The abundance and diversity of butterflies (Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera) in Talaud Islands, North Sulawesi, Indonesia
##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.sidebar##
Issue
Section
Articles
##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.main##
Abstract
Abstract. Koneri R, Nangoy MJ, Siahaan P. 2019. The abundance and diversity of butterflies (Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera) in Talaud Islands, North Sulawesi, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 20: 3275-3283. Butterflies play a number of roles in the ecosystem. They help pollination and natural propagation and also are an important element of the food chain as prey for bats, birds, and other insectivorous animals. This study aimed to analyze the abundance and diversity of butterflies (Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera) in the Talaud Islands of North Sulawesi, Indonesia. The sampling method used was scan sampling along the transect line in three habitat types, namely, forest edge, farmland, and shrubland. The species diversity was determined by using the diversity index (Shanon-Wiener), the species richness index was calculated using the Margalef species richness index (R1), while species evenness was counted by using the Shannon evenness index (E). One-way ANOVA and Duncan test at the 95% significance level were used to determine differences in species richness, species abundance, species diversity values, and species evenness among habitat. In this study, we identified 1008 individuals of butterfly consisted of 32 species and five families. Nymphalidae was the dominant family with 15 species, while the highest abundance species was Eurema tominia. The highest species abundance, species richness index, species diversity index, and species evenness index were found in forest edge habitat. The largest similarity index of the composition of the butterfly communities was found in forest edge and farmland habitats. The abundance and diversity of butterfly species in a habitat are strongly influenced by the diversity of vegetation as shelter and source of nectar for butterflies, and the existence of a river as a source of water and minerals from wet rocks, mud, and sand along the riverside.
##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.details##
References
Abrol DP. 2012. Pollination Biology: Biodiversity Conservation and Agricultural Production. Springer, Heidelberg, Aguirre-Gutiérrez J, Marshall L, Wallisdevries M, van’t Zelfde M, Villalobos-Arambula AR, |Boekelo B, Bartholomeus H, Franzen M, Biesmeijer JC. 2017. Butterflies show different functional and species diversity in relationship to vegetation structure and land use. ?Global Ecology and Biogeography 26: 1-12.
Amir MWA, Noerdjito WA, Kahono K. 2003. Butterflies (Lepidoptera) in Insects Mountain National Park Hazy Western Java. Biodiversity Conversation Project, Bogor.
Arya MK, Dayakrishnan, Chaudhary R. 2014. Species richnes and diversity of butterflies in and around kumaun University, Nainital, Uttarakhand, India. Journal of Entomology and Zoololgy Studies 2: 153-159.
Bobo KS, Waltert M, Fermon H, Njokagbor J, Muhlenberg M. 2006. From forest to farmland: butterfl y diversity and habitat associations along a gradient of forest conversion in southwestern Cameroon. Journal of Insect Conservation 10: 29–42.
Boggs CL, Dau B 2004. A resource specialization in puddling Lepidoptera. Environmental Entomology 33:1020-1024.
Boonvanno K, Watanasit S, Permkam S, 2000. Butterfly diversity at ton Nga-Chang wildlife sanctuary, Songkhla Province, Southern Thailand. SciAsia, 26: 105-110.
Borror DJ, Triplehorn CA, Johnson NF. 1996. Introduction to the Study ff Insects, 6th Edition. Saunders College Publishing, Ohio, USA.
Braby MF. 2000. The Butterflies of Australia: Their Identification, Biology and Distribution. CSIRO Publishing: Collingwood; 976 pp.
Brown KS. 1996. The use of insects in the study, conservation and monitoring of biological diversity in Neotropical habitats, in relation to traditional land use systems, pp. 128–149. In: S. Ae et al. (Eds). Proceedings of the International Symposium on Butterfl y Conservation. The Lepidopterological Society of Japan, Osaka, Japan.
Efendi MA. 2009. Diversity of Butterflies (Lepidoptera: Ditrysia) in “Corridor Forest”, Gunung Halimun-Salak National Park, West Java. [Tesis]. School of Post Graduate Studies of Bogor Agricultural University. Bogor.
