Competitiveness of Indonesian edible bird’s nest in global markets (2017-2021)
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Abstract. Halkam H, Demmallino EB, Ali MSS, Suhab S. 2026. Competitiveness of Indonesian edible bird’s nest in global markets (2017-2021). Asian J Agric 10: g100106. https://doi.org/10.13057/asianjagric/g100106. Indonesia is the world’s largest producer and exporter of edible bird’s nest derived from Aerodramus fuciphagus. All edible bird’s nest produced in Indonesia is intended for export. During the period 2017 to 2021, Indonesia recorded an average annual export volume of 1,331 tons, with a total export value of US$398.4 million. Despite this strong performance, Indonesia faces several challenges in international trade, including stringent requirements for direct exports to China and increasing competition from other exporting countries. This study aimed to assess Indonesia’s competitiveness in the global edible bird’s nest market. A quantitative, descriptive, and analytical approach was employed using secondary data. The results indicate that Indonesian edible bird’s nest exhibits strong competitiveness and rapid growth in global markets. This is reflected by a high revealed comparative advantage value of 85.24, which is substantially higher than that of competing exporting countries, a revealed symmetric comparative advantage value close to +1, a position as a rising star in the export product dynamic matrix, and classification as an optimistic product under the X-Model potential export product framework. The findings further suggest that national competitiveness in the global edible bird’s nest trade increases with higher export values. Price disparities across export destinations are primarily driven by destination-specific regulatory requirements. China imports edible bird’s nest at relatively high prices under strict regulatory standards, whereas Hong Kong applies fewer regulatory controls and offers lower purchase prices. As a result, increased export volumes to China generate a substantial rise in export value, while exports to Hong Kong do not yield a comparable effect. The study also reports a 358% increase in the swiftlet population in 2021 compared to 1993. To further enhance exports, particularly to China, the Indonesian government should strengthen the registration of swiftlet houses, expand edible bird’s nest cleaning facilities in producing regions, and support the development of value-added edible bird’s nest products.
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Babji AS, Nurfatin MH, Etty Syarmila IK, Masitah M. 2015. Secrets of edible bird nest. UTAR Agric Sci J 1 (1): 32-37.
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Chua LS, Zukefli SN. 2016. A comprehensive review of edible bird nests and swiftlet farming. J Integr Med 14 (6): 415-428. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2095-4964(16)60282-0
Cranbrook EO, Wei-Lim G, Koon LC, Rahman MA. 2013. The species of white-nest swiftlets (Apodidae, Collocaliini) of Malaysia and the origins of house-farmbbirds: Morphometric and genetic evidence. Forktail 29: 107-119.
Dai Y, Cao J, Wang Y, Chen Y, Jiang L. 2021. A comprehensive review of edible bird’s nest. Food Res Intl 140: 109875. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109875.
Dalum B, Laursen K, Villumsen G. 1998. Structural change in OECD export specialisation patterns: De-specialisation and ‘stickiness.’ Intl Rev Appl Econ 12 (3): 423-443. https://doi.org/10.1080/02692179800000017.
Direktorat Jenderal Peternakan dan Kesehatan Hewan (Ditjen PKH). 2021. Kementan Berkomitmen Tingkatkan Ekspor Sarang Burung Walet. Ditjen PKH. https://ditjenpkh.pertanian.go.id/index.php/berita/1299-kementan-berkomitmen-tingkatkan-ekspor-sarang-burung-walet. [Indonesian]
Er KBH, Vardon M, Tanton MT, Tidemann CR, Webb GJW. 1995. Edible Birds’ Nest Swiftlets and CITES: A Review of the Evidence of Population Decline and Nest Harvesting Effects. Centre for Resource and Environmental Studies Australian National University, Canberra. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.1.3670.6960.
Esterhuizen D. 2006. An Evaluation of the Competitiveness of the Agribusiness Sector in South Africa [Doctoral Dissertation]. University of Pretoria, Pretoria.
Government of Cambodia. 2024. Official Export Deal of Cambodia’s Bird’s Nest to China Being Firmed Up. The Ministry of Information of Cambodia. https://www.information.gov.kh/articles/143365.
