Indones. 5 No. 2, 125–130. https://ojs.unud.ac.id/index.php/ECOTROPHIC/article/view/13597
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Ampou EE. 2012. A Structure for Cultivation of Coral Reefs. Patent ID S0001231 B. Ministry of Law and Human Rights, Directorate General of Intellectual Property Rights. Intellectual Property Rights Center, Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries. [Indonesian]
Ampou EE, Hutasoit P, Janetski N, Yusuf S, Damar A, Petta C, Hutahaean AA. 2019. Implementation of coral propagation for coral reef garden in Nusa Dua, Bali. IOP Conf. Ser. Earth Environ. Sci. 370, 012080. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/370/1/012080
Ampou EE, Triyulianti I, Widagti N, Nugroho SC, Pancawati Y. 2020. Bacteria on Scleractinia Reefs in Bunaken, Morotai and Raja Ampat Waters. J. Pesisir Dan Laut Trop. 8, 122. https://doi.org/10.35800/jplt.8.1.2020.28128. [Indonesian]
Ampou EE, Widagti N. 2018. Bioreeftek, Technical Guide. Institute for Marine Research and Observation, Jembrana, Bali. [Indonesian]
Andréfouët S. 2008. Coral reef habitat mapping using remote sensing: A user vs producer perspective. implications for research, management and capacity building. J. Spat. Sci. 53, 113–129. https://doi.org/10.1080/14498596.2008.9635140
Arifin F, Dirgayusa IGNP, Faiqoh E. 2017. The Structure of Fish and Coral Cover Communities in the Biorock Area of Pemuteran Village, Buleleng, Bali. J. Mar. Aquat. Sci. 3, 59. https://doi.org/10.24843/jmas.2017.v3.i01.59-69. [Indonesian]
Barton JA, Willis BL, Hutson KS. 2017. Coral propagation: a review of techniques for ornamental trade and reef restoration. Rev. Aquac. 9, 238–256. https://doi.org/10.1111/raq.12135
Bianchi CN, Pronzato R, Cattaneo-Vietti R, Benedetti Cecchi L, Morri C, Pansini P, Chemello R, Milazzo M, Fraschetti S, Terlizzi A, Peirano A, Salvati E, Benzoni F, Calcinai B, Cerrano C, Bavestrello G. 2004. Hard Bottoms. Biol Mar Medit 11, 185–215.
Bluman AG. 2012. Elementary Statistics: A Step By Step Approach, Eight Edition. ed. New York: Mc Graw Hill.
Bongiorni L, Giovanelli D, Rinkevich B, Pusceddu A, Chou LM, Danovaro R. 2011. First step in the restoration of a highly degraded coral reef (Singapore) by in situ coral intensive farming. Aquaculture 322–323, 191–200. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2011.09.024
Burt J, Bartholomew A, Bauman A, Saif A, Sale PF. 2009. Coral recruitment and early benthic community development on several materials used in the construction of artificial reefs and breakwaters. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 373, 72–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jembe.2009.03.009
Douglas AE. 2003. Review: Coral bleaching––how and why? Mar. Pollut. Bull. 46, 385–392.
Dunn† JC. 1974. Well-Separated Clusters and Optimal Fuzzy Partitions. J. Cybern. 4, 95–104. https://doi.org/10.1080/01969727408546059
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Fox HE. 2004. Coral recruitment in blasted and unblasted sites in Indonesia: assessing rehabilitation potential. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 269, 131–139. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps269131
Fox HE, Mous PJ, Pet JS, Muljadi AH, Caldwell RL. 2005. Experimental Assessment of Coral Reef Rehabilitation Following Blast Fishing. Conserv. Biol. 19, 98–107. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2005.00261.x
Gómez-Lemos LA, Doropoulos C, Bayraktarov E, Diaz-Pulido G. 2018. Coralline algal metabolites induce settlement and mediate the inductive effect of epiphytic microbes on coral larvae. Sci. Rep. 8, 17557. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-35206-9
Goreau TJ. 2009. Coral reef and Fisheries Habitat Restoration In The Coral Triangle: The Key To Sustainable Reef Management, in: Proceeding of Coral Reef Management Symposium on Coral Triangle Area. Presented at the Coral Reefs Management Symposium on Coral Triangle Area, COREMAP II, Directorate General of Marine, Coasts and Small Islands Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries, Jakarta, Indonesia, pp. 244–253.
Grimsditch GD, Salm RV. 2006. Coral reef resilience and resistance to bleaching. IUCN Gland Switz. 52pp.