Fermon H, Waltert M, Larsen TB, Dall’Asta U, Muhlenberg M. 2005. Forest use and vertical stratification in fruitfeeding butterflies of Sulawesi, Indonesia: impacts for conservation. Biodivity and Conservation 14: 333-350.
Harmonis, Saud OR. 2017. Effects of habitat degradation and fragmentation on butterfly biodiversity in West Kotawaringin, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia. Biodiversitas18: 500-506.
Hill JK. 1999. Butterfly spatial distribution and habitat requirements in a tropical forest: impacts of selective logging. Journal of Applied Ecology 36:564-572.
Hill JK, Hamer KC, Dawood MM, Tangah J, Chey VK. 2003. Rainfall but not selective logging affect changes in abundance of a tropical forest butterfly in Sabah, Borneo. Journal of Tropical Ecololgy 19: 35-42.
Joshi PC, Arya M. 2007. Butterfly communities along altitudinal gradients in a protected forest in the Western Himalayas, India. Natl. History J. Chulalongkorn University 7: 1-9.
Kannagi A, Sivakumar V, Santhi V. 2016. Diversity of dragonflies (Insecta: Odonata) in a deciduous forest of Thoothukudi District, Tamil Nadu, South India. International Journal of Environ.Protect. and Policy 4: 58-63.
Kendeigh SC.1980. Ecology with Special Reference to Animal and Men. Prentice Hall of India Private Ltd. New Delhi.
Kocher SD, Williams EH. 2000. The Diversity and abundance of North America Butterflies, vary with habitat disturbance and geography. Journal of Biogeography 27: 785-794.
Koh LP. 2007. Impacts of land use change on South-east Asian forest butterfl ies: a review. Journal of Applied Ecology 44: 703–713.
Koneri R, Maabuat PV. 2016. Diversity of butterflies (Lepidoptera) in Manembo-Nembo Wildlife Reserve, North Sulawesi. Pakistan Journal of Biology Science 19: 202-210.
Koneri R, Nangoy MJ. 2019. Butterfly community structure and diversity in Sangihe Islands, North, Sulawesi, Indonesia. Applied Ecology and Environmental Research 17: 2501-2517.
Koneri R, Saroyo. 2012. Distribution and diversity of butterfly (Lepidoptera) in Manado Tua Montauin, region of Bunaken National Marine Park, North Sulawesi, Indonesia. Jurnal Bumi Lestari 12: 357-365.
Knodel JJ, Fauske GM. 2004. Butterfly Gardening in North Dakota.North Dakota State University. Fargo North Dakota.
Krebs CJ. 1999. Ecological Methodology. Second Ed. Addison-Wesley, Menlo Park.
Kunte K. 2001. Butterfly diversity of Pune city along the human impact gradient. Journal of Ecology Society 13: 40-45.
Lamatoa DC, Koneri R, Siahaan R, Maabuat PC. 2013. Population of butterflies (Lepidoptera) in Mantheage Island, North Sulawesi. Jurnal Ilmiah Sains 13: 52-56.
Lewis TO. 2001. Effect of experimental selective logging on tropical butterflies. Conservation Biology 15: 389-400.
Ludwig JA, Reynolds. 1998. Statistical Ecology; a Primer on Methods and Computing. John Wiley and Sons, New York.
Magurran AE. 1988. Ecological Diversity and its Measurements. Croom Helm, London, pp: 179.
Magurran AE. 2004. Measuring Biological Diversity. Wiley-Blackwell, Malden, USA.
Marchiori MO, Romanowski HP. 2006. Species composition and diel variation of a butterfly taxocene (Lepidoptera, Papilionoidea and Hesperioidea) in a restinga forest at Itapua State Park, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Zoologia 23: 443-454.
Martin P, Bateson P. 1993. Measuring Behavior: An Introductory Guide. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England.
Martínez-Adriano CA, Díaz-Castelazo C, Aguirre-Jaimes A. 2018. Flower-mediated plant-butterfly interactions in an heterogeneous tropical coastal ecosystem. PeerJ. 6:1-22.