Imron M. 2021. 1000 (=seribu) Desa Walet Mendukung Gratieks. Kementerian Pertanian Republik Indonesia. https://repository.pertanian.go.id/handle/123456789/14924.
Indonesian Trade Promotion Centre (ITPC) Vancouver. 2017. Market Brief: Peluang Ekspor Produk Sarang Burung Walet di Pasar Kanada. ITPC. [Indonesian]
International Trade Center. 2022. List of Importing Markets for a Product Exported by Indonesia. Product: 04100010 Birds Nests, Edible. https://www.trademap.org/Country_SelProductCountry_TS.aspx?nvpm=1%7c360%7c%7c%7c%7c04100010%7c%7c%7c8%7c1%7c1%7c2%7c2%7c1%7c2%7c1%7c1%7c1.
Ito Y, Matsumoto K, Usup A, Yamamoto Y. 2021. A sustainable way of agricultural livelihood: Edible bird’s nests in Indonesia. Ecosyst Health Sustain 7 (1): 1960200. https://doi.org/10.1080/20964129.2021.1960200.
Kementerian Pertanian. 2020a. Peraturan Menteri Pertanian Republik Indonesia Nomor 11 Tahun 2020 tentang Sertifikasi Nomor Kontrol Veteriner Unit Usaha Produk Hewan. Kementerian Pertanian Republik Indonesia. [Indonesian]
Kementerian Pertanian. 2020b. Peraturan Menteri Pertanian Republik Indonesia Nomor 26 Tahun 2020 tentang Tindakan Karantina Hewan Terhadap Pemasukan atau Pengeluaran Sarang Burung Walet Ke Dan Dari Wilayah Negara Kesatuan Republik Indonesia. Kementerian Pertanian Republik Indonesia. [Indonesian]
Krisdiyanto A. 2024. Dinamika ekspor sarang burung walet Indonesia dalam bayang-bayang kebijakan Tiongkok. Syntax Literate: Syntax Literate: Jurnal Ilmiah Indonesia 9 (10): 5470-5480. https://doi.org/10.36418/syntax-literate.v9i10. [Indonesian]
Kuo YA. 2022. Salvating Sales: Ethnic Chinese Malaysians and the Edible Bird’s Nest Industry. https://taiwaninsight.org/2022/03/10/Salivating-Sales-Ethnic-Chinese-Malaysians-and-the-Edible-Birds-Nest-Industry.
Kusuma F. 2021. Mendag: 80 Persen Kapasitas Sarang Burung Walet Dunia Disuplai dari Indonesia. https://www.Suarasurabaya.Net/Ekonomibisnis/2021/Mendag-80-Persen-Kapasitas-Sarang-Burung-Walet-Dunia-Disuplai-Dari-Indonesia/#google_vignette. [Indonesian]
Mardiastuti A. 2016. Edible- Nest Swiftlet Management in Indonesia. In: Alonso Aguirre A, Kumukar R (eds). Tropical Conservation: Perspectives on Local and Global Priorities. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Nabi I, Luthria M. 2002. Building Competitive Firms: Incentives and Capabilities. The World Bank. http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/939201468741008276. https://doi.org/10.1596/0-8213-5154-0.
Nurhayati E, Hartoyo S, Mulatsih S. 2018. Analisis pengembangan ekspor cengkeh Indonesia. Jurnal Ekonomi dan Kebijakan Pembangunan 7 (1): 21-42. https://doi.org/10.29244/jekp.7.1.2018.21-42. [Indonesian]
Nurkhamid M. 2024. X-Model Potential Export Products Analysis. https://klc2.kemenkeu.go.id/kms/knowledge/x-model-potential-export-products-analysis-39017bca/detail.