Heery EC, Hoeksema BW, Browne NK, Reimer JD, Ang PO, Huang D, Friess DA, Chou LM, Loke LHL, Saksena-Taylor P, Alsagoff N, Yeemin T, Sutthacheep M, Vo ST, Bos AR, Gumanao GS, Syed Hussein M, Waheed Z, Lane DJW, Johan O, Kunzmann A, Jompa J, Suharsono, Taira D, Bauman AG, Todd PA. 2018. Urban coral reefs: Degradation and resilience of hard coral assemblages in coastal cities of East and Southeast Asia. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 135, 654–681. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.07.041
Hill J, Wilkinson C. 2004. Methods for Ecological Monitoring of Coral Reefs. Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville.
Hoegh-Guldberg O. 1999. Climate change, coral bleaching and the future of the world’s coral reefs. Mar Freshw Res 50, 839–866.
Larson R, Farber B. 2012. Elementary Statistic: Picturing The World, fifth. ed. Boston: Pearson Education.
Lazuardi ME, Sudiarta IK, Ratha IMJ, Ampou EE, Nugroho SC, Mustika PL. 2012. Chapter 4: The Status of Coral Reefs in Bali, in: Bali Marine Rapid Assessment Program 2011, RAP Bulletin Biological Assessment of 64. Conservation International All rights reserved, Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia, pp. 69–77.
Munasik M, Sabdono A, Assyfa AN, Wijayanti DP, Sugiyanto S, Irwani I, Pribadi R. 2020. Coral transplantation on a multilevel substrate of Artificial Patch Reefs: effect of fixing methods on the growth rate of two Acropora species. Biodiversitas J. Biol. Divers. 21. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d210507
Plass-Johnson JG, Cardini U, van Hoytema N, Bayraktarov E, Burghardt I, Naumann MS, Wild C. 2015. Coral Bleaching, in: Armon, R.H., Hänninen, O. (Eds.), Environmental Indicators. Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht, pp. 117–146. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9499-2_9
Raymundo LJ, Couch CS, Harvell CD. 2008. Coral disease handbook: guidelines for assessment, monitoring & management. Coral Reef Targeted Research and Capacity Building for Management Program, Centre for Marine Studies, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Qld.
Tomascik T, Clarke AJ, Nontji A, Moosa MK. 1997. The Ecology of Indonesian Seas, Part I. The Ecology of Indonesia Series, Volume VII, Periplus. ed. Singapore.
Turak E, DeVantier L. 2012. Chapter 5: Biodiversity and Conservation Priorities of Reef-building Corals in Bali, Indonesia, in: Bali Marine Rapid Assessment Program 2011, RAP Bulletin Biological Assessment of 64. Conservation International All rights reserved, Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia, pp. 78–130.
Turak E, DeVantier L. 2003. Reef-building corals of Bunaken National Park, North Sulawesi, Indonesia: Rapid ecological assessment of biodiversity and status. Final Report to the International Ocean Institute Regional Centre for Australia & the Western Pacific.
Twinandia D, Mubarak AS, Mukti AT. 2011. Effect of Area of Coral Reef Coverage on Biorock and Reef Seen Locations on Fish Species Diversity in Pemuteran Bali. J. Ilm. Perikan. Dan Kelaut. FPK Unair 3. [Indonesian]
Veron JEN, DeVantier LM, Turak E, Green AL, Kininmonth S, Stafford-Smith M, Peterson N. 2009. Delineating the Coral Triangle. Galaxea J. Coral Reef Stud. 11, 91–100.
