Ant and termite diversity in Indonesian oil palm plantation: Investigating the effect of natural habitat existence
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Abstract. Rizali A, Karindah S, Windari A, Rahardjo BT, Nurindah, Sahari B. 2020. Ant and termite diversity in Indonesian oil palm plantation: Investigating the effect of natural habitat existence. Biodiversitas 21: 1326-1331. Natural habitat existence in oil palm plantation has high conservation value and plays an important role in maintaining biodiversity. However, different taxa may have different responses to the presence of natural habitats. This research was aimed to investigate the effect of natural habitat existence on ant and termite diversity in oil palm plantation. The field research was conducted in oil palm plantation located in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia. Twelve plots of oil palm plantation with different habitat characteristics were selected. Ants and termites were sampled using hand collection in six subplots for each plot. In total, 38 species of ants and 9 species of termites were collected from all research areas. The results showed that the area of natural habitats and the distance of oil palm field to natural habitats affected the diversity of termites in the oil palm plantation, but ant diversity did not show to be affected by the same conditions. Based on the generalized linear model, the area of natural habitats in the oil palm plantation had a negative relationship with the diversity of termites. In conclusion, the termite species community is more affected by natural habitats than ants in oil palm plantation.
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References
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Sanabria C, Dubs F, Lavelle P, Fonte SJ, Barot S. 2016. Influence of regions, land uses and soil properties on termite and ant communities in agricultural landscapes of the Colombian Llanos. European Journal of Soil Biology 74: 81-92.
Tscharntke T, Karp DS, Chaplin-Kramer R, Batáry P, DeClerck F, Gratton C, Hunt L, Ives A, Jonsson M, Larsen A, Martin EA, Martínez-Salinas A, Meehan TD, O'Rourke M, Poveda K, Rosenheim JA, Rusch A, Schellhorn N, Wanger TC, Wratten S, Zhang W. 2016. When natural habitat fails to enhance biological pest control – Five hypotheses. Biological Conservation 204: 449-458.
Wood BJ. 1971. Development of integrated control programs for pests of tropical perennial crops in Malaysia. In: Huffaker CB (Ed.) Biological Control. pp. 422-457. Plenum Press, New York.
Xu Z, Zhou G. 2017. Identification and Control of Common Weeds: Volume 1-3, Springer, Dordrecht.
Zuur AF, Ieno EN, Walker NJ, Saveliev AA, Smith GM. 2009. Mixed Effects Models and Extensions in Ecology with R, Springer, New York.
Andersen AN. 2000. Global ecology of rainforest ants: functional groups in relation to environmental stress and disturbance. In: Agosti D, Majer JD, Alonso LE, Schultz TR (Eds.), Ants: Standard Methods for Measuring and Monitoring Biodiversity. pp. 25-34. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington.
Ashraf M, Zulkifli R, Sanusi R, Tohiran KA, Terhem R, Moslim R, Norhisham AR, Ashton-Butt A, Azhar B. 2018. Alley-cropping system can boost arthropod biodiversity and ecosystem functions in oil palm plantations. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 260: 19-26.
Azhar B, Lindenmayer DB, Wood J, Fischer J, Manning A, McElhinny C, Zakaria M. 2011. The conservation value of oil palm plantation estates, smallholdings and logged peat swamp forest for birds. Forest Ecology and Management 262: 2306-2315.
Bignell DE, Eggleton P. 2000. Termites in ecosystems. In: Abe T, Bignell DE, Higashi M (Eds.), Termites: Evolution, Sociality, Symbiosis, Ecology. pp. 363-387. Kluwer Academic Publications, Dordrecht, the Netherlands.
Bolton B. 1994. Identification Guide to the Ant Genera of the World, Harvard University Press, Cambridge.
Brown WL, Jr. 2000. Diversity of ants. In: Agosti D, Majer JD, Alonso LE, Schultz TR (Eds.), Ants: Standard Methods for Measuring and Monitoring Biodiversity. pp. 45-79. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington.
Daily GC, Ehrlich PR, Sánchez-Azofeifa GA. 2001. Countryside biogeography: use of human-dominated habitats by the avifauna of Southern Costa Rica. Ecological Applications 11: 1-13.
Eggleton P. 2000. Global patterns of termite diversity. In: Abe T, Bignell DE, Higashi M (Eds.), Termites: Evolution, Sociality, Symbiosis, Ecology. pp. 25-51. Kluwer Academic Publications, Dordrecht, the Netherlands.
Eggleton P, Bignell DE, Hauser S, Dibog L, Norgrove L, Madong B. 2002. Termite diversity across an anthropogenic gradient in the humid forest zone of West Africa. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 90: 189-202.
Evans TA, Dawes TZ, Ward PR, Lo N. 2011. Ants and termites increase crop yield in a dry climate. Nature Communications 2: 7pp.