Pradipta A, Firdaus M. 2014. Posisi daya saing dan faktor-faktor yang memengaruhi ekspor buah-buahan Indonesia. Jurnal Manajemen Agribisnis 11 (2): 129-143. https://doi.org/10.17358/jma.11.2.129-143. [Indonesian]
Purba HJ, Sudaryanto T, Rafani I. 2022a. Policy Analysis of Indonesian Edible-nest Swiflet. FFTC Agricultural Policy Platform. https://ap.fftc.org.tw/article/3087.
Purba HJ, Yusuf ES, Hestina J, Erwidodo Azahari DH, Wahida Betsi Dabukke F, Elizabeth R. 2022b. Competitiveness of Indonesia’s edible-nest swiftlet exports. E3S Web Conf 361: 02010. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202236102010.
Putra WW, Fahmid IM, Salman D, Baba S. 2024. Mapping and analysis of edible bird nest export potential and its contribution to the Indonesian economy. Migr Lett 21 (5): 514-532.
Rahmawati D, Hadi Purnomo S, Marwanti S. 2022. Export performance of Indonesian swallow’s nest commodities in main destination countries. Sci Horiz 25 (12): 90-101. https://doi.org/10.48077/scihor.25(12).2022.90-101.
Saputra D, Asihatka PF, Sutanto EP. 2022. Analysis of swallow nest export strategies from Indonesia to China with export restriction regulations. Intl Conf Ind Eng Oper Manag 2022: 2656-2665.
Sari PDJ, Sudiana IK. 2022. Analisis daya saing dan faktor yang mempengaruhi ekspor sarang burung walet Indonesia di Pasar Hongkong. E-Jurnal Ekononomi Pembangunan Universitas Udayana 11 (1): 318-344. https://doi.org/10.24843/EEP.2022.v11.i01.p13. [Indonesian]
Tangjitmanngamkul J. 2019. A comparative analysis of Thai bird’s nest export to Chinese market. Eur J Bus Manag 11 (13): 68-76. https://doi.org/10.7176/EJBM/11-13-08.
Thorburn CC. 2014. The edible birds’ nest boom in Indonesia and South-east Asia: A nested political ecology. Food Cult Soc 17 (4): 535-553. https://doi.org/10.2752/175174414X14006746101439.
Thorburn CC. 2015. The edible nest swiftlet industry in Southeast Asia: Capitalism meets commensalism. Hum Ecol 43 (1): 179-184. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10745-014-9713-1.
Tobing USV, Kumaat RJ, Mandeij D. 2023. Analisis daya saing ekspor tuna beku Provinsi Sulawesi Utara ke negara tujuan utama ekspor Jepang dan Amerika Serikat tahun 2018-2022. Jurnal Berkala Ilmiah Efisiensi 23 (9): 61-72. [Indonesian]
Utami PD, Agustina N. 2021. Aplikasi regresi data panel dalam menganalisis potensi diversifikasi pasar ekspor kakao olahan Indonesia ke negara non-tradisional tahun 2002-2018. Seminar Nasional Official Statistics 2020 (1): 835-842. https://doi.org/10.34123/semnasoffstat.v2020i1.534. [Indonesian]
Warta Pertanian. 2019. Gerakan Tiga Kali Ekspor Pertanian: Kobarkan Semangat Gratieks. Warta Pertanian 12: 4-9. [Indonesian]
Wati LA, Aini QN. 2022. Competitiveness of Indonesian shrimp exports to Japan in 2010-2019. Univ J Agric Res 10 (4): 377-387. https://doi.org/10.13189/ujar.2022.100407.
Yeo BH, Tang TK, Wong SF, Tan CP, Wang Y, Cheong LZ, Lai OM. 2021. Potential residual contaminants in edible bird’s nest. Front Pharmacol 12: 631136. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2021.631136.
Yulisti M, Sri Luhur E, Yulia Arthatiani F, Mulyawan I. 2021. Competitiveness analysis of Indonesian seaweeds in global market. IOP Conf Ser Earth Environ Sci 860 (1): 012061. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/860/1/012061.