Merckx T, Huertas B, Basset Y, Thomas J. 2013. A Global Perspective on Conserving Butterflies and Moths and Their Habitats. in Macdonald DW, Willis KJ (Eds.), Key Topics In Conservation Biology 2 (pp. 239–257). Chichester. Wiley-Blackwell.
Miller JC, Hammond PC. 2007. Butterflies and Moths of Pacific Northwest Forests and Woodlands: Rare, Endangered, and Management-Sensitive Species. FHTET-2006-07. Morgantown, VW: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Health Technology Enterprise Team. 234 p.
New TR, Bush MB, Sudarman HK. 1987. Butterflies from the Ujung Kulon National Park, Indonesia. Journal Lepidopterists Society 41: 29-40.
Noerdjito WA, Aswari P. 2003. Methods of Surveying and Monitoring Animal Populations: 4th Series : Papilionidae Butterflies. Center for Biological Research and Development. LIPI. Bogor.
Ohsawa M. 2005. Species richness and composition of Curculionidae (Coleoptera) in a conifer plantation, secondary forest and old-growth forest in the central Mountainous region of Japan. Ecol. Res. 20: 632-645.
Panjaitan R. 2008. Distribution of butterflies (Superfamily Papilionoidae: Lepidoptera) in Minyambou, Manokwari Arfak mountains nature reserve, West Papua. Berkala Ilmu. Biologi 7: 11-16.
Patil KG, Kanekar A, Shende VA, Bhimrao US. 2017. A report on butterfly diversity of Rawanwadi Reservoir, Bhandara (Maharashtra), India. Arthropods 6: 21-28.
Peggie D, Amir M. 2006. Practical Guide to the Butterflies of Bogor Botanic Garden. Pusat Penelitian Biologi, LIPI, Cibinong, Indonesia.
Peggie D. 2011. Precious and protected Indonesian Butterflies. PT. Binamitra Megawarna. Jakarta
Peggie D. 2014. Know of Butterfies. Pandu Aksara Publishing. Jakarta
Pollard E. 1977. A method for assessing changes in the abundance of butterflies. Biological Conservation 12: 115–134.
Posha, RMC, Sodhi NS 2006. Effects of anthropogenic land use on forest birds and butterflies in Subic Bay, Philippines. Biological Conservation 129: 256?270.
Rahayuningsih M, Oqtafiana R, Priyono B. 2012. Diversity of butterfly species in the superfamily Papilionoidae at Banyuwindu Hamlet, Limbangan Village, LimbanganDistrict, Kendal Regency. Jurnal MIPA 35: 11-20.
Ramesh T, Hussain KJ, Satpathy KK, Selvanayagam M. 2012. A Note on annual bidirectional movement of butterflies at South-Eastern Plains of India. Research in Zoology 2: 1-6.
Rizal S. 2007. Population butterfly in Rimbo Panti Nature Reserve and Lubuk Minturun West Sumatera. Mandiri. 9: 177-184.
Rosmidi FH, Zahidin MA, Adanan A, Azizah A, Pesiu E, Abdullah MT. 2017. Checklist of butterflies in Pulau Perhentian and Pulau Bidong, Terengganu. Journal of Sustainability Science and Managemen 12: 40-48.
Sari YK. 2008. Biodiversity of Butterflies in Lembah Cilengkrang Gunung Ciremai National Park. [Skripsi]. Department of Biology, Bogor Agricultural University. Bogor.
Sari EFW, Soekardi H, Nukmal N, Martinus. 2013. Diversity of Nymphalidae in Tegal Island and Puhawang Kecil Island, Lampung Bay. Conference paper: Seminar Nasional Sains & Teknologi V Lembaga Penelitian Universitas Lampung, Bandar Lampung.
Saikia KM, Kalita J, Saikia PK. 2009. Ecology and conservation needs of Nymphalid butterflies in disturbed tropical forest of Eastern Himalayan Biodiversity Hotspot, Assam, India. Journal Biodiviersity and Conservation 1: 231-250.