Feintrenie L, Schwarze S, Levang P. 2010. Are local people conservationists? Analysis of transition dynamics from agroforests to monoculture plantations in Indonesia. Ecology and Society 15: 37.
Fitzherbert EB, Struebig MJ, Morel A, Danielsen F, Brühl CA, Donald PF, Phalan B. 2008. How will oil palm expansion affect biodiversity? Trends in Ecology and Evolution 23: 538-545.
Gazhali A, Asmah S, Syafiq M, Yahya MS, Aziz N, Peng T, Norhisham AR, Puan CL, Turner EC, Azhar B. 2016. Effects of monoculture and polyculture farming in oil palm smallholdings on terrestrial arthropod diversity. Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology 19: 415-421.
Gómez C, Casellas D, Oliveras J, Bas JM. 2003. Structure of ground-foraging ant assemblages in relation to land-use change in the northwestern Mediterranean region. Biodiversity and Conservation 12: 2135-2146.
Hadlington PW. 1996. Australian Termites and Other Common Timber Pests, UNSW Press, Sydney.
Holt JA, Lepage M. 2000. Termites and soil properties. In: Abe T, Bignell DE, Higashi M (Eds.), Termites: Evolution, Sociality, Symbioses, Ecology. pp. 389-407. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, the Netherlands.
Jones DT, Susilo FX, Bignell DE, Hardiwinoto S, Gillison AN, Eggleton P. 2003. Termite assemblage collapse along a land-use intensification gradient in lowland central Sumatra, Indonesia. Journal of Applied Ecology 40: 380-391.
Koh LP, Wilcove DS. 2008. Is oil palm agriculture really destroying tropical biodiversity? Conservation Letters 1: 60-64.
Krishna K, Grimaldi DA, Krishna V, Engel MS. 2013. Treatise on the Isoptera of the world. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 377: 1-2704.
Kruess A, Tscharntke T. 1994. Habitat fragmentation, species loss, and biological control. Science 264: 1581-1584.
Kuussaari M, Bommarco R, Heikkinen RK, Helm A, Krauss J, Lindborg R, Ockinger E, Partel M, Pino J, Roda F, Stefanescu C, Teder T, Zobel M, Steffan-Dewenter I. 2009. Extinction debt: a challenge for biodiversity conservation. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 24: 564-571.
Lattke JE. 2000. Specimen processing: building and curating an ant collection. In: Agosti D, Majer JD, Alonso LE, Schultz TR (Eds.), Ants: Standard Methods for Measuring and Monitoring Biodiversity. pp. 155-171. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington.
Lawton JH, Bignell DE, Bloemers GF, Eggleton P, Hodda ME. 1996. Carbon flux and diversity of nematodes and termites in Cameroon forest soils. Biodiversity and Conservation 5: 261-273.
Maas B, Putra DD, Waltert M, Clough Y, Tscharntke T, Schulze CH. 2009. Six years of habitat modification in a tropical rainforest margin of Indonesia do not affect bird diversity but endemic forest species. Biological Conservation 142: 2665-2671.
Philpott SM, Perfecto I, Armbrecht I, Parr CL. 2010. Ant diversity and function in disturbed and changing habitats. In: Lach L, Parr CL, Abbott KL (Eds.), Ant Ecology. pp. 137-156. Oxford University Press, New York.
Philpott SM, Arendt WJ, Armbrecht I, Bichier P, Diestch TV, Gordon C, Greenberg R, Perfecto I, Reynoso-Santos R, Soto-Pinto L, Tejeda-Cruz C, Williams-Linera G, Valenzuela J, Zolotoff JM. 2008. Biodiversity loss in Latin American coffee landscapes: review of the evidence on ants, birds, and trees. Conservation Biology 22: 1093-1105.
R Core Team. 2019. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria.
Sanabria C, Dubs F, Lavelle P, Fonte SJ, Barot S. 2016. Influence of regions, land uses and soil properties on termite and ant communities in agricultural landscapes of the Colombian Llanos. European Journal of Soil Biology 74: 81-92.
Tscharntke T, Karp DS, Chaplin-Kramer R, Batáry P, DeClerck F, Gratton C, Hunt L, Ives A, Jonsson M, Larsen A, Martin EA, Martínez-Salinas A, Meehan TD, O'Rourke M, Poveda K, Rosenheim JA, Rusch A, Schellhorn N, Wanger TC, Wratten S, Zhang W. 2016. When natural habitat fails to enhance biological pest control – Five hypotheses. Biological Conservation 204: 449-458.
Wood BJ. 1971. Development of integrated control programs for pests of tropical perennial crops in Malaysia. In: Huffaker CB (Ed.) Biological Control. pp. 422-457. Plenum Press, New York.
Xu Z, Zhou G. 2017. Identification and Control of Common Weeds: Volume 1-3, Springer, Dordrecht.
Zuur AF, Ieno EN, Walker NJ, Saveliev AA, Smith GM. 2009. Mixed Effects Models and Extensions in Ecology with R, Springer, New York.
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