Zulkefle NN, Ibrahim MA, Azuan NF, Ch’ng SE, Ismail N, Abu Bakar MZ, Chan KW. 2024. A review on the edible bird’s nest quality and manufacturing standards of the three largest exporting countries in the world. J Food Qual 2024 (1): 5608357. https://doi.org/10.1155/2024/5608357.Ali H. 2017. Non-tariff barrier Tiongkok terhadap perdagangan sarang burung walet 2012-2015. Jurnal Analisis Hubungan Internasional Universitas Airlangga 6 (2): 278-284. [Indonesian]
Aljaninansya H, Purnomo SH, Irianto H, Barokah U. 2025. Competitiveness analysis of Indonesian swallow’s nest commodity in international market. IOP Conf Ser Earth Environ Sci 1490 (1): 012019. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1490/1/012019.
Babji AS, Nurfatin MH, Etty Syarmila IK, Masitah M. 2015. Secrets of edible bird nest. UTAR Agric Sci J 1 (1): 32-37.
Badan Karantina Pertanian. 2013. Keputusan Kepala Badan Karantina Pertanian Nomor: 832/Kpts/OT.140/L/3/2013 tentang Pedoman Persyaratan dan Tindakan Karantina Hewan Terhadap Pengeluaran Sarang Walet dari Negara Republik Indonesia ke Republik Rakyat China. Kementerian Pertanian Republik Indonesia. [Indonesian]
Badan Karantina Pertanian. 2022. Keputusan Kepala Badan Karantina Pertanian Nomor: 2629/Kpts/KR.120/K/4/2022 tentang Pedoman Pendaftaran Tempat Pemrosesan Sarang Burung Walet ke Pemerintah Republik Rakyat Tiongkok. Kementerian Pertanian Republik Indonesia. [Indonesian]
Badan Pusat Statistik Indonesia. 2022. Statistik Indonesia 2022. Badan Pusat Statistik Indonesia. [Indonesian]
China Research and Intelligence (CRI). 2025. Vietnam Edible Bird’s Nests Export Research Report. https://www.cri-report.com/vietnam-edible-birds-nests-export-research/?srsltid=AfmBOorvyxWftgmQpoWDkElTM0IjH71WFmGeOp8BCSwej_ZGLv-Vqw1L.
Chua LS, Zukefli SN. 2016. A comprehensive review of edible bird nests and swiftlet farming. J Integr Med 14 (6): 415-428. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2095-4964(16)60282-0
Cranbrook EO, Wei-Lim G, Koon LC, Rahman MA. 2013. The species of white-nest swiftlets (Apodidae, Collocaliini) of Malaysia and the origins of house-farmbbirds: Morphometric and genetic evidence. Forktail 29: 107-119.
Dai Y, Cao J, Wang Y, Chen Y, Jiang L. 2021. A comprehensive review of edible bird’s nest. Food Res Intl 140: 109875. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109875.
Dalum B, Laursen K, Villumsen G. 1998. Structural change in OECD export specialisation patterns: De-specialisation and ‘stickiness.’ Intl Rev Appl Econ 12 (3): 423-443. https://doi.org/10.1080/02692179800000017.
Direktorat Jenderal Peternakan dan Kesehatan Hewan (Ditjen PKH). 2021. Kementan Berkomitmen Tingkatkan Ekspor Sarang Burung Walet. Ditjen PKH. https://ditjenpkh.pertanian.go.id/index.php/berita/1299-kementan-berkomitmen-tingkatkan-ekspor-sarang-burung-walet. [Indonesian]
Er KBH, Vardon M, Tanton MT, Tidemann CR, Webb GJW. 1995. Edible Birds’ Nest Swiftlets and CITES: A Review of the Evidence of Population Decline and Nest Harvesting Effects. Centre for Resource and Environmental Studies Australian National University, Canberra. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.1.3670.6960.
Esterhuizen D. 2006. An Evaluation of the Competitiveness of the Agribusiness Sector in South Africa [Doctoral Dissertation]. University of Pretoria, Pretoria.
Government of Cambodia. 2024. Official Export Deal of Cambodia’s Bird’s Nest to China Being Firmed Up. The Ministry of Information of Cambodia. https://www.information.gov.kh/articles/143365.