Sarma K, Kumar A, Devi A, Mazumdar K, Krishna M, Mudoi P, Das N. 2012. Diversity and habitat association of butterfly species in Foothilss of Itanagar, Arunchal Paradesh, India. Zoology 1: 67-77.
Schulze CH, Steffan-Dewenter I, Tsharntke T. 2004. Effect of land use on butterfly communities at the rainforest margin: a case study from Central Sulawesi, pp. 281–297. In: G. Gerold et al. (Eds). Land Use, Nature Conservation and the Stability of Rainforest Margins in Southeast Asia. Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag Berlin, 533pp.
Scoble MJ. 1992. The Lepidoptera: Form, Function, And Diversity. Oxford University Press. Oxford.
Sodhi NS, Koh LP, Brook BW, Nge PKL. 2004. Southeast Asian biodiversity: an impending disaster. Trends Ecology Evol. 19:654–660.
Sreekumar PG, Balakrishnan M. 2001. Habitat and altitude preferences of butterflies in Aralam Wildlife Sanctuary, Kerala. Journal Tropical Ecology 42: 277-281.
StatSoft. 2001. Stastistica for Windows. Ver. 6.0, StatSoft Inc., Tulsa, Oklohoma
Subahar TSS, Amasya AF, Choesin DN. 2007. Butterfly (Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera) distribution along an altitudinal gradient on Mount Tangkuban Parahu, West Java, Indonesia. Raff. Bull. Zool. 55: 175-178.
Sutra NSM, Dahelmi S, Siti S. 2012. Butterflies species (Rhopalocera) in Tanjung Balai Karimun, Kabupaten Karimun Regency, Riau Islands. Jurnal Biologi Univ. Andalas 1: 35-44.
Tabadepu H, Buchori D, Sahari B. 2008. Butterfly record from Salak Mountain, Indonesia. Jurnal Entomologi Indonesia 5: 10-16.
Tallei TE, Nangoy MJ, Koneri R, Saroyo. 2015. Biodiversity assesment of Mt. Tumpa Forest Park, North Sulawesi, Indonesia. Asian Journal Biodiversity 6: 1-21.
Tangah J, Hill JK, Hamer KC, Dawood MM. 2004. Vertical distribution of fruit-feeding butterflies in Sabah, Borneo. Sepilok Bull. 1: 17-27.
Thomas JA. 2005. Monitoring change in the abundance and distribution of insects using butterflies and other indicator groups. Phil.Trans. of The Roy. Soc. B Bio. Scien. 360: 339-357.
Tsukada E. 1982. Butterflies of the South East Asian Islands: Papilionidae. Palapa Co. Ltd., Minatok, Tokyo.
Tsukada E, Nishiyama Y. 1981. Butterflies of the South East Asian Island: Pieridae-Danaidae, Part II. Palapa Co. Ltd., Minatok,Tokyo.
Tsukada E, Nishiyama Y. 1982. Butterflies of the South East Asian Island: Part III Satyridae-Lybytheidae. Palapa Co. Ltd., Minatok, Tokyo.
Tsukada E, Nishiyama Y. 1985. Butterflies of the South East Asian Island: Part IV Nympalidae (I). Palapa Co. Ltd., Minatok, Tokyo.
Tsukada E, Nishiyama Y. 1991. Butterflies of the South East Asian Island: Part V Nympalidae (II). Palapa Co. Ltd., Minatok, Tokyo.
Uniyal VP, 2007. Butter?iesin the great himalayan conservation landscape in himachal Pradesh, Western Himalaya. Entomon. 32: 119-127.
Vane-Wright RI, de Jong R. 2003. The butterflies of Sulawesi: Annotated checklist for a critical island fauna. Zoologische Verhandelingen 343: 3-267.
Vu VL. 2009. Diversity and similarity of butterfl y communities in five different habitat types at Tam Dao National Park, Vietnam. Journal of Zoology 277: 15–22.
Van Vu L, Quang Vu C. 2011. Diversity pattern of butterfly communities (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidae) in different habitat types in a tropical rain forest of Southern Vietnam. ISRN Zool., 2011: 1-8.