Williams SL, Sur C, Janetski N, Hollarsmith JA, Rapi S, Barron L, Heatwole SJ, Yusuf AM, Yusuf S, Jompa J, Mars F. 2019. Large-scale coral reef rehabilitation after blast fishing in Indonesia: Coral reef rehabilitation. Restor. Ecol. 27, 447–456. https://doi.org/10.1111/rec.12866
Yunaldi, Arthana IW, Astarini IA. 2011. Study of the Development of Coral Fish Community Structure on Artificial Reefs in the Form of Hexadome in Various Waters Conditions in Buleleng Regency, Bali. J. Ilmu Lingkung. J. Environ. Sci. 6, 107–112. [Indonesian]
Ampou EE. 2010a. Study of Prevalence on Coral Bleaching and Diseases. Ecotrophic J. Environ. Sci. Prodi Magister Ilmu Lingkung. Pasca Sarj. Univ. Udayana Bali Indones. 5 No. 2, 125–130. https://ojs.unud.ac.id/index.php/ECOTROPHIC/article/view/13597
Ampou EE. 2010b. Coconut Shell As The Main Material Of Bioreef. Divemag 1 No. 007, 36–38. [Indonesian]
Ampou EE. 2012. A Structure for Cultivation of Coral Reefs. Patent ID S0001231 B. Ministry of Law and Human Rights, Directorate General of Intellectual Property Rights. Intellectual Property Rights Center, Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries. [Indonesian]
Ampou EE, Hutasoit P, Janetski N, Yusuf S, Damar A, Petta C, Hutahaean AA. 2019. Implementation of coral propagation for coral reef garden in Nusa Dua, Bali. IOP Conf. Ser. Earth Environ. Sci. 370, 012080. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/370/1/012080
Ampou EE, Triyulianti I, Widagti N, Nugroho SC, Pancawati Y. 2020. Bacteria on Scleractinia Reefs in Bunaken, Morotai and Raja Ampat Waters. J. Pesisir Dan Laut Trop. 8, 122. https://doi.org/10.35800/jplt.8.1.2020.28128. [Indonesian]
Ampou EE, Widagti N. 2018. Bioreeftek, Technical Guide. Institute for Marine Research and Observation, Jembrana, Bali. [Indonesian]
Andréfouët S. 2008. Coral reef habitat mapping using remote sensing: A user vs producer perspective. implications for research, management and capacity building. J. Spat. Sci. 53, 113–129. https://doi.org/10.1080/14498596.2008.9635140
Arifin F, Dirgayusa IGNP, Faiqoh E. 2017. The Structure of Fish and Coral Cover Communities in the Biorock Area of Pemuteran Village, Buleleng, Bali. J. Mar. Aquat. Sci. 3, 59. https://doi.org/10.24843/jmas.2017.v3.i01.59-69. [Indonesian]
Barton JA, Willis BL, Hutson KS. 2017. Coral propagation: a review of techniques for ornamental trade and reef restoration. Rev. Aquac. 9, 238–256. https://doi.org/10.1111/raq.12135
Bianchi CN, Pronzato R, Cattaneo-Vietti R, Benedetti Cecchi L, Morri C, Pansini P, Chemello R, Milazzo M, Fraschetti S, Terlizzi A, Peirano A, Salvati E, Benzoni F, Calcinai B, Cerrano C, Bavestrello G. 2004. Hard Bottoms. Biol Mar Medit 11, 185–215.
Bluman AG. 2012. Elementary Statistics: A Step By Step Approach, Eight Edition. ed. New York: Mc Graw Hill.
Bongiorni L, Giovanelli D, Rinkevich B, Pusceddu A, Chou LM, Danovaro R. 2011. First step in the restoration of a highly degraded coral reef (Singapore) by in situ coral intensive farming. Aquaculture 322–323, 191–200. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2011.09.024
Burt J, Bartholomew A, Bauman A, Saif A, Sale PF. 2009. Coral recruitment and early benthic community development on several materials used in the construction of artificial reefs and breakwaters. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 373, 72–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jembe.2009.03.009
Douglas AE. 2003. Review: Coral bleaching––how and why? Mar. Pollut. Bull. 46, 385–392.
Dunn† JC. 1974. Well-Separated Clusters and Optimal Fuzzy Partitions. J. Cybern. 4, 95–104. https://doi.org/10.1080/01969727408546059
English S, Wilkinson C, Baker V. 1997. Survey Manual for Tropical Marine Resources, 2nd edition., ASEAN. ed. Australia Marine Science Project, Living Coastal Resources, Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, Australia.
Geospatial Information Agency, The Center for Naval Hydrography and Oceanography, Coordinating Ministry for Maritime Affairs. 2018. National Reference of Indonesian Territorial Data. [Indonesian]
Fox HE. 2004. Coral recruitment in blasted and unblasted sites in Indonesia: assessing rehabilitation potential. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 269, 131–139. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps269131
Fox HE, Mous PJ, Pet JS, Muljadi AH, Caldwell RL. 2005. Experimental Assessment of Coral Reef Rehabilitation Following Blast Fishing. Conserv. Biol. 19, 98–107. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2005.00261.x
Gómez-Lemos LA, Doropoulos C, Bayraktarov E, Diaz-Pulido G. 2018. Coralline algal metabolites induce settlement and mediate the inductive effect of epiphytic microbes on coral larvae. Sci. Rep. 8, 17557. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-35206-9
Goreau TJ. 2009. Coral reef and Fisheries Habitat Restoration In The Coral Triangle: The Key To Sustainable Reef Management, in: Proceeding of Coral Reef Management Symposium on Coral Triangle Area. Presented at the Coral Reefs Management Symposium on Coral Triangle Area, COREMAP II, Directorate General of Marine, Coasts and Small Islands Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries, Jakarta, Indonesia, pp. 244–253.