Imron M. 2021. 1000 (=seribu) Desa Walet Mendukung Gratieks. Kementerian Pertanian Republik Indonesia. https://repository.pertanian.go.id/handle/123456789/14924.
Indonesian Trade Promotion Centre (ITPC) Vancouver. 2017. Market Brief: Peluang Ekspor Produk Sarang Burung Walet di Pasar Kanada. ITPC. [Indonesian]
International Trade Center. 2022. List of Importing Markets for a Product Exported by Indonesia. Product: 04100010 Birds Nests, Edible. https://www.trademap.org/Country_SelProductCountry_TS.aspx?nvpm=1%7c360%7c%7c%7c%7c04100010%7c%7c%7c8%7c1%7c1%7c2%7c2%7c1%7c2%7c1%7c1%7c1.
Ito Y, Matsumoto K, Usup A, Yamamoto Y. 2021. A sustainable way of agricultural livelihood: Edible bird’s nests in Indonesia. Ecosyst Health Sustain 7 (1): 1960200. https://doi.org/10.1080/20964129.2021.1960200.
Kementerian Pertanian. 2020a. Peraturan Menteri Pertanian Republik Indonesia Nomor 11 Tahun 2020 tentang Sertifikasi Nomor Kontrol Veteriner Unit Usaha Produk Hewan. Kementerian Pertanian Republik Indonesia. [Indonesian]
Kementerian Pertanian. 2020b. Peraturan Menteri Pertanian Republik Indonesia Nomor 26 Tahun 2020 tentang Tindakan Karantina Hewan Terhadap Pemasukan atau Pengeluaran Sarang Burung Walet Ke Dan Dari Wilayah Negara Kesatuan Republik Indonesia. Kementerian Pertanian Republik Indonesia. [Indonesian]
Krisdiyanto A. 2024. Dinamika ekspor sarang burung walet Indonesia dalam bayang-bayang kebijakan Tiongkok. Syntax Literate: Syntax Literate: Jurnal Ilmiah Indonesia 9 (10): 5470-5480. https://doi.org/10.36418/syntax-literate.v9i10. [Indonesian]
Kuo YA. 2022. Salvating Sales: Ethnic Chinese Malaysians and the Edible Bird’s Nest Industry. https://taiwaninsight.org/2022/03/10/Salivating-Sales-Ethnic-Chinese-Malaysians-and-the-Edible-Birds-Nest-Industry.
Kusuma F. 2021. Mendag: 80 Persen Kapasitas Sarang Burung Walet Dunia Disuplai dari Indonesia. https://www.Suarasurabaya.Net/Ekonomibisnis/2021/Mendag-80-Persen-Kapasitas-Sarang-Burung-Walet-Dunia-Disuplai-Dari-Indonesia/#google_vignette. [Indonesian]
Mardiastuti A. 2016. Edible- Nest Swiftlet Management in Indonesia. In: Alonso Aguirre A, Kumukar R (eds). Tropical Conservation: Perspectives on Local and Global Priorities. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Nabi I, Luthria M. 2002. Building Competitive Firms: Incentives and Capabilities. The World Bank. http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/939201468741008276. https://doi.org/10.1596/0-8213-5154-0.
Nurhayati E, Hartoyo S, Mulatsih S. 2018. Analisis pengembangan ekspor cengkeh Indonesia. Jurnal Ekonomi dan Kebijakan Pembangunan 7 (1): 21-42. https://doi.org/10.29244/jekp.7.1.2018.21-42. [Indonesian]
Nurkhamid M. 2024. X-Model Potential Export Products Analysis. https://klc2.kemenkeu.go.id/kms/knowledge/x-model-potential-export-products-analysis-39017bca/detail.
Pradipta A, Firdaus M. 2014. Posisi daya saing dan faktor-faktor yang memengaruhi ekspor buah-buahan Indonesia. Jurnal Manajemen Agribisnis 11 (2): 129-143. https://doi.org/10.17358/jma.11.2.129-143. [Indonesian]
Purba HJ, Sudaryanto T, Rafani I. 2022a. Policy Analysis of Indonesian Edible-nest Swiflet. FFTC Agricultural Policy Platform. https://ap.fftc.org.tw/article/3087.