Vu VLTC, Bonebrake MQ, Vu NTN. 2015. Butterfly diversity and habitat variation in a disturbed forest in Notherm Vietnam. Pan-Pacific Entomology 91: 29-38.
Widhiono I. 2015. Diversity of butterflies in four different forest types in Mount Slamet,Central Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas. 16: 196-204
Amir MWA, Noerdjito WA, Kahono K. 2003. Butterflies (Lepidoptera) in Insects Mountain National Park Hazy Western Java. Biodiversity Conversation Project, Bogor.
Arya MK, Dayakrishnan, Chaudhary R. 2014. Species richnes and diversity of butterflies in and around kumaun University, Nainital, Uttarakhand, India. Journal of Entomology and Zoololgy Studies 2: 153-159.
Bobo KS, Waltert M, Fermon H, Njokagbor J, Muhlenberg M. 2006. From forest to farmland: butterfl y diversity and habitat associations along a gradient of forest conversion in southwestern Cameroon. Journal of Insect Conservation 10: 29–42.
Boggs CL, Dau B 2004. A resource specialization in puddling Lepidoptera. Environmental Entomology 33:1020-1024.
Boonvanno K, Watanasit S, Permkam S, 2000. Butterfly diversity at ton Nga-Chang wildlife sanctuary, Songkhla Province, Southern Thailand. SciAsia, 26: 105-110.
Borror DJ, Triplehorn CA, Johnson NF. 1996. Introduction to the Study ff Insects, 6th Edition. Saunders College Publishing, Ohio, USA.
Braby MF. 2000. The Butterflies of Australia: Their Identification, Biology and Distribution. CSIRO Publishing: Collingwood; 976 pp.
Brown KS. 1996. The use of insects in the study, conservation and monitoring of biological diversity in Neotropical habitats, in relation to traditional land use systems, pp. 128–149. In: S. Ae et al. (Eds). Proceedings of the International Symposium on Butterfl y Conservation. The Lepidopterological Society of Japan, Osaka, Japan.
Efendi MA. 2009. Diversity of Butterflies (Lepidoptera: Ditrysia) in “Corridor Forest”, Gunung Halimun-Salak National Park, West Java. [Tesis]. School of Post Graduate Studies of Bogor Agricultural University. Bogor.
Fermon H, Waltert M, Larsen TB, Dall’Asta U, Muhlenberg M. 2005. Forest use and vertical stratification in fruitfeeding butterflies of Sulawesi, Indonesia: impacts for conservation. Biodivity and Conservation 14: 333-350.
Harmonis, Saud OR. 2017. Effects of habitat degradation and fragmentation on butterfly biodiversity in West Kotawaringin, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia. Biodiversitas18: 500-506.
Hill JK. 1999. Butterfly spatial distribution and habitat requirements in a tropical forest: impacts of selective logging. Journal of Applied Ecology 36:564-572.
Hill JK, Hamer KC, Dawood MM, Tangah J, Chey VK. 2003. Rainfall but not selective logging affect changes in abundance of a tropical forest butterfly in Sabah, Borneo. Journal of Tropical Ecololgy 19: 35-42.
Joshi PC, Arya M. 2007. Butterfly communities along altitudinal gradients in a protected forest in the Western Himalayas, India. Natl. History J. Chulalongkorn University 7: 1-9.
Kannagi A, Sivakumar V, Santhi V. 2016. Diversity of dragonflies (Insecta: Odonata) in a deciduous forest of Thoothukudi District, Tamil Nadu, South India. International Journal of Environ.Protect. and Policy 4: 58-63.
Kendeigh SC.1980. Ecology with Special Reference to Animal and Men. Prentice Hall of India Private Ltd. New Delhi.
Kocher SD, Williams EH. 2000. The Diversity and abundance of North America Butterflies, vary with habitat disturbance and geography. Journal of Biogeography 27: 785-794.
Koh LP. 2007. Impacts of land use change on South-east Asian forest butterfl ies: a review. Journal of Applied Ecology 44: 703–713.