Grimsditch GD, Salm RV. 2006. Coral reef resilience and resistance to bleaching. IUCN Gland Switz. 52pp.
Heery EC, Hoeksema BW, Browne NK, Reimer JD, Ang PO, Huang D, Friess DA, Chou LM, Loke LHL, Saksena-Taylor P, Alsagoff N, Yeemin T, Sutthacheep M, Vo ST, Bos AR, Gumanao GS, Syed Hussein M, Waheed Z, Lane DJW, Johan O, Kunzmann A, Jompa J, Suharsono, Taira D, Bauman AG, Todd PA. 2018. Urban coral reefs: Degradation and resilience of hard coral assemblages in coastal cities of East and Southeast Asia. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 135, 654–681. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.07.041
Hill J, Wilkinson C. 2004. Methods for Ecological Monitoring of Coral Reefs. Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville.
Hoegh-Guldberg O. 1999. Climate change, coral bleaching and the future of the world’s coral reefs. Mar Freshw Res 50, 839–866.
Larson R, Farber B. 2012. Elementary Statistic: Picturing The World, fifth. ed. Boston: Pearson Education.
Lazuardi ME, Sudiarta IK, Ratha IMJ, Ampou EE, Nugroho SC, Mustika PL. 2012. Chapter 4: The Status of Coral Reefs in Bali, in: Bali Marine Rapid Assessment Program 2011, RAP Bulletin Biological Assessment of 64. Conservation International All rights reserved, Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia, pp. 69–77.
Munasik M, Sabdono A, Assyfa AN, Wijayanti DP, Sugiyanto S, Irwani I, Pribadi R. 2020. Coral transplantation on a multilevel substrate of Artificial Patch Reefs: effect of fixing methods on the growth rate of two Acropora species. Biodiversitas J. Biol. Divers. 21. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d210507
Plass-Johnson JG, Cardini U, van Hoytema N, Bayraktarov E, Burghardt I, Naumann MS, Wild C. 2015. Coral Bleaching, in: Armon, R.H., Hänninen, O. (Eds.), Environmental Indicators. Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht, pp. 117–146. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9499-2_9
Raymundo LJ, Couch CS, Harvell CD. 2008. Coral disease handbook: guidelines for assessment, monitoring & management. Coral Reef Targeted Research and Capacity Building for Management Program, Centre for Marine Studies, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Qld.
Tomascik T, Clarke AJ, Nontji A, Moosa MK. 1997. The Ecology of Indonesian Seas, Part I. The Ecology of Indonesia Series, Volume VII, Periplus. ed. Singapore.
Turak E, DeVantier L. 2012. Chapter 5: Biodiversity and Conservation Priorities of Reef-building Corals in Bali, Indonesia, in: Bali Marine Rapid Assessment Program 2011, RAP Bulletin Biological Assessment of 64. Conservation International All rights reserved, Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia, pp. 78–130.
Turak E, DeVantier L. 2003. Reef-building corals of Bunaken National Park, North Sulawesi, Indonesia: Rapid ecological assessment of biodiversity and status. Final Report to the International Ocean Institute Regional Centre for Australia & the Western Pacific.
Twinandia D, Mubarak AS, Mukti AT. 2011. Effect of Area of Coral Reef Coverage on Biorock and Reef Seen Locations on Fish Species Diversity in Pemuteran Bali. J. Ilm. Perikan. Dan Kelaut. FPK Unair 3. [Indonesian]
Veron JEN, DeVantier LM, Turak E, Green AL, Kininmonth S, Stafford-Smith M, Peterson N. 2009. Delineating the Coral Triangle. Galaxea J. Coral Reef Stud. 11, 91–100.
Williams SL, Sur C, Janetski N, Hollarsmith JA, Rapi S, Barron L, Heatwole SJ, Yusuf AM, Yusuf S, Jompa J, Mars F. 2019. Large-scale coral reef rehabilitation after blast fishing in Indonesia: Coral reef rehabilitation. Restor. Ecol. 27, 447–456. https://doi.org/10.1111/rec.12866
Yunaldi, Arthana IW, Astarini IA. 2011. Study of the Development of Coral Fish Community Structure on Artificial Reefs in the Form of Hexadome in Various Waters Conditions in Buleleng Regency, Bali. J. Ilmu Lingkung. J. Environ. Sci. 6, 107–112. [Indonesian]
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