Purba HJ, Yusuf ES, Hestina J, Erwidodo Azahari DH, Wahida Betsi Dabukke F, Elizabeth R. 2022b. Competitiveness of Indonesia’s edible-nest swiftlet exports. E3S Web Conf 361: 02010. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202236102010.
Putra WW, Fahmid IM, Salman D, Baba S. 2024. Mapping and analysis of edible bird nest export potential and its contribution to the Indonesian economy. Migr Lett 21 (5): 514-532.
Rahmawati D, Hadi Purnomo S, Marwanti S. 2022. Export performance of Indonesian swallow’s nest commodities in main destination countries. Sci Horiz 25 (12): 90-101. https://doi.org/10.48077/scihor.25(12).2022.90-101.
Saputra D, Asihatka PF, Sutanto EP. 2022. Analysis of swallow nest export strategies from Indonesia to China with export restriction regulations. Intl Conf Ind Eng Oper Manag 2022: 2656-2665.
Sari PDJ, Sudiana IK. 2022. Analisis daya saing dan faktor yang mempengaruhi ekspor sarang burung walet Indonesia di Pasar Hongkong. E-Jurnal Ekononomi Pembangunan Universitas Udayana 11 (1): 318-344. https://doi.org/10.24843/EEP.2022.v11.i01.p13. [Indonesian]
Tangjitmanngamkul J. 2019. A comparative analysis of Thai bird’s nest export to Chinese market. Eur J Bus Manag 11 (13): 68-76. https://doi.org/10.7176/EJBM/11-13-08.
Thorburn CC. 2014. The edible birds’ nest boom in Indonesia and South-east Asia: A nested political ecology. Food Cult Soc 17 (4): 535-553. https://doi.org/10.2752/175174414X14006746101439.
Thorburn CC. 2015. The edible nest swiftlet industry in Southeast Asia: Capitalism meets commensalism. Hum Ecol 43 (1): 179-184. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10745-014-9713-1.
Tobing USV, Kumaat RJ, Mandeij D. 2023. Analisis daya saing ekspor tuna beku Provinsi Sulawesi Utara ke negara tujuan utama ekspor Jepang dan Amerika Serikat tahun 2018-2022. Jurnal Berkala Ilmiah Efisiensi 23 (9): 61-72. [Indonesian]
Utami PD, Agustina N. 2021. Aplikasi regresi data panel dalam menganalisis potensi diversifikasi pasar ekspor kakao olahan Indonesia ke negara non-tradisional tahun 2002-2018. Seminar Nasional Official Statistics 2020 (1): 835-842. https://doi.org/10.34123/semnasoffstat.v2020i1.534. [Indonesian]
Warta Pertanian. 2019. Gerakan Tiga Kali Ekspor Pertanian: Kobarkan Semangat Gratieks. Warta Pertanian 12: 4-9. [Indonesian]
Wati LA, Aini QN. 2022. Competitiveness of Indonesian shrimp exports to Japan in 2010-2019. Univ J Agric Res 10 (4): 377-387. https://doi.org/10.13189/ujar.2022.100407.
Yeo BH, Tang TK, Wong SF, Tan CP, Wang Y, Cheong LZ, Lai OM. 2021. Potential residual contaminants in edible bird’s nest. Front Pharmacol 12: 631136. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2021.631136.
Yulisti M, Sri Luhur E, Yulia Arthatiani F, Mulyawan I. 2021. Competitiveness analysis of Indonesian seaweeds in global market. IOP Conf Ser Earth Environ Sci 860 (1): 012061. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/860/1/012061.
Zulkefle NN, Ibrahim MA, Azuan NF, Ch’ng SE, Ismail N, Abu Bakar MZ, Chan KW. 2024. A review on the edible bird’s nest quality and manufacturing standards of the three largest exporting countries in the world. J Food Qual 2024 (1): 5608357. https://doi.org/10.1155/2024/5608357.