Koneri R, Maabuat PV. 2016. Diversity of butterflies (Lepidoptera) in Manembo-Nembo Wildlife Reserve, North Sulawesi. Pakistan Journal of Biology Science 19: 202-210.
Koneri R, Nangoy MJ. 2019. Butterfly community structure and diversity in Sangihe Islands, North, Sulawesi, Indonesia. Applied Ecology and Environmental Research 17: 2501-2517.
Koneri R, Saroyo. 2012. Distribution and diversity of butterfly (Lepidoptera) in Manado Tua Montauin, region of Bunaken National Marine Park, North Sulawesi, Indonesia. Jurnal Bumi Lestari 12: 357-365.
Knodel JJ, Fauske GM. 2004. Butterfly Gardening in North Dakota.North Dakota State University. Fargo North Dakota.
Krebs CJ. 1999. Ecological Methodology. Second Ed. Addison-Wesley, Menlo Park.
Kunte K. 2001. Butterfly diversity of Pune city along the human impact gradient. Journal of Ecology Society 13: 40-45.
Lamatoa DC, Koneri R, Siahaan R, Maabuat PC. 2013. Population of butterflies (Lepidoptera) in Mantheage Island, North Sulawesi. Jurnal Ilmiah Sains 13: 52-56.
Lewis TO. 2001. Effect of experimental selective logging on tropical butterflies. Conservation Biology 15: 389-400.
Ludwig JA, Reynolds. 1998. Statistical Ecology; a Primer on Methods and Computing. John Wiley and Sons, New York.
Magurran AE. 1988. Ecological Diversity and its Measurements. Croom Helm, London, pp: 179.
Magurran AE. 2004. Measuring Biological Diversity. Wiley-Blackwell, Malden, USA.
Marchiori MO, Romanowski HP. 2006. Species composition and diel variation of a butterfly taxocene (Lepidoptera, Papilionoidea and Hesperioidea) in a restinga forest at Itapua State Park, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Zoologia 23: 443-454.
Martin P, Bateson P. 1993. Measuring Behavior: An Introductory Guide. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England.
Martínez-Adriano CA, Díaz-Castelazo C, Aguirre-Jaimes A. 2018. Flower-mediated plant-butterfly interactions in an heterogeneous tropical coastal ecosystem. PeerJ. 6:1-22.
Merckx T, Huertas B, Basset Y, Thomas J. 2013. A Global Perspective on Conserving Butterflies and Moths and Their Habitats. in Macdonald DW, Willis KJ (Eds.), Key Topics In Conservation Biology 2 (pp. 239–257). Chichester. Wiley-Blackwell.
Miller JC, Hammond PC. 2007. Butterflies and Moths of Pacific Northwest Forests and Woodlands: Rare, Endangered, and Management-Sensitive Species. FHTET-2006-07. Morgantown, VW: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Health Technology Enterprise Team. 234 p.
New TR, Bush MB, Sudarman HK. 1987. Butterflies from the Ujung Kulon National Park, Indonesia. Journal Lepidopterists Society 41: 29-40.
Noerdjito WA, Aswari P. 2003. Methods of Surveying and Monitoring Animal Populations: 4th Series : Papilionidae Butterflies. Center for Biological Research and Development. LIPI. Bogor.
Ohsawa M. 2005. Species richness and composition of Curculionidae (Coleoptera) in a conifer plantation, secondary forest and old-growth forest in the central Mountainous region of Japan. Ecol. Res. 20: 632-645.
Panjaitan R. 2008. Distribution of butterflies (Superfamily Papilionoidae: Lepidoptera) in Minyambou, Manokwari Arfak mountains nature reserve, West Papua. Berkala Ilmu. Biologi 7: 11-16.
Patil KG, Kanekar A, Shende VA, Bhimrao US. 2017. A report on butterfly diversity of Rawanwadi Reservoir, Bhandara (Maharashtra), India. Arthropods 6: 21-28.
Peggie D, Amir M. 2006. Practical Guide to the Butterflies of Bogor Botanic Garden. Pusat Penelitian Biologi, LIPI, Cibinong, Indonesia.
Peggie D. 2011. Precious and protected Indonesian Butterflies. PT. Binamitra Megawarna. Jakarta
Peggie D. 2014. Know of Butterfies. Pandu Aksara Publishing. Jakarta
Pollard E. 1977. A method for assessing changes in the abundance of butterflies. Biological Conservation 12: 115–134.
Posha, RMC, Sodhi NS 2006. Effects of anthropogenic land use on forest birds and butterflies in Subic Bay, Philippines. Biological Conservation 129: 256?270.
Rahayuningsih M, Oqtafiana R, Priyono B. 2012. Diversity of butterfly species in the superfamily Papilionoidae at Banyuwindu Hamlet, Limbangan Village, LimbanganDistrict, Kendal Regency. Jurnal MIPA 35: 11-20.
Ramesh T, Hussain KJ, Satpathy KK, Selvanayagam M. 2012. A Note on annual bidirectional movement of butterflies at South-Eastern Plains of India. Research in Zoology 2: 1-6.
Rizal S. 2007. Population butterfly in Rimbo Panti Nature Reserve and Lubuk Minturun West Sumatera. Mandiri. 9: 177-184.
Rosmidi FH, Zahidin MA, Adanan A, Azizah A, Pesiu E, Abdullah MT. 2017. Checklist of butterflies in Pulau Perhentian and Pulau Bidong, Terengganu. Journal of Sustainability Science and Managemen 12: 40-48.
Sari YK. 2008. Biodiversity of Butterflies in Lembah Cilengkrang Gunung Ciremai National Park. [Skripsi]. Department of Biology, Bogor Agricultural University. Bogor.
Sari EFW, Soekardi H, Nukmal N, Martinus. 2013. Diversity of Nymphalidae in Tegal Island and Puhawang Kecil Island, Lampung Bay. Conference paper: Seminar Nasional Sains & Teknologi V Lembaga Penelitian Universitas Lampung, Bandar Lampung.
Saikia KM, Kalita J, Saikia PK. 2009. Ecology and conservation needs of Nymphalid butterflies in disturbed tropical forest of Eastern Himalayan Biodiversity Hotspot, Assam, India. Journal Biodiviersity and Conservation 1: 231-250.
Sarma K, Kumar A, Devi A, Mazumdar K, Krishna M, Mudoi P, Das N. 2012. Diversity and habitat association of butterfly species in Foothilss of Itanagar, Arunchal Paradesh, India. Zoology 1: 67-77.
Schulze CH, Steffan-Dewenter I, Tsharntke T. 2004. Effect of land use on butterfly communities at the rainforest margin: a case study from Central Sulawesi, pp. 281–297. In: G. Gerold et al. (Eds). Land Use, Nature Conservation and the Stability of Rainforest Margins in Southeast Asia. Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag Berlin, 533pp.
Scoble MJ. 1992. The Lepidoptera: Form, Function, And Diversity. Oxford University Press. Oxford.
Sodhi NS, Koh LP, Brook BW, Nge PKL. 2004. Southeast Asian biodiversity: an impending disaster. Trends Ecology Evol. 19:654–660.
Sreekumar PG, Balakrishnan M. 2001. Habitat and altitude preferences of butterflies in Aralam Wildlife Sanctuary, Kerala. Journal Tropical Ecology 42: 277-281.
StatSoft. 2001. Stastistica for Windows. Ver. 6.0, StatSoft Inc., Tulsa, Oklohoma
Subahar TSS, Amasya AF, Choesin DN. 2007. Butterfly (Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera) distribution along an altitudinal gradient on Mount Tangkuban Parahu, West Java, Indonesia. Raff. Bull. Zool. 55: 175-178.
Sutra NSM, Dahelmi S, Siti S. 2012. Butterflies species (Rhopalocera) in Tanjung Balai Karimun, Kabupaten Karimun Regency, Riau Islands. Jurnal Biologi Univ. Andalas 1: 35-44.
Tabadepu H, Buchori D, Sahari B. 2008. Butterfly record from Salak Mountain, Indonesia. Jurnal Entomologi Indonesia 5: 10-16.
Tallei TE, Nangoy MJ, Koneri R, Saroyo. 2015. Biodiversity assesment of Mt. Tumpa Forest Park, North Sulawesi, Indonesia. Asian Journal Biodiversity 6: 1-21.
Tangah J, Hill JK, Hamer KC, Dawood MM. 2004. Vertical distribution of fruit-feeding butterflies in Sabah, Borneo. Sepilok Bull. 1: 17-27.
Thomas JA. 2005. Monitoring change in the abundance and distribution of insects using butterflies and other indicator groups. Phil.Trans. of The Roy. Soc. B Bio. Scien. 360: 339-357.
Tsukada E. 1982. Butterflies of the South East Asian Islands: Papilionidae. Palapa Co. Ltd., Minatok, Tokyo.
Tsukada E, Nishiyama Y. 1981. Butterflies of the South East Asian Island: Pieridae-Danaidae, Part II. Palapa Co. Ltd., Minatok,Tokyo.
Tsukada E, Nishiyama Y. 1982. Butterflies of the South East Asian Island: Part III Satyridae-Lybytheidae. Palapa Co. Ltd., Minatok, Tokyo.
Tsukada E, Nishiyama Y. 1985. Butterflies of the South East Asian Island: Part IV Nympalidae (I). Palapa Co. Ltd., Minatok, Tokyo.
Tsukada E, Nishiyama Y. 1991. Butterflies of the South East Asian Island: Part V Nympalidae (II). Palapa Co. Ltd., Minatok, Tokyo.
Uniyal VP, 2007. Butter?iesin the great himalayan conservation landscape in himachal Pradesh, Western Himalaya. Entomon. 32: 119-127.
Vane-Wright RI, de Jong R. 2003. The butterflies of Sulawesi: Annotated checklist for a critical island fauna. Zoologische Verhandelingen 343: 3-267.
Vu VL. 2009. Diversity and similarity of butterfl y communities in five different habitat types at Tam Dao National Park, Vietnam. Journal of Zoology 277: 15–22.
Van Vu L, Quang Vu C. 2011. Diversity pattern of butterfly communities (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidae) in different habitat types in a tropical rain forest of Southern Vietnam. ISRN Zool., 2011: 1-8.
Vu VLTC, Bonebrake MQ, Vu NTN. 2015. Butterfly diversity and habitat variation in a disturbed forest in Notherm Vietnam. Pan-Pacific Entomology 91: 29-38.
Widhiono I. 2015. Diversity of butterflies in four different forest types in Mount Slamet,Central Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas. 16: 196-204
Most read articles by the same author(s)
- RONI KONERI, MEIS J. NANGOY, WAKHID, Richness and diversity of insect pollinators in various habitats around Bogani Nani Wartabone National Park, North Sulawesi, Indonesia , Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity: Vol. 22 No. 1 (2021)
- MEIS NANGOY, TILTJE RANSALELEH, HANDRY LENGKONG, RONI KONERI, ALICE LATINNE, RANDALL C. KYES, Diversity of fruit bats (Pteropodidae) and their ectoparasites in Batuputih Nature Tourism Park, Sulawesi, Indonesia , Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity: Vol. 22 No. 6 (2021)
- MEIS NANGOY, ERWIN SONDAKH, RONI KONERI, UPIK KESUMAWATI HADI, Fly species on cows around the Tangkoko Nature Reserve, North Sulawesi, Indonesia and their role as zoonotic disease vectors , Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity: Vol. 23 No. 2 (2022)
- RONI KONERI, MEIS JACINTA NANGOY, PIENCE VERALYN MAABUAT, WAKHID, Butterfly species in Bogani Nani Wartabone National Park, North Sulawesi, Indonesia , Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity: Vol. 24 No. 2 (2023)
- RONI KONERI, MARNIX D. LANGOY, MEIS J. NANGOY, WAKHID, Pollinator insects in the Mount Tumpa Forest Park, Manado, North Sulawesi, Indonesia , Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity: Vol. 25 No. 6 (2024)